p EER review first consisted in the establishment by physicians of standards for licensure to practice medicine and surgery. This form has continued to be administered by state departments of education. Another type of peer review was developed for appointment to hospital staffs. In time learned societies set up their own higher standards for admission. For many years the latter groups included a small and exclusive portion of the medical profession. However, for the vast majority of physicians it was possible to spend an entire career in practice without ever coming under review, unless one committed some serious breach of trust or etiquette. This quiet was disturbed in the 193OS by demands that physicians who were engaged in certain specialty practices be certified by examination. The specialty boards were organized to set up standards for training qualifications and for examinations which were designed to test professional knowledge. Enforcement was implemented through economic pressure, in that hospitals were required to have board-certified physicians and surgeons in the several specialties in order to maintain accreditation. In the 1930s there were relatively few places in the United States where residency training could be obtained. Until World War II the certified specialist was a member of the elite of medicine. After World War II there was a great expansion of postgraduate training facilities, accompanied by a broadening of the base of the specialty certifications. The exclusiveness of these certifications soon disappeared but was succeeded by the development of subspecialty boards. One wonders what will happen when most of us are certified
p EER审查首先包括由医生制定行医和手术许可标准。该表格继续由国家教育部门管理。另一种类型的同行评审是为医院工作人员的预约而开发的。随着时间的推移，学术社会制定了自己更高的录取标准。多年来，后一类人只包括医学界的一小部分人。然而，对于绝大多数医生来说，除非有人严重违反信任或礼仪，否则整个职业生涯都有可能在实践中度过，而不会受到审查。这种平静在19世纪30年代被要求从事某些专业实践的医生通过考试认证的要求所扰乱。组织专业委员会是为了制定培训资格标准和旨在测试专业知识的考试标准。强制执行是通过经济压力实施的，因为医院必须在几个专业拥有委员会认证的医生和外科医生，以保持认证。在20世纪30年代，美国可以获得住院培训的地方相对较少。在第二次世界大战之前，这位认证专家一直是医学精英的一员。第二次世界大战后，随着专业认证基础的扩大，研究生培训设施得到了极大的扩展。这些认证的排他性很快就消失了，但后来又发展了子专业委员会。人们想知道，当我们大多数人都获得认证时，会发生什么
{"title":"Review","authors":"Wellings","doi":"10.2307/j.ctvpj7hmh.72","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvpj7hmh.72","url":null,"abstract":"p EER review first consisted in the establishment by physicians of standards for licensure to practice medicine and surgery. This form has continued to be administered by state departments of education. Another type of peer review was developed for appointment to hospital staffs. In time learned societies set up their own higher standards for admission. For many years the latter groups included a small and exclusive portion of the medical profession. However, for the vast majority of physicians it was possible to spend an entire career in practice without ever coming under review, unless one committed some serious breach of trust or etiquette. This quiet was disturbed in the 193OS by demands that physicians who were engaged in certain specialty practices be certified by examination. The specialty boards were organized to set up standards for training qualifications and for examinations which were designed to test professional knowledge. Enforcement was implemented through economic pressure, in that hospitals were required to have board-certified physicians and surgeons in the several specialties in order to maintain accreditation. In the 1930s there were relatively few places in the United States where residency training could be obtained. Until World War II the certified specialist was a member of the elite of medicine. After World War II there was a great expansion of postgraduate training facilities, accompanied by a broadening of the base of the specialty certifications. The exclusiveness of these certifications soon disappeared but was succeeded by the development of subspecialty boards. One wonders what will happen when most of us are certified","PeriodicalId":40236,"journal":{"name":"Wesley and Methodist Studies","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47182297","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.5325/WESLMETHSTUD.11.1.0024
Bundy
{"title":"Sophia Chambers, Founder of the Holiness Church: A Case Study of Victorian Entrepreneurial Religious Leadership","authors":"Bundy","doi":"10.5325/WESLMETHSTUD.11.1.0024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5325/WESLMETHSTUD.11.1.0024","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":40236,"journal":{"name":"Wesley and Methodist Studies","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70937100","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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