Abstract Aim/purpose – This research presents a conceptual stakeholder accountability model for mapping the project actors to the conduct for which they should be held accountable in artificial intelligence (AI) projects. AI projects differ from other projects in important ways, including in their capacity to inflict harm and impact human and civil rights on a global scale. The in-project decisions are high stakes, and it is critical who decides the system’s features. Even well-designed AI systems can be deployed in ways that harm individuals, local communities, and society. Design/methodology/approach – The present study uses a systematic literature review, accountability theory, and AI success factors to elaborate on the relationships between AI project actors and stakeholders. The literature review follows the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) statement process. Bovens’ accountability model and AI success factors are employed as a basis for the coding framework in the thematic analysis. The study uses a web-based survey to collect data from respondents in the United States and Germany employing statistical analysis to assess public opinion on AI fairness, sustainability, and accountability. Findings – The AI stakeholder accountability model specifies the complex relationships between 16 actors and 22 stakeholder forums using 78 AI success factors to define the conduct and the obligations and consequences that characterize those relationships. The survey analysis suggests that more than 80% of the public thinks AI development should be fair and sustainable, and it sees the government and development organizations as most accountable in this regard. There are some differences between the United States and Germany regarding fairness, sustainability, and accountability. Research implications/limitations – The results should benefit project managers and project sponsors in stakeholder identification and resource assignment. The definitions offer policy advisors insights for updating AI governance practices. The model presented here is conceptual and has not been validated using real-world projects. Originality/value/contribution – The study adds context-specific information on AI to the project management literature. It defines project actors as moral agents and provides a model for mapping the accountability of project actors to stakeholder expectations and system impacts.
{"title":"Stakeholder-accountability model for artificial intelligence projects","authors":"G. Miller","doi":"10.22367/jem.2022.44.18","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22367/jem.2022.44.18","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Aim/purpose – This research presents a conceptual stakeholder accountability model for mapping the project actors to the conduct for which they should be held accountable in artificial intelligence (AI) projects. AI projects differ from other projects in important ways, including in their capacity to inflict harm and impact human and civil rights on a global scale. The in-project decisions are high stakes, and it is critical who decides the system’s features. Even well-designed AI systems can be deployed in ways that harm individuals, local communities, and society. Design/methodology/approach – The present study uses a systematic literature review, accountability theory, and AI success factors to elaborate on the relationships between AI project actors and stakeholders. The literature review follows the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) statement process. Bovens’ accountability model and AI success factors are employed as a basis for the coding framework in the thematic analysis. The study uses a web-based survey to collect data from respondents in the United States and Germany employing statistical analysis to assess public opinion on AI fairness, sustainability, and accountability. Findings – The AI stakeholder accountability model specifies the complex relationships between 16 actors and 22 stakeholder forums using 78 AI success factors to define the conduct and the obligations and consequences that characterize those relationships. The survey analysis suggests that more than 80% of the public thinks AI development should be fair and sustainable, and it sees the government and development organizations as most accountable in this regard. There are some differences between the United States and Germany regarding fairness, sustainability, and accountability. Research implications/limitations – The results should benefit project managers and project sponsors in stakeholder identification and resource assignment. The definitions offer policy advisors insights for updating AI governance practices. The model presented here is conceptual and has not been validated using real-world projects. Originality/value/contribution – The study adds context-specific information on AI to the project management literature. It defines project actors as moral agents and provides a model for mapping the accountability of project actors to stakeholder expectations and system impacts.","PeriodicalId":40031,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Economics and Management","volume":"1 1","pages":"446 - 494"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82485320","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Aim/purpose – The aim of this study was to estimate the effect of health insurance on Out-of-Pocket (OOP) health care expenditure in Kenya. It is informed by persistence in the challenges of access and utilization of quality and affordable health care services. Previously, researchers have estimated the effects of different forms of health care financing on its demand and shown that affordability not only enhances access and use of health services but also cushions people against adverse financial risks associated with catastrophic health care spending. Design/methodology/approach – The study used the Kenya Household Health Expenditure and Utilization Survey (KHHEUS) 2013 data, and employed the two-part model estimation approach. The sample size considered in the estimation was 6,961 with the unit of analysis being an individual household member. Findings – The overall results of this study showed that having a health insurance cover did not exclude one from using OOP payments. However, the probability of such spending was low for people with insurance compared to those without insurance. Additionally, if any cash was paid for any health care service, having insurance did not have a significant effect on the level of that spending. Research implications/limitations – The findings of this study imply that uptake of health insurance does not fully cushion people from both using cash payments when seeking health services and ramifications of catastrophic health care spending. The study however, encountered challenges of unavailability of more recent data in the KHHEUS series. In addition, the sample size was relatively small to the population after data cleaning. Originality/value/contribution – Potential effect of health insurance on OOP health care payments had not been explored in Kenya. As such, this study filled this gap. In addition, the two-part model estimation technique was also employed with the latest household health survey data.
{"title":"Health insurance and Out-of-Pocket health care expenditure in Kenya","authors":"Urbanus Kioko Kamba","doi":"10.22367/jem.2022.44.03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22367/jem.2022.44.03","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Aim/purpose – The aim of this study was to estimate the effect of health insurance on Out-of-Pocket (OOP) health care expenditure in Kenya. It is informed by persistence in the challenges of access and utilization of quality and affordable health care services. Previously, researchers have estimated the effects of different forms of health care financing on its demand and shown that affordability not only enhances access and use of health services but also cushions people against adverse financial risks associated with catastrophic health care spending. Design/methodology/approach – The study used the Kenya Household Health Expenditure and Utilization Survey (KHHEUS) 2013 data, and employed the two-part model estimation approach. The sample size considered in the estimation was 6,961 with the unit of analysis being an individual household member. Findings – The overall results of this study showed that having a health insurance cover did not exclude one from using OOP payments. However, the probability of such spending was low for people with insurance compared to those without insurance. Additionally, if any cash was paid for any health care service, having insurance did not have a significant effect on the level of that spending. Research implications/limitations – The findings of this study imply that uptake of health insurance does not fully cushion people from both using cash payments when seeking health services and ramifications of catastrophic health care spending. The study however, encountered challenges of unavailability of more recent data in the KHHEUS series. In addition, the sample size was relatively small to the population after data cleaning. Originality/value/contribution – Potential effect of health insurance on OOP health care payments had not been explored in Kenya. As such, this study filled this gap. In addition, the two-part model estimation technique was also employed with the latest household health survey data.","PeriodicalId":40031,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Economics and Management","volume":"21 1","pages":"38 - 63"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75453791","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Aim/purpose – This paper aims at examining the value propositions of tourism marketing for smartphone marketing and the value perceptions of tourists of using smartphone applications by investigating the National Tourism Organization (NTO) of Hong Kong and South Korea, respectively. Design/methodology/approach – Through conducting in-depth and focus group interviews, the present study explored and compared the value proposition of smartphone destination marketing of the NTOs in Hong Kong and South Korea. Findings – Findings of the present study indicate seven value propositions of the NTO, including aesthetic, functional, hedonic, organizational, social, technological, and user experience values. Research implications/limitations – An increasing number of destination marketing organizations have been adopting smartphones to meet the demands of the competitive marketing environment. Hence, tourism organizations must enhance the delivery of quality travel-related information to improve tourists’ perceived value. A conceptual framework was proposed based on the findings of the present study, and valuable practical implications were provided. Originality/value/contribution – The originality of the present study lies in the integration of the value proposition concept in the consumption value theory to the mobile context in tourism.
{"title":"Value proposition of smartphone destination marketing: The cases of Hong Kong and South Korea","authors":"Hyun hee Kim, Sunny Sun, R. Law","doi":"10.22367/jem.2022.44.08","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22367/jem.2022.44.08","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Aim/purpose – This paper aims at examining the value propositions of tourism marketing for smartphone marketing and the value perceptions of tourists of using smartphone applications by investigating the National Tourism Organization (NTO) of Hong Kong and South Korea, respectively. Design/methodology/approach – Through conducting in-depth and focus group interviews, the present study explored and compared the value proposition of smartphone destination marketing of the NTOs in Hong Kong and South Korea. Findings – Findings of the present study indicate seven value propositions of the NTO, including aesthetic, functional, hedonic, organizational, social, technological, and user experience values. Research implications/limitations – An increasing number of destination marketing organizations have been adopting smartphones to meet the demands of the competitive marketing environment. Hence, tourism organizations must enhance the delivery of quality travel-related information to improve tourists’ perceived value. A conceptual framework was proposed based on the findings of the present study, and valuable practical implications were provided. Originality/value/contribution – The originality of the present study lies in the integration of the value proposition concept in the consumption value theory to the mobile context in tourism.","PeriodicalId":40031,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Economics and Management","volume":"58 1","pages":"187 - 209"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90695805","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Aim/purpose – The COVID-19 pandemic generated a new communication universe with numerous actors, including conspiracy theory (CT) promoters who spread skepticism about the authenticity of the pandemic and the necessity of health emergency regulations. This study explores the dissemination of COVID-19 conspiracy theories in Canada to create a model for verifying conspiracy theories, especially in the context of decision making. Design/methodology/approach – The study was transdisciplinary and it was composed of an empirical and a conceptual part. The first part used analysis of websites and social media, observation with participation for data collection, and standard content analysis for data analysis. The conceptual part used a philosophical inquiry and a framework on heuristics in decision making. Findings – The empirical part of the study established three types of conspiracy theory promoters and labeled these as Conspiracy Theory Mill, Busy Gunman, and Hyper Relay. The conceptual part of the study created a model for CT verification. The study extends conceptualizing of conspiracy theories by characterizing them as narratives based on arbitrary ontological assumptions, epistemic naïveté and flaws, and contorted and biased logic. These narratives represent a form of folkish storytelling and entertainment, which become dangerous in the state of a public health emergency. Research implications/limitations – The study has implications for research on conspiracy theories and for the theory of decision making. The study’s insight into the Canadian conspiracy theory landscape is limited by the types of social contexts studied. The model for verifying a conspiracy theory, which the study developed, is still incipient in character and needs further validation. The model can be used in decision-making theory. Originality/value/contribution – The study confirms the literature on conspiracy theories originating in the areas of psychology and cultural studies. Beyond just exhibiting characteristics reported in the literature, the discovered three types of conspiracy theory promoters may advance the corresponding typology research. The model for verifying a conspiracy theory may contribute to research on the nature of conspiratorial content as well as to decision-making theory. Practically, the three promoter types and the verification model can be used as part of a blueprint for identifying and controlling conspiracy theories. Decision-makers at large may benefit, including those in health institutions, government, business as well as lay people.
{"title":"COVID-19 conspiracy theories in Canada: Evidence, verification, and implications for decision making","authors":"B. Travica","doi":"10.22367/jem.2022.44.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22367/jem.2022.44.10","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Aim/purpose – The COVID-19 pandemic generated a new communication universe with numerous actors, including conspiracy theory (CT) promoters who spread skepticism about the authenticity of the pandemic and the necessity of health emergency regulations. This study explores the dissemination of COVID-19 conspiracy theories in Canada to create a model for verifying conspiracy theories, especially in the context of decision making. Design/methodology/approach – The study was transdisciplinary and it was composed of an empirical and a conceptual part. The first part used analysis of websites and social media, observation with participation for data collection, and standard content analysis for data analysis. The conceptual part used a philosophical inquiry and a framework on heuristics in decision making. Findings – The empirical part of the study established three types of conspiracy theory promoters and labeled these as Conspiracy Theory Mill, Busy Gunman, and Hyper Relay. The conceptual part of the study created a model for CT verification. The study extends conceptualizing of conspiracy theories by characterizing them as narratives based on arbitrary ontological assumptions, epistemic naïveté and flaws, and contorted and biased logic. These narratives represent a form of folkish storytelling and entertainment, which become dangerous in the state of a public health emergency. Research implications/limitations – The study has implications for research on conspiracy theories and for the theory of decision making. The study’s insight into the Canadian conspiracy theory landscape is limited by the types of social contexts studied. The model for verifying a conspiracy theory, which the study developed, is still incipient in character and needs further validation. The model can be used in decision-making theory. Originality/value/contribution – The study confirms the literature on conspiracy theories originating in the areas of psychology and cultural studies. Beyond just exhibiting characteristics reported in the literature, the discovered three types of conspiracy theory promoters may advance the corresponding typology research. The model for verifying a conspiracy theory may contribute to research on the nature of conspiratorial content as well as to decision-making theory. Practically, the three promoter types and the verification model can be used as part of a blueprint for identifying and controlling conspiracy theories. Decision-makers at large may benefit, including those in health institutions, government, business as well as lay people.","PeriodicalId":40031,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Economics and Management","volume":"8 1","pages":"236 - 265"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74423448","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Aim/purpose – Internal whistleblowing is the most desirable form of reporting about wrongdoings for all kinds of organizations. The aim of this paper is to identify factors influencing the occurrence of internal whistleblowing and to provide recommendations for practitioners on how to encourage employees to report wrongdoings to an organization. Design/methodology/approach – The fundamental article database has been constructed with the use of ProQuest, EBSCO and Taylor & Francis databases. The timespan for the research was from 1990 to 2022. The papers for the fundamental database were found within the utilization of two words “whistleblowing” in titles and “internal” in abstracts. Next, the database was broadened by snowball review. Findings – Identified factors important for the occurrence of internal whistleblowing in an organization were assigned to one of the following areas: ethics, leadership, policies and procedures, retaliations and safeguards, social climate, organizational justice, education and training, reporting channels, communication, additional motivation, organization’s size and structure, audit committee. Research implications/limitations – For researchers – the paper provides a picture of research on internal whistleblowing: identified factors influencing internal whistleblowing, popularity of exploring problems, and utilizing research methods. For practitioners – the paper provides practical implications (based on current knowledge) important for implementing and managing organizational whistleblowing systems in the organization of private and public sectors. Originality/value/contribution – The main contribution of this work states the framework of factors affecting internal whistleblowing, which was constructed on the basis of a systematic review of the scientific literature. Moreover, the paper provides guidelines for practitioners.
{"title":"Factors influencing internal whistleblowing. A systematic review of the literature","authors":"Dawid Mrowiec","doi":"10.22367/jem.2022.44.07","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22367/jem.2022.44.07","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Aim/purpose – Internal whistleblowing is the most desirable form of reporting about wrongdoings for all kinds of organizations. The aim of this paper is to identify factors influencing the occurrence of internal whistleblowing and to provide recommendations for practitioners on how to encourage employees to report wrongdoings to an organization. Design/methodology/approach – The fundamental article database has been constructed with the use of ProQuest, EBSCO and Taylor & Francis databases. The timespan for the research was from 1990 to 2022. The papers for the fundamental database were found within the utilization of two words “whistleblowing” in titles and “internal” in abstracts. Next, the database was broadened by snowball review. Findings – Identified factors important for the occurrence of internal whistleblowing in an organization were assigned to one of the following areas: ethics, leadership, policies and procedures, retaliations and safeguards, social climate, organizational justice, education and training, reporting channels, communication, additional motivation, organization’s size and structure, audit committee. Research implications/limitations – For researchers – the paper provides a picture of research on internal whistleblowing: identified factors influencing internal whistleblowing, popularity of exploring problems, and utilizing research methods. For practitioners – the paper provides practical implications (based on current knowledge) important for implementing and managing organizational whistleblowing systems in the organization of private and public sectors. Originality/value/contribution – The main contribution of this work states the framework of factors affecting internal whistleblowing, which was constructed on the basis of a systematic review of the scientific literature. Moreover, the paper provides guidelines for practitioners.","PeriodicalId":40031,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Economics and Management","volume":"2015 1","pages":"142 - 186"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87231098","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.47836/ijeamsi.16.1.005
M. Shahid, Muhammad Umar Islam, Nafis Alam, Mohsin Ali
The study investigates the time-varying efficiency of the four most commonly traded international commodities from the U.S. Chicago Board of Options Exchange (CBOE) over a more extended period as well as during COVID-19. The study also explores how adaptive behavior of returns induces profitable opportunities in the commodity markets. Daily returns of commodity indices (gold, silver, oil, metal) are divided into subsamples of six years, to apply a battery of linear/nonlinear tests. The study uncovers the linear and nonlinear serial dependence in returns from commodities and finds evidence of time-varying volatility, thus consistent with the Adaptive Market Hypothesis over the full sample period. Moreover, returns from all the commodities are highly volatile and predictable during COVID-19.
{"title":"Time-Varying Return Predictability and Adaptive Behavior in The U.S. \u0000Commodity Markets During COVID-19","authors":"M. Shahid, Muhammad Umar Islam, Nafis Alam, Mohsin Ali","doi":"10.47836/ijeamsi.16.1.005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47836/ijeamsi.16.1.005","url":null,"abstract":"The study investigates the time-varying efficiency of the four most commonly traded international commodities from the U.S. Chicago Board of Options Exchange (CBOE) over a more extended period as well as during COVID-19. The study also explores how adaptive behavior of returns induces profitable opportunities in the commodity markets. Daily returns of commodity indices (gold, silver, oil, metal) are divided into subsamples of six years, to apply a battery of linear/nonlinear tests. The study uncovers the linear and nonlinear serial dependence in returns from commodities and finds evidence of time-varying volatility, thus consistent with the Adaptive Market Hypothesis over the full sample period. Moreover, returns from all the commodities are highly volatile and predictable during COVID-19.","PeriodicalId":40031,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Economics and Management","volume":"79 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77084953","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Aim/purpose – In this paper, we explore the contribution of Human Resource Management Systems (HRMS) to innovation in SMEs. We consider two HRMS with different orientations: Commitment HRMS (focusing on long-term career development to increase employees’ creativity) and Collaboration HRMS (focusing on the use of external human capital to achieve innovation). We believe that SMEs’ radical and incremental innovation follow different paths from a configurational perspective. We want to understand how the two HRMS influence radical and incremental innovation, consequently, we explore the contributions of Commitment HRMS and Collaboration HRMS. Design/methodology/approach – We apply a set-theoretic method, an analytic quantitative and qualitative technique to approach data – fuzzy-set Qualitative Comparative Analysis (fsQCA) – to test our models. We use a sample of 377 Portuguese SMEs from across industries. Findings – Results show there are two pathways that lead SMEs to high levels of incremental innovation and three alternative paths that originate high levels of radical innovation. By contrast, there are ways that lead to lower levels of incremental (two options) and radical innovation (three options). Research implications/limitations – We provide propositions for theory development on the contribution of HRMS to innovation. Managerial contributions regard the several options provided to SME managers in search of innovation. Limitations regard the lack of generalization power of results due to the cross-sectional nature of the work. However, the research design is replicable without restrictions. Originality/value/contribution – We suggest that SMEs’ radical and incremental innovation follow different paths from a configurational perspective. With this study, we contribute to showing the diversity of ways to reach higher innovation levels at SMEs, so that managers know the alternatives they have at their disposal. Additionally, we reveal the ways that lead to lower innovation levels at SMEs, so we alert managers to the undesired pathways they should be cautious about.
{"title":"Understanding the HRM systems double contribution to radical and incremental innovation in SMEs: A configurational approach","authors":"C. Curado, Tiago Gonçalves, João Costa Brito","doi":"10.22367/jem.2022.44.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22367/jem.2022.44.13","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Aim/purpose – In this paper, we explore the contribution of Human Resource Management Systems (HRMS) to innovation in SMEs. We consider two HRMS with different orientations: Commitment HRMS (focusing on long-term career development to increase employees’ creativity) and Collaboration HRMS (focusing on the use of external human capital to achieve innovation). We believe that SMEs’ radical and incremental innovation follow different paths from a configurational perspective. We want to understand how the two HRMS influence radical and incremental innovation, consequently, we explore the contributions of Commitment HRMS and Collaboration HRMS. Design/methodology/approach – We apply a set-theoretic method, an analytic quantitative and qualitative technique to approach data – fuzzy-set Qualitative Comparative Analysis (fsQCA) – to test our models. We use a sample of 377 Portuguese SMEs from across industries. Findings – Results show there are two pathways that lead SMEs to high levels of incremental innovation and three alternative paths that originate high levels of radical innovation. By contrast, there are ways that lead to lower levels of incremental (two options) and radical innovation (three options). Research implications/limitations – We provide propositions for theory development on the contribution of HRMS to innovation. Managerial contributions regard the several options provided to SME managers in search of innovation. Limitations regard the lack of generalization power of results due to the cross-sectional nature of the work. However, the research design is replicable without restrictions. Originality/value/contribution – We suggest that SMEs’ radical and incremental innovation follow different paths from a configurational perspective. With this study, we contribute to showing the diversity of ways to reach higher innovation levels at SMEs, so that managers know the alternatives they have at their disposal. Additionally, we reveal the ways that lead to lower innovation levels at SMEs, so we alert managers to the undesired pathways they should be cautious about.","PeriodicalId":40031,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Economics and Management","volume":"44 1","pages":"315 - 343"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73166027","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.47836/ijeamsi.16.1.009
H. Saydaliev, S. Kadyrov, Lee Chin
Rapid rollouts of the vaccine are imperative for economic recovery; however, vaccine hesitancy could draw out not only the pandemic but also social distancing and lockdown requirements. The main purpose of this paper is to empirically investigate whether the vaccination rate affects government budget constraints as well as whether vaccine hesitancy matters in controlling the dynamics of the Covid-19 epidemic in Uzbekistan. We integrated a Susceptible-Exposed-Infectious-Removed (SEIR) epidemic model with a macroeconomic model to explore the impact of the vaccination. Our results show that vaccine hesitancy substantially influences excess COVID-19-related deaths, such that governments that are able to sustain quick vaccine rollout rates would have a 20-times lower excess death rate. A slow-paced vaccine rollout has compounded effects over time, producing much heavier consequences for the population than a rapid rollout rate. In Uzbekistan, a counterfactual exercise that intensified vaccine hesitancy between April and November 2021 likely increased the death toll by approximately thousand deaths. Therefore, the policy gains of accelerating the vaccination rate are significant, given that it would minimize both cumulative mortality and the risk of new virus variants while achieving herd immunity. Concurrently, efforts to mitigate hesitancy are crucial, particularly if the percentage of the population that is against the vaccination is greater than the percentage needed for herd immunity. To this end, our empirical study helps shed light on the challenging dynamics between health and the economy during the pandemic as well as the mechanisms through which these effects take place.
{"title":"Attitudes Toward Vaccination and Its Impact on Economy","authors":"H. Saydaliev, S. Kadyrov, Lee Chin","doi":"10.47836/ijeamsi.16.1.009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47836/ijeamsi.16.1.009","url":null,"abstract":"Rapid rollouts of the vaccine are imperative for economic recovery; however, vaccine hesitancy could draw out not only the pandemic but also social distancing and lockdown requirements. The main purpose of this paper is to empirically investigate whether the vaccination rate affects government budget constraints as well as whether vaccine hesitancy matters in controlling the dynamics of the Covid-19 epidemic in Uzbekistan. We integrated a Susceptible-Exposed-Infectious-Removed (SEIR) epidemic model with a macroeconomic model to explore the impact of the vaccination. Our results show that vaccine hesitancy substantially influences excess COVID-19-related deaths, such that governments that are able to sustain quick vaccine rollout rates would have a 20-times lower excess death rate. A slow-paced vaccine rollout has compounded effects over time, producing much heavier consequences for the population than a rapid rollout rate. In Uzbekistan, a counterfactual exercise that intensified vaccine hesitancy between April and November 2021 likely increased the death toll by approximately thousand deaths. Therefore, the policy gains of accelerating the vaccination rate are significant, given that it would minimize both cumulative mortality and the risk of new virus variants while achieving herd immunity. Concurrently, efforts to mitigate hesitancy are crucial, particularly if the percentage of the population that is against the vaccination is greater than the percentage needed for herd immunity. To this end, our empirical study helps shed light on the challenging dynamics between health and the economy during the pandemic as well as the mechanisms through which these effects take place.","PeriodicalId":40031,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Economics and Management","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80902330","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Aim/purpose – In the decades since their reintegration with the West, the small open economies of Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania have seen their trade flows grow substantially. While the mix of trade partners has evolved over time, the region has been affected by various political and economic shocks. This study examines the bilateral trade balances between the Baltic countries and nine partners to investigate whether there have been structural breaks due to political or economic events. Because these events may have been “priced into” exchange rates or increased these rates’ volatility, connections between these variables and trade balances are also considered. Design/methodology/approach – Monthly data beginning in 1994 are taken from the International Monetary Fund’s Direction of Trade Statistics [DOTS]. Trade partners include the Nordic countries of Finland, Sweden, and Norway, as well as Poland, Russia, and the United States and country groupings such as the CIS, Advanced Economies, and the World. Ratios of the export and import values are used to create bilateral trade balances. The Bai–Perron (1998) structural break test is then used to identify “break points” that can classify time periods into regimes. Baltic nominal and real effective exchange rates, both in log changes and as a GARCH-based volatility measure, show whether regimes correspond to competitiveness or risk. Correlations are calculated to show links between bilateral trade balances and real exchange rates. Findings – Each trade balance has at least one structural break; many have more. In fewer than half of the cases do these correspond to specific events such as EU accession or the Global Financial Crisis. Trade with Russia has decreased, particularly for Estonia and Latvia. But many partners with historical ties, such as Estonia-Finland, Latvia- -Sweden, and Lithuania-Poland have more breaks than do other partners (such as Estonia- -Poland). Structural breaks in real exchange-rate returns and volatility do not match those of trade balances, and correlations between returns and trade balances are low. Research implications/limitations – These findings open the door to future research on the macroeconomic and cultural/historical factors behind these trade linkages and any changes in regimes. However, no structural determinants have yet been estimated. Originality/value/contribution – This study isolates changes in trade regimes, which can be further explained by specific events or particular dates. It also shows that variance has changed as well as the mean, but this differs by country and by the partner.
{"title":"Time-series dynamics of Baltic trade flows: Structural breaks, regime shifts, and exchange-rate volatility","authors":"S. Hegerty","doi":"10.22367/jem.2022.44.05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22367/jem.2022.44.05","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Aim/purpose – In the decades since their reintegration with the West, the small open economies of Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania have seen their trade flows grow substantially. While the mix of trade partners has evolved over time, the region has been affected by various political and economic shocks. This study examines the bilateral trade balances between the Baltic countries and nine partners to investigate whether there have been structural breaks due to political or economic events. Because these events may have been “priced into” exchange rates or increased these rates’ volatility, connections between these variables and trade balances are also considered. Design/methodology/approach – Monthly data beginning in 1994 are taken from the International Monetary Fund’s Direction of Trade Statistics [DOTS]. Trade partners include the Nordic countries of Finland, Sweden, and Norway, as well as Poland, Russia, and the United States and country groupings such as the CIS, Advanced Economies, and the World. Ratios of the export and import values are used to create bilateral trade balances. The Bai–Perron (1998) structural break test is then used to identify “break points” that can classify time periods into regimes. Baltic nominal and real effective exchange rates, both in log changes and as a GARCH-based volatility measure, show whether regimes correspond to competitiveness or risk. Correlations are calculated to show links between bilateral trade balances and real exchange rates. Findings – Each trade balance has at least one structural break; many have more. In fewer than half of the cases do these correspond to specific events such as EU accession or the Global Financial Crisis. Trade with Russia has decreased, particularly for Estonia and Latvia. But many partners with historical ties, such as Estonia-Finland, Latvia- -Sweden, and Lithuania-Poland have more breaks than do other partners (such as Estonia- -Poland). Structural breaks in real exchange-rate returns and volatility do not match those of trade balances, and correlations between returns and trade balances are low. Research implications/limitations – These findings open the door to future research on the macroeconomic and cultural/historical factors behind these trade linkages and any changes in regimes. However, no structural determinants have yet been estimated. Originality/value/contribution – This study isolates changes in trade regimes, which can be further explained by specific events or particular dates. It also shows that variance has changed as well as the mean, but this differs by country and by the partner.","PeriodicalId":40031,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Economics and Management","volume":"18 1","pages":"96 - 118"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73329775","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Rshood M. Al-Khraif, Mohammed Al-Mogarry, Ibrahim Elsegaey, A. Salam
Abstract Aim/purpose – Saudi Arabia is rapidly urbanizing, where the number of urban residents, currently exceeds 80% of the population. Many cities in the country face challenges of sustainability, livability, resilience, and thus global reputation. Therefore, measuring city performance is crucial in assessing urban complexity in order to improve development potential. As stated in Vision 2030 of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, attempts at improving the global competitiveness and reputation of cities are of prime importance. This attempt aims at developing a culturally sensitive city ranking methodology, testing the method with relevant statistics, and presenting the preliminary results for further discussions, deliberations, and extensions. Design/methodology/approach – In this context, an index named Saudi Arabia’s City- -Ranking Index (SACRI) was developed, which proposes a three-dimensional assessment, incorporating livability, competitiveness, and environmental sustainability with 58 indicators (widely used or culturally specific). This exercise is carried out in 17 future cities, considering the feasibility criterion. Findings – Riyadh emerged as the most preferred city with the first rank, followed by Jeddah, Dammam, Madina, and Al Baha in order. Najran ranks 17, the last, preceded by Jazan, Al Qatif, Arar, and Al Taif. Research implications/limitations – This ranking of Saudi Arabia’s cities seeks importance in planning, improving, and promoting livability, competitiveness, and environmental sustainability to grab prominent places on a global scale. Originality/value/contribution – This exercise is unique for Saudi Arabia, with specific cultural dimensions that could be replicated in the neighboring Arab countries.
{"title":"Saudi Arabia’s City-Ranking Index (SACRI) methodology executed: Preliminary findings","authors":"Rshood M. Al-Khraif, Mohammed Al-Mogarry, Ibrahim Elsegaey, A. Salam","doi":"10.22367/jem.2022.44.15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22367/jem.2022.44.15","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Aim/purpose – Saudi Arabia is rapidly urbanizing, where the number of urban residents, currently exceeds 80% of the population. Many cities in the country face challenges of sustainability, livability, resilience, and thus global reputation. Therefore, measuring city performance is crucial in assessing urban complexity in order to improve development potential. As stated in Vision 2030 of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, attempts at improving the global competitiveness and reputation of cities are of prime importance. This attempt aims at developing a culturally sensitive city ranking methodology, testing the method with relevant statistics, and presenting the preliminary results for further discussions, deliberations, and extensions. Design/methodology/approach – In this context, an index named Saudi Arabia’s City- -Ranking Index (SACRI) was developed, which proposes a three-dimensional assessment, incorporating livability, competitiveness, and environmental sustainability with 58 indicators (widely used or culturally specific). This exercise is carried out in 17 future cities, considering the feasibility criterion. Findings – Riyadh emerged as the most preferred city with the first rank, followed by Jeddah, Dammam, Madina, and Al Baha in order. Najran ranks 17, the last, preceded by Jazan, Al Qatif, Arar, and Al Taif. Research implications/limitations – This ranking of Saudi Arabia’s cities seeks importance in planning, improving, and promoting livability, competitiveness, and environmental sustainability to grab prominent places on a global scale. Originality/value/contribution – This exercise is unique for Saudi Arabia, with specific cultural dimensions that could be replicated in the neighboring Arab countries.","PeriodicalId":40031,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Economics and Management","volume":"38 1","pages":"376 - 392"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89488162","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：