Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.1079/cabireviews202217060
Serge Morand
This study uses the available data to explore the temporal and geographical patterns of infectious diseases and their links between human demography, human-induced land-use change, livestock and poultry expansion, and biodiversity loss. Over the last decades, the number of outbreaks of zoonotic and vector-borne diseases increased mostly in the intertropical zone. The increase in cropland, grassland, tree plantation, livestock, poultry, biodiversity at threat (using the Red List index) mostly occurred in the intertropical zone. Using structural equation modeling, significant relationships were observed between disease outbreaks, human demography, livestock (cattle and pigs), poultry (chickens), tree plantation and artificial land expansion as well as with increasing biodiversity at threat. While agricultural expansion is seen as a driver of biodiversity loss and potentially emerging infectious diseases, here we show that cropland and grassland expansion does not appear to enhance disease outbreaks directly, but indirectly and only for cropland on biodiversity loss. The links observed between infectious disease outbreaks, human demography, agriculture, livestock, urbanization and biodiversity should help rethink the global food system in ways that minimize the risk of infectious diseases while preserving biodiversity and contributing to Sustainable Goals.
{"title":"The role of agriculture in human infectious disease outbreaks","authors":"Serge Morand","doi":"10.1079/cabireviews202217060","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1079/cabireviews202217060","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This study uses the available data to explore the temporal and geographical patterns of infectious diseases and their links between human demography, human-induced land-use change, livestock and poultry expansion, and biodiversity loss. Over the last decades, the number of outbreaks of zoonotic and vector-borne diseases increased mostly in the intertropical zone. The increase in cropland, grassland, tree plantation, livestock, poultry, biodiversity at threat (using the Red List index) mostly occurred in the intertropical zone. Using structural equation modeling, significant relationships were observed between disease outbreaks, human demography, livestock (cattle and pigs), poultry (chickens), tree plantation and artificial land expansion as well as with increasing biodiversity at threat. While agricultural expansion is seen as a driver of biodiversity loss and potentially emerging infectious diseases, here we show that cropland and grassland expansion does not appear to enhance disease outbreaks directly, but indirectly and only for cropland on biodiversity loss. The links observed between infectious disease outbreaks, human demography, agriculture, livestock, urbanization and biodiversity should help rethink the global food system in ways that minimize the risk of infectious diseases while preserving biodiversity and contributing to Sustainable Goals.","PeriodicalId":399225,"journal":{"name":"CABI Reviews","volume":"123 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124753945","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.1079/cabireviews202217057
A. Singh
Subclinical mastitis (SCM) particularly affects milk yield, quality and health of lactating animals. It is an apparently invisible problem that silently leads to enormous financial damage to the whole dairy industry. It is evident from previous studies that faulty animal husbandry practices including microbial infections, poor nutrition, unhygienic microenvironment, poor transition management of dairy animals and changing climatic scenarios are major reasons for increased SCM cases. The aim of this manuscript includes summarizing the factors associated with SCM and its effects on various performances of affected animals, detection methods and management strategies (improved nutrition, maintenance of optimum energy balance, genetic selection of mastitis-resistant animals, improved milking practices, hygienic conditions, emerging dry cow therapies, use of bacteriophages, utilization of plant- and animal-derived products and compounds) to curb the SCM cases in dairy animals. However, special emphasis has been made on the management practices that may be helpful in controlling SCM cases in dairy animals. A wide range of practices has been studied towards controlling SCM cases but it may not be denied that SCM is likely to be a continued challenge for the dairy herdsman.
{"title":"A comprehensive review on subclinical mastitis in dairy animals: Pathogenesis, factors associated, prevalence, economic losses and management strategies","authors":"A. Singh","doi":"10.1079/cabireviews202217057","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1079/cabireviews202217057","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Subclinical mastitis (SCM) particularly affects milk yield, quality and health of lactating animals. It is an apparently invisible problem that silently leads to enormous financial damage to the whole dairy industry. It is evident from previous studies that faulty animal husbandry practices including microbial infections, poor nutrition, unhygienic microenvironment, poor transition management of dairy animals and changing climatic scenarios are major reasons for increased SCM cases. The aim of this manuscript includes summarizing the factors associated with SCM and its effects on various performances of affected animals, detection methods and management strategies (improved nutrition, maintenance of optimum energy balance, genetic selection of mastitis-resistant animals, improved milking practices, hygienic conditions, emerging dry cow therapies, use of bacteriophages, utilization of plant- and animal-derived products and compounds) to curb the SCM cases in dairy animals. However, special emphasis has been made on the management practices that may be helpful in controlling SCM cases in dairy animals. A wide range of practices has been studied towards controlling SCM cases but it may not be denied that SCM is likely to be a continued challenge for the dairy herdsman.","PeriodicalId":399225,"journal":{"name":"CABI Reviews","volume":"517 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116231015","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.1079/cabireviews202217024
Helmut F. Emden
Conservation biological control increases the control effect of locally occurring natural enemies and has two approaches. Ecological engineering of the agroecosystem involves improving the environment in favour of natural enemies. The second approach is to devise ways of improving the ratio of natural enemies to pests by applying an insecticide in a partially selective manner. The tools of ecological engineering are to provide pollen and nectar sources as an adult food for beneficial insects, to increase floral diversity to increase the numbers of other insects that provide alternative food for beneficials, perhaps to add a single plant species to support an essential alternate host for a predator or parasitoid, or to use plant diversity to raise humidity in the crop. These tools have long been available, but have only been exploited more recently as the public and governments have required greater environmental sustainability and pests have increasingly become tolerant to the available insecticides. Few insecticides offer intrinsic selectivity in favour of natural enemies, but selectivity of broad-spectrum compounds can be obtained by reducing the dose of the insecticide or by restricting its application in time or space. Whatever approach is considered, its practical application is usually quite simple.
{"title":"Conservation biological control of insect pests","authors":"Helmut F. Emden","doi":"10.1079/cabireviews202217024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1079/cabireviews202217024","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Conservation biological control increases the control effect of locally occurring natural enemies and has two approaches. Ecological engineering of the agroecosystem involves improving the environment in favour of natural enemies. The second approach is to devise ways of improving the ratio of natural enemies to pests by applying an insecticide in a partially selective manner. The tools of ecological engineering are to provide pollen and nectar sources as an adult food for beneficial insects, to increase floral diversity to increase the numbers of other insects that provide alternative food for beneficials, perhaps to add a single plant species to support an essential alternate host for a predator or parasitoid, or to use plant diversity to raise humidity in the crop. These tools have long been available, but have only been exploited more recently as the public and governments have required greater environmental sustainability and pests have increasingly become tolerant to the available insecticides. Few insecticides offer intrinsic selectivity in favour of natural enemies, but selectivity of broad-spectrum compounds can be obtained by reducing the dose of the insecticide or by restricting its application in time or space. Whatever approach is considered, its practical application is usually quite simple.","PeriodicalId":399225,"journal":{"name":"CABI Reviews","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130864105","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.1079/cabireviews202217053
F. O. Areche, A. H. Gondal, Oliver Taype Landeo, D. D. C. Flores, Alfonso Ruiz Rodríguez, Peter Llimpe Pérez, Jovencio Ticsihua Huaman, A. V. Roman, Rafael Julian Malpartida Yapias Correo
Food waste is one of the most important issues affecting modern food systems, with estimates indicating that almost one-third of food is either lost or wasted throughout the food supply chain, resulting in substantial environmental and socioeconomic consequences. We generate tonnes of edible and non-food wastes each year that is lost through inadequate storage or transportation, improper handling, adverse weather conditions, customer behaviour, a lack of cold storage or rejection in relation to aesthetic standards. Reduction in food loss and waste may result in more food for everyone, lower greenhouse gas emissions, less strain on water and land resources, higher productivity, economic development and more sustainable communities. This can be attained by adopting green, digital, innovative and enhanced technologies that are increasingly being used to prevent, reuse and recycle food waste. It has also been explored briefly how food waste might be recycled, waste minimised at source by technological options including machine learning etc. and utilised as a source of energy, biofuels, and nutrients in the agricultural industry. The present study discusses the technological advancement in nanotechnology, digital and green extraction technologies that are promising in the battle to decrease food waste and increase food security. It also explores the digital innovations in novel apps, platforms, social media for preventing and monitoring food waste and loss to raise public awareness. Finally, proposals for reducing waste through public awareness and necessary measures for governments are also presented.
{"title":"Innovative trends in reducing food waste and ensuring a more sustainable food system and environment","authors":"F. O. Areche, A. H. Gondal, Oliver Taype Landeo, D. D. C. Flores, Alfonso Ruiz Rodríguez, Peter Llimpe Pérez, Jovencio Ticsihua Huaman, A. V. Roman, Rafael Julian Malpartida Yapias Correo","doi":"10.1079/cabireviews202217053","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1079/cabireviews202217053","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Food waste is one of the most important issues affecting modern food systems, with estimates indicating that almost one-third of food is either lost or wasted throughout the food supply chain, resulting in substantial environmental and socioeconomic consequences. We generate tonnes of edible and non-food wastes each year that is lost through inadequate storage or transportation, improper handling, adverse weather conditions, customer behaviour, a lack of cold storage or rejection in relation to aesthetic standards. Reduction in food loss and waste may result in more food for everyone, lower greenhouse gas emissions, less strain on water and land resources, higher productivity, economic development and more sustainable communities. This can be attained by adopting green, digital, innovative and enhanced technologies that are increasingly being used to prevent, reuse and recycle food waste. It has also been explored briefly how food waste might be recycled, waste minimised at source by technological options including machine learning etc. and utilised as a source of energy, biofuels, and nutrients in the agricultural industry. The present study discusses the technological advancement in nanotechnology, digital and green extraction technologies that are promising in the battle to decrease food waste and increase food security. It also explores the digital innovations in novel apps, platforms, social media for preventing and monitoring food waste and loss to raise public awareness. Finally, proposals for reducing waste through public awareness and necessary measures for governments are also presented.","PeriodicalId":399225,"journal":{"name":"CABI Reviews","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124357281","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.1079/cabireviews202217054
M. Medici, M. Canavari
The purpose of this study is to discuss the economic impacts stemming from variable-rate (VR) nitrogen fertilization, one of the main precision agriculture practices. Economic impacts are related to reduced nitrogen use and increased crop yields thanks to a better distribution of inputs, net from possible spatial and temporal uncertainty. This paper reviews N=31 case studies (in 29 articles) that compared the performance of VR nitrogen applications versus uniform treatments. The comparisons covered nitrogen fertilization for cereal crops, in particular wheat and maize, for different years and in different countries. Findings highlight relevant changes in amounts of nitrogen applied, with the evidence of higher nitrogen efficiency resulting in reduced operating costs, while changes in crop yields are less evident: VR applications and uniform applications substantially reach the same production level, and higher nitrogen use efficiencies are achievable without significantly compromising yields. Overall, net economic impacts are in favour of VR fertilization. This work can raise farmers’ and other stakeholders’ knowledge of the actual economic impacts stemming from the adoption of VR fertilization and helps policymakers to understand the economic impact of precision agriculture and the need to foster sustainability-based policies.
{"title":"Economic impacts of variable rate nitrogen fertilization: Input saving and yield increase in cereals","authors":"M. Medici, M. Canavari","doi":"10.1079/cabireviews202217054","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1079/cabireviews202217054","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The purpose of this study is to discuss the economic impacts stemming from variable-rate (VR) nitrogen fertilization, one of the main precision agriculture practices. Economic impacts are related to reduced nitrogen use and increased crop yields thanks to a better distribution of inputs, net from possible spatial and temporal uncertainty. This paper reviews N=31 case studies (in 29 articles) that compared the performance of VR nitrogen applications versus uniform treatments. The comparisons covered nitrogen fertilization for cereal crops, in particular wheat and maize, for different years and in different countries. Findings highlight relevant changes in amounts of nitrogen applied, with the evidence of higher nitrogen efficiency resulting in reduced operating costs, while changes in crop yields are less evident: VR applications and uniform applications substantially reach the same production level, and higher nitrogen use efficiencies are achievable without significantly compromising yields. Overall, net economic impacts are in favour of VR fertilization. This work can raise farmers’ and other stakeholders’ knowledge of the actual economic impacts stemming from the adoption of VR fertilization and helps policymakers to understand the economic impact of precision agriculture and the need to foster sustainability-based policies.","PeriodicalId":399225,"journal":{"name":"CABI Reviews","volume":"61 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126218921","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.1079/cabireviews202217052
M. L. Macpherson, R. Pinckney, W. Sylvester, S. Bidaisee, C. Macpherson
This review categorizes 62 zoonoses humans share with dogs based on their clinical, public health importance, and global distribution. Three categories were identified. Category 1 comprise the most widespread and public health important zoonoses and includes 13 zoonoses where dogs play an essential role in the maintenance and transmission of the infectious organisms. This category comprises Rabies lyssavirus , Leptospirosis, Leishmania, Trypanosoma cruzi, Trypanosoma brucei spp ., Clonorchis sinsensis, Opisthorchis viverrini, Paragonimus spp ., Echinococcus granulosus, Echinococcus multilocularis, Taenia multiceps, Dracunculus medinensis, Toxocara canis, Ancylostoma spp ., and Strongyloides stercoralis. Category 2 includes 24 zoonoses of lesser public health importance in which human or dog behavior plays a major role in transmission. Category 2 includes, Microsporum spp ., Prevotella spp ., Bacteroides spp ., Porphyromonas spp ., Bergeyella zoohelcum, Neisseria spp ., Pasteurella spp ., Capnocytophaga canimorsus, Staphylococcus spp ., Streptococcus spp ., Salmonella spp ., Anaplasma spp ., Ehrlichia spp ., Borrelia spp ., Rickettsia spp ., Yersina pestis, Giardia duodenalis, Cryptosporidium spp ., Toxoplasma gondii, Dibothriocephalus latum, Spirometra spp ., Schistosoma spp ., Echinococcus canadensis, and Sarcoptes scabei var canis. Category 3 includes human infection where the zoonotic infection link is rare but has occasionally implicated dogs. This category includes SARS-CoV-2, Bordetella bronchiseptica, Mycobacterium spp ., Corynebacterium spp ., Coxiella burnetti, Helicobacter spp. , Campylobacter spp ., Brucella canis, Balantioides coli, Blastocystis hominis, Bacillus anthracis, Dipylidium caninum, Taenia spp ., Trichuris vulpis, Gnathostoma spp ., Thelazia spp ., Dirofilaria spp ., Onchocera lupi, Heterophyes heterophyes, Metagonimus spp. , Fasciolopsis buski, Ctenocephalides felis, Cheyletiella spp ., Otodectes cynotis , and Cochliomya homnivorax . Changes in human behavior and control of canine infection would reduce the public health importance of these zoonoses.
{"title":"Man’s best friend and our shared infectious diseases","authors":"M. L. Macpherson, R. Pinckney, W. Sylvester, S. Bidaisee, C. Macpherson","doi":"10.1079/cabireviews202217052","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1079/cabireviews202217052","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 This review categorizes 62 zoonoses humans share with dogs based on their clinical, public health importance, and global distribution. Three categories were identified. Category 1 comprise the most widespread and public health important zoonoses and includes 13 zoonoses where dogs play an essential role in the maintenance and transmission of the infectious organisms. This category comprises\u0000 Rabies lyssavirus\u0000 ,\u0000 Leptospirosis, Leishmania, Trypanosoma cruzi, Trypanosoma brucei\u0000 spp\u0000 ., Clonorchis sinsensis, Opisthorchis viverrini, Paragonimus\u0000 spp\u0000 ., Echinococcus granulosus, Echinococcus multilocularis, Taenia multiceps, Dracunculus medinensis, Toxocara canis, Ancylostoma\u0000 spp\u0000 .,\u0000 and\u0000 Strongyloides stercoralis.\u0000 Category 2 includes 24 zoonoses of lesser public health importance in which human or dog behavior plays a major role in transmission. Category 2 includes,\u0000 Microsporum\u0000 spp\u0000 ., Prevotella\u0000 spp\u0000 ., Bacteroides\u0000 spp\u0000 ., Porphyromonas\u0000 spp\u0000 ., Bergeyella zoohelcum, Neisseria\u0000 spp\u0000 ., Pasteurella\u0000 spp\u0000 ., Capnocytophaga canimorsus, Staphylococcus\u0000 spp\u0000 ., Streptococcus\u0000 spp\u0000 ., Salmonella\u0000 spp\u0000 ., Anaplasma\u0000 spp\u0000 ., Ehrlichia\u0000 spp\u0000 ., Borrelia\u0000 spp\u0000 ., Rickettsia\u0000 spp\u0000 ., Yersina pestis, Giardia duodenalis, Cryptosporidium\u0000 spp\u0000 ., Toxoplasma gondii, Dibothriocephalus latum, Spirometra\u0000 spp\u0000 ., Schistosoma\u0000 spp\u0000 ., Echinococcus canadensis,\u0000 and\u0000 Sarcoptes scabei var canis.\u0000 Category 3 includes human infection where the zoonotic infection link is rare but has occasionally implicated dogs. This category includes SARS-CoV-2,\u0000 Bordetella bronchiseptica, Mycobacterium\u0000 spp\u0000 ., Corynebacterium\u0000 spp\u0000 ., Coxiella burnetti, Helicobacter\u0000 spp.\u0000 , Campylobacter\u0000 spp\u0000 ., Brucella canis, Balantioides coli, Blastocystis hominis, Bacillus anthracis, Dipylidium caninum, Taenia\u0000 spp\u0000 ., Trichuris vulpis, Gnathostoma\u0000 spp\u0000 ., Thelazia\u0000 spp\u0000 ., Dirofilaria\u0000 spp\u0000 ., Onchocera lupi, Heterophyes heterophyes, Metagonimus\u0000 spp.\u0000 , Fasciolopsis buski, Ctenocephalides felis, Cheyletiella\u0000 spp\u0000 ., Otodectes cynotis\u0000 , and\u0000 Cochliomya homnivorax\u0000 . Changes in human behavior and control of canine infection would reduce the public health importance of these zoonoses.\u0000","PeriodicalId":399225,"journal":{"name":"CABI Reviews","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126769809","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.1079/cabireviews202217059
J. Stanga
Parasitic plants are taxonomically diverse, globally distributed, and capable of parasitizing a wide array of host plants, often with preferences for specific hosts. Some parasitic plants are damaging pests of numerous crops; their effects can be especially detrimental in low-input agriculture. Effective breeding and management strategies rely on comprehensive information about the life history, evolution, genetics, biochemistry, physiology, communication, and ecology of parasitic plants and their hosts. High-throughput sequencing approaches are used to advance research in genome evolution, to identify genetic loci for breeding, to characterize microbial communities associated with parasitic plants, and to discover molecular mechanisms of parasitism and host responses. Molecular and biochemical investigations are elucidating the mechanisms by which parasitic seeds germinate in response to host phytohormones in the rhizosphere. Structural information guides synthesis- and screening-based methods to identify chemicals that could be used to promote or inhibit parasitic seed germination. Microbial communities in the rhizosphere influence parasitic plants and hosts as a system; fungal and bacterial species themselves, and products derived from them, have the potential for agronomic application. Proteins and nucleic acids exchanged through the haustorium reveal the complex interplay between parasitic plant pathogenesis and host defense responses. This review focuses on the latest developments published within the last two years.
{"title":"Recent developments in parasitic plant biology","authors":"J. Stanga","doi":"10.1079/cabireviews202217059","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1079/cabireviews202217059","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Parasitic plants are taxonomically diverse, globally distributed, and capable of parasitizing a wide array of host plants, often with preferences for specific hosts. Some parasitic plants are damaging pests of numerous crops; their effects can be especially detrimental in low-input agriculture. Effective breeding and management strategies rely on comprehensive information about the life history, evolution, genetics, biochemistry, physiology, communication, and ecology of parasitic plants and their hosts. High-throughput sequencing approaches are used to advance research in genome evolution, to identify genetic loci for breeding, to characterize microbial communities associated with parasitic plants, and to discover molecular mechanisms of parasitism and host responses. Molecular and biochemical investigations are elucidating the mechanisms by which parasitic seeds germinate in response to host phytohormones in the rhizosphere. Structural information guides synthesis- and screening-based methods to identify chemicals that could be used to promote or inhibit parasitic seed germination. Microbial communities in the rhizosphere influence parasitic plants and hosts as a system; fungal and bacterial species themselves, and products derived from them, have the potential for agronomic application. Proteins and nucleic acids exchanged through the haustorium reveal the complex interplay between parasitic plant pathogenesis and host defense responses. This review focuses on the latest developments published within the last two years.","PeriodicalId":399225,"journal":{"name":"CABI Reviews","volume":"148 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130453416","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.1079/cabireviews202217056
Seyed Abbas Rafat
Methods for mapping quantitative trait loci (QTL) are actively used in the sheep to identify chromosomal regions contributing to variation in wool traits. Therefore, this paper summarises and integrates QTL studies in the sheep to identify basic information on the genetic architecture of quantitative traits relating to wool’s important traits from viewpoint of the textile industry. The number of traits, number of QTL/associations and number of related chromosomes for categories of “Fibre” and “Fleece” were 6, 78 and 18, and 5, 97 and 23, respectively. QTL list and associated single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and genes relating to fibre curvature, fibre diameter coefficient of variance, fibre diameter standard deviation, mean fibres diameter, primary fibre diameter and primary fibre diameter coefficient of variance, fleece yield, greasy fleece weight, staple length, staple strength and wool crimp are presented. This information can be helpful in identifying genes or SNPs underlying the QTL and in the application of molecular genetic information in marker-assisted breeding programs. There is complexity in identifying relationships between wool genes. Part of this complexity in the relationships between wool traits is probably related to the pleiotropic phenomenon. In general, some researchers have found markers that have not been confirmed in other published papers. False positives and false negatives in the statistical methods used can be the reason for the differences in the distinguished genes for the desired traits of wool.
{"title":"Molecular genetics of wool fibre structure in sheep","authors":"Seyed Abbas Rafat","doi":"10.1079/cabireviews202217056","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1079/cabireviews202217056","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Methods for mapping quantitative trait loci (QTL) are actively used in the sheep to identify chromosomal regions contributing to variation in wool traits. Therefore, this paper summarises and integrates QTL studies in the sheep to identify basic information on the genetic architecture of quantitative traits relating to wool’s important traits from viewpoint of the textile industry. The number of traits, number of QTL/associations and number of related chromosomes for categories of “Fibre” and “Fleece” were 6, 78 and 18, and 5, 97 and 23, respectively. QTL list and associated single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and genes relating to fibre curvature, fibre diameter coefficient of variance, fibre diameter standard deviation, mean fibres diameter, primary fibre diameter and primary fibre diameter coefficient of variance, fleece yield, greasy fleece weight, staple length, staple strength and wool crimp are presented. This information can be helpful in identifying genes or SNPs underlying the QTL and in the application of molecular genetic information in marker-assisted breeding programs. There is complexity in identifying relationships between wool genes. Part of this complexity in the relationships between wool traits is probably related to the pleiotropic phenomenon. In general, some researchers have found markers that have not been confirmed in other published papers. False positives and false negatives in the statistical methods used can be the reason for the differences in the distinguished genes for the desired traits of wool.","PeriodicalId":399225,"journal":{"name":"CABI Reviews","volume":"112 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115664343","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.1079/cabireviews202217055
K. Kalsa, Bhramar Dey
An increase in improved forages to serve as high-quality animal feed around the year is a necessity in countries with large livestock populations. However, for increased production of improved forages, a viable and sustainable forage seed system needs to be functional. In Ethiopia, an inadequate supply of forage seed has been identified as one of the major constraints to increased forage production. To assess the current state of the forage seed system, as well as, to monitor its growth in the future, the present study provides a framework that captures important information related to the forage seed system performance in Ethiopia. Data on key indicators along the forage seed value chain (such as variety development and release, early generation seed availability, commercial seed production, forage seed promotion and marketing, and seed quality assurance) were collected using a structured survey instrument. Results indicate a considerable number of forage varieties are already registered in the country through the national agricultural research system. However, a limited quantity of early generation seed is being delivered to seed producers. On the other hand, the involvement of commercial seed producers in the forage sector is limited. There are weak forage seed promotion and quality assurance mechanisms because most of the attention in the extension and regulatory structures is provided to the food crops. The study provides a template to monitor forage seed system performance in a developing country and identifies opportunities and recommendations for development partners, practitioners, national stakeholders, and decision-makers active in the Ethiopian forage sector.
{"title":"Forage seed system performance of Ethiopia: An overview based on key indicators","authors":"K. Kalsa, Bhramar Dey","doi":"10.1079/cabireviews202217055","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1079/cabireviews202217055","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 An increase in improved forages to serve as high-quality animal feed around the year is a necessity in countries with large livestock populations. However, for increased production of improved forages, a viable and sustainable forage seed system needs to be functional. In Ethiopia, an inadequate supply of forage seed has been identified as one of the major constraints to increased forage production. To assess the current state of the forage seed system, as well as, to monitor its growth in the future, the present study provides a framework that captures important information related to the forage seed system performance in Ethiopia. Data on key indicators along the forage seed value chain (such as variety development and release, early generation seed availability, commercial seed production, forage seed promotion and marketing, and seed quality assurance) were collected using a structured survey instrument. Results indicate a considerable number of forage varieties are already registered in the country through the national agricultural research system. However, a limited quantity of early generation seed is being delivered to seed producers. On the other hand, the involvement of commercial seed producers in the forage sector is limited. There are weak forage seed promotion and quality assurance mechanisms because most of the attention in the extension and regulatory structures is provided to the food crops. The study provides a template to monitor forage seed system performance in a developing country and identifies opportunities and recommendations for development partners, practitioners, national stakeholders, and decision-makers active in the Ethiopian forage sector.","PeriodicalId":399225,"journal":{"name":"CABI Reviews","volume":"71 9","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132070229","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.1079/cabireviews202217058
M. Usman, M. Hasnain, S. Banaras, M. Akram, Q. Abbas, Jawad Ali Shah, S. Tabasum, S. Shah, A. Raza, Muhammad Nadeem Khan, Muhammad Jamil
The honey bee ( Hymenoptera Apidae ) is a valuable insect that can be found all around the globe, except in polar regions. Apis mellifera contributes over dollar 200 billion to the world’s economy annually. In Pakistan, pollination-dependent crops have a productivity worth of 1590 million US$, with 61 main crops relying on the pollination of honey bees. Loss of honeybees to a certain level may lead to starvation. In a developing country like Pakistan, it is an issue with food security. Many biotic and abiotic factors are challenging in brooding and rearing honeybees in the country. Excessive use of pesticides, lack of skilled personnel and deforestation is leading to a decline in the population of honeybees. While the need for honeybee products is tremendously increasing with every passing day. The country’s unique vegetative diversity has a significant ecological and economic impact on local wildlife conservation. If properly developed, it offers enormous potential for a long-term beekeeping enterprise. Beekeeping is primarily practiced in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and the central and northern areas of the Punjab provinces of Pakistan. Pakistani honey is well-known throughout the Middle East for its distinct flavor and high quality. Every year, Pakistan sells roughly 4000 tons of honey to Arab countries, costing about $ 23 million. This review study briefly describes different honeybee species’ potential constraints and management in Pakistan and will be helpful in developing a sense of awareness that conserving honeybees is a matter of food security.
{"title":"Potential emerging constraints and management strategies of different honeybee species in Pakistan: A review","authors":"M. Usman, M. Hasnain, S. Banaras, M. Akram, Q. Abbas, Jawad Ali Shah, S. Tabasum, S. Shah, A. Raza, Muhammad Nadeem Khan, Muhammad Jamil","doi":"10.1079/cabireviews202217058","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1079/cabireviews202217058","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 The honey bee (\u0000 Hymenoptera Apidae\u0000 ) is a valuable insect that can be found all around the globe, except in polar regions. Apis mellifera contributes over dollar 200 billion to the world’s economy annually. In Pakistan, pollination-dependent crops have a productivity worth of 1590 million US$, with 61 main crops relying on the pollination of honey bees. Loss of honeybees to a certain level may lead to starvation. In a developing country like Pakistan, it is an issue with food security. Many biotic and abiotic factors are challenging in brooding and rearing honeybees in the country. Excessive use of pesticides, lack of skilled personnel and deforestation is leading to a decline in the population of honeybees. While the need for honeybee products is tremendously increasing with every passing day. The country’s unique vegetative diversity has a significant ecological and economic impact on local wildlife conservation. If properly developed, it offers enormous potential for a long-term beekeeping enterprise. Beekeeping is primarily practiced in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and the central and northern areas of the Punjab provinces of Pakistan. Pakistani honey is well-known throughout the Middle East for its distinct flavor and high quality. Every year, Pakistan sells roughly 4000 tons of honey to Arab countries, costing about $ 23 million. This review study briefly describes different honeybee species’ potential constraints and management in Pakistan and will be helpful in developing a sense of awareness that conserving honeybees is a matter of food security.\u0000","PeriodicalId":399225,"journal":{"name":"CABI Reviews","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116231979","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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