Pub Date : 2009-01-01DOI: 10.1080/03680770.2009.11902294
R. G. Randall, M. Koops, M. Munawar, C. K. Minns
Risks to the productivity, diversity, and use of aquatic resources in large lakes around the world can be evaluated by identifying threats and by estimating the potential impacts of the threats on biodiversity and fish populations. Risk assessment is a procedure that allows lake managers to rank threats and develop management p laos based on the level o f risk to the lake ecosystems. The primary threats to valued ecosystem components are ranked and prioritized based on the magnitude and likelihood of impact and the estimated time frame ofimpact. The goal o f this study was to compare threats and evaluate risks to large lakes around the world. Our interest was to compare our experiences with the Laurentian Great Lakes to other large lakes. Specifically, our objectives were to address 4 questions: (l) Are threats dependent on lake size or region? (2) Do threats to lower trophic levels pose a greater risk to lakes than threats to upper trophic levels? (3) Are threats increasing over time? and (4) Can this type of comparative risk assessment be useful to managers? This pilot survey showed that risk assessment based on expert knowledge was instructive for addressing all 4 questions. Comparative risk assessment is a useful resource tool for the management of large lakes.
{"title":"Risk assessment of threats to large lakes around the world — a pilot survey","authors":"R. G. Randall, M. Koops, M. Munawar, C. K. Minns","doi":"10.1080/03680770.2009.11902294","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03680770.2009.11902294","url":null,"abstract":"Risks to the productivity, diversity, and use of aquatic resources in large lakes around the world can be evaluated by identifying threats and by estimating the potential impacts of the threats on biodiversity and fish populations. Risk assessment is a procedure that allows lake managers to rank threats and develop management p laos based on the level o f risk to the lake ecosystems. The primary threats to valued ecosystem components are ranked and prioritized based on the magnitude and likelihood of impact and the estimated time frame ofimpact. The goal o f this study was to compare threats and evaluate risks to large lakes around the world. Our interest was to compare our experiences with the Laurentian Great Lakes to other large lakes. Specifically, our objectives were to address 4 questions: (l) Are threats dependent on lake size or region? (2) Do threats to lower trophic levels pose a greater risk to lakes than threats to upper trophic levels? (3) Are threats increasing over time? and (4) Can this type of comparative risk assessment be useful to managers? This pilot survey showed that risk assessment based on expert knowledge was instructive for addressing all 4 questions. Comparative risk assessment is a useful resource tool for the management of large lakes.","PeriodicalId":404196,"journal":{"name":"Internationale Vereinigung für theoretische und angewandte Limnologie: Verhandlungen","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114379455","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-01-01DOI: 10.1080/03680770.2009.11923922
D. Jacobsen
Alpine headwater streams can be classified according to origin: those fed by groundwater (spring streams or krenals), by glacial melt-water (glacial streams or kryals), or by surficial runoff from rain-water and snow melt ( occasionally denoted rhithrals, but in the following called "runoff streams"; WARD 1994). FüREDERetal. (2002)and BROWN et al. (2003)provide comprehensive treatments on alpine stream types. In temperate mountains, glacial streams have daily cycles and large seasonal variations in discharge (reaching a maximum during late summer glacial ablation). Runoff streams have a predictable peak in discharge in spring and early sumrner dueto melting of accumulated snow or during the seasons ofmaximum rainfall, while spring streams are relatively stable with respect to physicochemical parameters. Differences in temperature and hydrological regime between these alpine stream types are reflected in the composition and richness oftheir benthic macroinvertebrate faunas, forming characteristic biocoenoses (WARD 1994 ). These characteristic coenoses seem most distinct during high-flow conditions in summer (MILNER et al. 2001). Equatorial alpine streams differ from those at temperate/ arctic latitudes in a number of ways. Due to a tree line situated ;?: 3000 m a.s.l., they lie at considerably higher elevations than temperate ones. This does not necessarily imply lower water temperatures than in temperate alpine streams, but it does produce a lower saturation of dissolved oxygen due to the reduced atmospheric pressure at higher altitudes, and this is suspected to limit taxon richness (JACOBSEN et al. 2003 ). In addition, in equatorial mountains glacial ablation does not vary much with season and snow does not accumulate. The main variation in discharge of equatorial glacier streams is the characteristic die! cycle in flow-regime due to day-time melting and night-time freezing of the glacier. Equatorial alpine runoff streams have more stochastic, shortterm variation in discharge, driven by rain showers occurring year-round. The absence of pronounced seasonality in flow suggests a less harsh, but also a less predictable, physical environment in equatorial runoff and glacial streams coropared to temperate ones. Spring streams probably show the least differences in flow dynamics between equatorial and temperate regions. Information on macroinvertebrate comrnunities in equatorial alpine runoff streams is still relatively scarce, while practically nothing is known about alpine springs and glacier-fed streams in the tropics (WARD 1994, JACOBSEN 2008). Here 1 provide preliminary data on the physical environment and macroinvertebrate fauna in runoff, spring, and glacial streams in an equatorial alpine region. My aim was to compare comrnunity structure and richness of these stream types in the light of results from alpine streams at temperate latitudes. If differences in environmental conditions among stream types are less drastic at the equator, then 1 exp
高山水源可以根据来源进行分类:地下水(泉水)，冰川融水(冰川融水)，或雨水和雪融化的地表径流(有时表示根茎，但在以下称为“径流流”);沃德1994)。FuREDERetal。(2002)和BROWN et al.(2003)对高山河流类型进行了综合处理。在温带山区，冰川河流的流量具有日循环和较大的季节变化(在夏末冰川消融期间达到最大值)。径流流在春季和初夏由于积雪融化或在最大降雨季节有一个可预测的流量峰值，而春季流在物理化学参数方面相对稳定。这些高山河流类型之间的温度和水文状况的差异反映在它们的底栖大型无脊椎动物的组成和丰富度上，形成了特有的生物群落(WARD 1994)。这些特征在夏季高流量条件下似乎最为明显(MILNER et al. 2001)。赤道高山河流在许多方面与温带/北极地区的河流不同。由于位于;?海拔3000米，海拔比温带地区高得多。这并不一定意味着水温低于温带高山溪流，但由于海拔较高的大气压力降低，它确实产生了较低的溶解氧饱和度，这被怀疑限制了分类群的丰富度(JACOBSEN et al. 2003)。此外，赤道山区冰川消融随季节变化不大，积雪不积累。赤道冰川流流量的主要变化是特征死亡。由于冰川的白天融化和夜间冻结，流态的循环。赤道高山径流流的流量更随机，短期变化，由全年发生的阵雨驱动。水流中缺乏明显的季节性表明，与温带地区相比，赤道径流和冰川溪流的自然环境不那么严酷，但也不那么可预测。春季溪流在赤道地区和温带地区之间可能表现出最小的流动动力学差异。关于赤道高山径流溪流中大型无脊椎动物群落的信息仍然相对匮乏，而关于热带地区高山泉水和冰川河流的信息几乎一无所知(WARD 1994, JACOBSEN 2008)。在这里，我提供了赤道高寒地区径流、泉水和冰川溪流的物理环境和大型无脊椎动物的初步数据。我的目的是根据温带地区高山河流的结果来比较这些河流类型的群落结构和丰富度。如果在赤道，河流类型之间的环境条件差异不那么剧烈，那么我预计大型无脊椎动物群落中与河流类型相关的差异不像其他地方报道的那么明显(KowNACKA & KOWNACKI 1972, HIEBER et al. 2005)。
{"title":"Classical alpine stream types on the equator: are they different?","authors":"D. Jacobsen","doi":"10.1080/03680770.2009.11923922","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03680770.2009.11923922","url":null,"abstract":"Alpine headwater streams can be classified according to origin: those fed by groundwater (spring streams or krenals), by glacial melt-water (glacial streams or kryals), or by surficial runoff from rain-water and snow melt ( occasionally denoted rhithrals, but in the following called \"runoff streams\"; WARD 1994). FüREDERetal. (2002)and BROWN et al. (2003)provide comprehensive treatments on alpine stream types. In temperate mountains, glacial streams have daily cycles and large seasonal variations in discharge (reaching a maximum during late summer glacial ablation). Runoff streams have a predictable peak in discharge in spring and early sumrner dueto melting of accumulated snow or during the seasons ofmaximum rainfall, while spring streams are relatively stable with respect to physicochemical parameters. Differences in temperature and hydrological regime between these alpine stream types are reflected in the composition and richness oftheir benthic macroinvertebrate faunas, forming characteristic biocoenoses (WARD 1994 ). These characteristic coenoses seem most distinct during high-flow conditions in summer (MILNER et al. 2001). Equatorial alpine streams differ from those at temperate/ arctic latitudes in a number of ways. Due to a tree line situated ;?: 3000 m a.s.l., they lie at considerably higher elevations than temperate ones. This does not necessarily imply lower water temperatures than in temperate alpine streams, but it does produce a lower saturation of dissolved oxygen due to the reduced atmospheric pressure at higher altitudes, and this is suspected to limit taxon richness (JACOBSEN et al. 2003 ). In addition, in equatorial mountains glacial ablation does not vary much with season and snow does not accumulate. The main variation in discharge of equatorial glacier streams is the characteristic die! cycle in flow-regime due to day-time melting and night-time freezing of the glacier. Equatorial alpine runoff streams have more stochastic, shortterm variation in discharge, driven by rain showers occurring year-round. The absence of pronounced seasonality in flow suggests a less harsh, but also a less predictable, physical environment in equatorial runoff and glacial streams coropared to temperate ones. Spring streams probably show the least differences in flow dynamics between equatorial and temperate regions. Information on macroinvertebrate comrnunities in equatorial alpine runoff streams is still relatively scarce, while practically nothing is known about alpine springs and glacier-fed streams in the tropics (WARD 1994, JACOBSEN 2008). Here 1 provide preliminary data on the physical environment and macroinvertebrate fauna in runoff, spring, and glacial streams in an equatorial alpine region. My aim was to compare comrnunity structure and richness of these stream types in the light of results from alpine streams at temperate latitudes. If differences in environmental conditions among stream types are less drastic at the equator, then 1 exp","PeriodicalId":404196,"journal":{"name":"Internationale Vereinigung für theoretische und angewandte Limnologie: Verhandlungen","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129514650","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-01-01DOI: 10.1080/03680770.2009.11923914
R. Danehy, R. Bilby
Dry weather is common during summer in the Pacific Northwest of North America. As a result, biota of headwater streams have evolved various adaptations in response to these predictable periods of low flow (baseflow; Boulton 2003). Headwater streams may have a determinate source (spring), or flow may be dominated by shallow groundwater input generated by relatively recent precipitation. These 2 types of systems vary in the permanence of flow, with spring streams typically supporting continuous year-round flow to the channel head. In headwater streams not sourced by a spring, the upper extent of surface flow varies seasonally and clear differences have been noted between the communities utilizing areas with permanent flow and areas that dry in summer (Delucci & Peckarsky 1989). However, the extent to which summer low flow influences stream biota in headwater spring streams has not been fully evaluated. Spring-fed headwater streams usually support surface flow throughout the year. The proportion of spring water changes with season and distance from the spring. Near the spring and during extended periods of low precipitation there is a higher proportion of spring water. Even some spring streams may experience periodic dewatering during severe droughts; therefore, despite the relatively consistent flow in spring-fed headwater streams, summer low flow may still serve as an important environmental attribute dictating longterm species persistence and shaping the biotic assemblage (Lake 2003). We examined macroinvertebrate communities in springfed, headwater streams in the Oregon Coast Range in early and late summer, during the driest part of the year. We also characterized the composition and biomass of the periphyton assemblage in spring, examined invertebrate and periphyton assemblages with a focus on taxa resilience in these habitats at the head of the fluvial network, and explored how seasonal low flow and periodic droughts might influence assemblage characteristics.
{"title":"Periphyton and macroinvertebrate assemblage responses to flow regime in spring-fed headwaters","authors":"R. Danehy, R. Bilby","doi":"10.1080/03680770.2009.11923914","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03680770.2009.11923914","url":null,"abstract":"Dry weather is common during summer in the Pacific Northwest of North America. As a result, biota of headwater streams have evolved various adaptations in response to these predictable periods of low flow (baseflow; Boulton 2003). Headwater streams may have a determinate source (spring), or flow may be dominated by shallow groundwater input generated by relatively recent precipitation. These 2 types of systems vary in the permanence of flow, with spring streams typically supporting continuous year-round flow to the channel head. In headwater streams not sourced by a spring, the upper extent of surface flow varies seasonally and clear differences have been noted between the communities utilizing areas with permanent flow and areas that dry in summer (Delucci & Peckarsky 1989). However, the extent to which summer low flow influences stream biota in headwater spring streams has not been fully evaluated. Spring-fed headwater streams usually support surface flow throughout the year. The proportion of spring water changes with season and distance from the spring. Near the spring and during extended periods of low precipitation there is a higher proportion of spring water. Even some spring streams may experience periodic dewatering during severe droughts; therefore, despite the relatively consistent flow in spring-fed headwater streams, summer low flow may still serve as an important environmental attribute dictating longterm species persistence and shaping the biotic assemblage (Lake 2003). We examined macroinvertebrate communities in springfed, headwater streams in the Oregon Coast Range in early and late summer, during the driest part of the year. We also characterized the composition and biomass of the periphyton assemblage in spring, examined invertebrate and periphyton assemblages with a focus on taxa resilience in these habitats at the head of the fluvial network, and explored how seasonal low flow and periodic droughts might influence assemblage characteristics.","PeriodicalId":404196,"journal":{"name":"Internationale Vereinigung für theoretische und angewandte Limnologie: Verhandlungen","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128559775","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-01-01DOI: 10.1080/03680770.2009.11902219
K. Rinke, Magdalena Eder, F. Peeters, Reiner Kuemmerlin, G. Gal, K. Rothhaupt
Lake Constance is among the largest lakes in central Europe and represents the most important drinking water reservoir in southwestern Germany. About 4 million people depend on this lake for their drinking water supply, and considerable efforts have been made to protect its high water quality (STABEL 1998). In addition to a drinking water supply, the lake is the receiving water body of numerous waste-water plants within its catchment and is moreover used for recreational purposes and fisheries. To improve water quality management of the lake, a research project (see www.bodenseeonline.de) was initiated to develop a model-based decision support system. The model system consists of a coupled hydrodynamic ecological model that can be either run in a 1D-setting (DYRESM-CAEDYM) or a 3D setting (ELCOM-CAEDYM). The establishment of the model systems requires the adaptation of the ecological model CAEDYM to Lake Constance, achieved by long-term simulations and comparison to historical data. The main goal of this study is to adapt the ecological model to reflect the physiological properties of the planktonic community, particularly for phytoplankton, which shows a great functional diversity. This diversity needs to be taken into account (REYNOLDS et al. 2002, SOMMER et al. 1986) for phytoplankton succession to be represented properly.
康斯坦茨湖是中欧最大的湖泊之一，也是德国西南部最重要的饮用水水库。大约有400万人依靠这个湖的饮用水供应，并作出了相当大的努力来保护其高水质(STABEL, 1998)。除了提供饮用水外，该湖还是其集水区内许多污水厂的接收水体，此外还用于娱乐和渔业。为了改善湖泊的水质管理，启动了一个研究项目(见www.bodenseeonline.de)，开发基于模型的决策支持系统。该模型系统由一个耦合的水动力生态模型组成，可以在一维环境(DYRESM-CAEDYM)或三维环境(ELCOM-CAEDYM)下运行。模型系统的建立需要将生态模型CAEDYM与康斯坦茨湖相适应，通过长期模拟和与历史数据的对比来实现。本研究的主要目的是调整生态模型以反映浮游生物群落的生理特性，特别是浮游植物，它们显示出巨大的功能多样性。这种多样性需要被考虑在内(REYNOLDS et al. 2002, SOMMER et al. 1986)，这样浮游植物的演替才能得到恰当的体现。
{"title":"Simulating phytoplankton community dynamics in Lake Constance with a coupled hydrodynamic-ecological model","authors":"K. Rinke, Magdalena Eder, F. Peeters, Reiner Kuemmerlin, G. Gal, K. Rothhaupt","doi":"10.1080/03680770.2009.11902219","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03680770.2009.11902219","url":null,"abstract":"Lake Constance is among the largest lakes in central Europe and represents the most important drinking water reservoir in southwestern Germany. About 4 million people depend on this lake for their drinking water supply, and considerable efforts have been made to protect its high water quality (STABEL 1998). In addition to a drinking water supply, the lake is the receiving water body of numerous waste-water plants within its catchment and is moreover used for recreational purposes and fisheries. To improve water quality management of the lake, a research project (see www.bodenseeonline.de) was initiated to develop a model-based decision support system. The model system consists of a coupled hydrodynamic ecological model that can be either run in a 1D-setting (DYRESM-CAEDYM) or a 3D setting (ELCOM-CAEDYM). The establishment of the model systems requires the adaptation of the ecological model CAEDYM to Lake Constance, achieved by long-term simulations and comparison to historical data. The main goal of this study is to adapt the ecological model to reflect the physiological properties of the planktonic community, particularly for phytoplankton, which shows a great functional diversity. This diversity needs to be taken into account (REYNOLDS et al. 2002, SOMMER et al. 1986) for phytoplankton succession to be represented properly.","PeriodicalId":404196,"journal":{"name":"Internationale Vereinigung für theoretische und angewandte Limnologie: Verhandlungen","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126876025","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-01-01DOI: 10.1080/03680770.2009.11902218
P. Soranno, K. Webster, K. Cheruvelil, M. T. Bremigan
The principles of landscape ecology provide a powerful means to develop a more robust conceptual understanding of human and hydrogeomorphic controls of lake heterogeneity across space and time (MAGNUSON & KRATZ 2000; WIENS 2002; KRATZ et al. 2005). Using a landscape perspective, lakes can be conceptualized as patches (a fundamental unit of a landscape) that are hierarchically organized in a complex terrestrial and aquatic matrix of natural and human-influenced features that interact at multiple spatial scales. WIENS (2002) identified four properties of landscape structure that apply effectively to lakes when treated as patches: (1) patch quality describes the physical features of the patch (e.g., lake morphometry, sediment characteristics), (2) boundaries mark sharp transitions at patch edges (e.g., lake shorelines), (3) patch context describes nearby features (e.g., soils and geology), and (4) connectivity defines the degree to which materials and organisms move across the landscape through aquatic connections ( e.g. streams, groundwater and wetlands). Because the context for lake patches is hierarchical, a multiscale view that considers both spatial extent (i.e. the size of the study area that contains interacting features, such as lakes, geology, climate, etc.) and spatial grain (i.e. the resolution that features are characterized, such as ecoregion or lake district) is required to link aquatic, terrestrial, and human components into a practical framework. Such a framework empowers us to more explicitly integrate the myriad of landscape components that we know influence lake ecosystems at different spatial scales and to identify the factors contributing to the spatial structure of variation among lakes. Existing landscape frameworks have proven to be effective for understanding spatial heterogeneity across lakes (TONN 1990, KRATZ et al. 1997). For example, a combination of biogeographic barriers, abiotic constraints (determined largely by a lake’s morphometry and surface water connections) and biotic interactions can help to understand the presence/absence of aquatic species from fish to plants and invertebrates (TONN 1990; HERSHEY et al. 1999, LEWIS & MAGNUSON 2000, HRABIK et al. 2005, RAHEL 2007). In addition, a lake’s position in the regional groundwater and surface flow system (i.e. landscape position) is strongly related to lake water chemistry, clarity, biological measures, and human use of lakes (KRATZ et al. 1997, SORANNO et al. 1999, RIERA et al. 2000, QUINLAN et al. 2003, LEAVITT et al. 2006, PATOINE et al. 2006). Finally, the hydrogeomorphic setting generates large variation among lakes in their response to disturbance (WEBSTER et al. 2000, CHERUVELIL 2004). Despite these examples and calls for a more explicit landscape perspective for lakes (MAGNUSON & KRATZ 2000, WIENS 2002, KRATZ et al. 2005), we lack a formalization of these ideas into an integrated conceptual framework that is broadly applicable to a range of lakes and regions.
景观生态学原理提供了一种强有力的手段，以发展对人类和水文地貌在时空上控制湖泊异质性的更强有力的概念理解(MAGNUSON & KRATZ 2000;恩斯2002;KRATZ et al. 2005)。从景观的角度来看，湖泊可以被概念化为斑块(景观的基本单位)，这些斑块在复杂的陆地和水生基质中分层组织，这些基质由自然和人类影响的特征组成，在多个空间尺度上相互作用。WIENS(2002)确定了四种景观结构的特性，当将其作为斑块处理时，它们可以有效地应用于湖泊:(1)斑块质量描述斑块的物理特征(如湖泊形态、沉积物特征);(2)边界标志着斑块边缘的急剧转变(如湖泊海岸线);(3)斑块环境描述附近特征(如土壤和地质);(4)连通性定义物质和生物通过水生联系(如溪流、地下水和湿地)在景观中移动的程度。由于湖泊斑块的背景是分层的，因此需要考虑空间范围(即包含相互作用特征(如湖泊、地质、气候等)的研究区域的大小)和空间粒度(即特征表征的分辨率，如生态区或湖区)的多尺度视图，以便将水生、陆地和人类成分联系到一个实际框架中。这样的框架使我们能够更明确地整合我们所知道的在不同空间尺度上影响湖泊生态系统的无数景观成分，并确定导致湖泊空间结构变化的因素。现有的景观框架已被证明对理解湖泊的空间异质性是有效的(TONN 1990, KRATZ et al. 1997)。例如，结合生物地理障碍、非生物限制(主要由湖泊的形态和地表水连接决定)和生物相互作用，可以帮助了解从鱼类到植物和无脊椎动物等水生物种的存在/缺失(《海洋研究报告》1990;HERSHEY et al. 1999, LEWIS & MAGNUSON 2000, HRABIK et al. 2005, RAHEL 2007)。此外，湖泊在区域地下水和地表水系统中的位置(即景观位置)与湖水化学、清晰度、生物指标和人类对湖泊的利用密切相关(KRATZ等，1997;SORANNO等，1999;RIERA等，2000;QUINLAN等，2003;LEAVITT等，2006;PATOINE等，2006)。最后，水文地貌环境导致湖泊对扰动的响应存在很大差异(WEBSTER et al. 2000, CHERUVELIL 2004)。尽管有这些例子，并呼吁对湖泊进行更明确的景观视角(MAGNUSON & KRATZ 2000, WIENS 2002, KRATZ et al. 2005)，但我们缺乏将这些想法形象化成一个广泛适用于一系列湖泊和地区的综合概念框架。许多现有的湖泊框架都是为特定的水文环境而开发的，或者忽略了人类作为变化的重要驱动因素。有趣的是，河流生态学家有丰富的历史，从景观的角度考虑河流生态系统，将水文地貌学与生态学相结合(HYNES 1975, VANNOTE等人1980,FRISSELL等人1986,WILEY等人1997,POFF 1997)。如果山谷主宰溪流，那么什么主宰湖泊呢?我们在本文中的目标是提出湖泊景观文脉(LLC)框架。我们将此作为一个启发式框架，使我们能够理解湖泊异质性的多种相互作用的自然和人为驱动因素，以及湖泊和景观之间相互作用的相关空间尺度。我们提供了一个例子，说明如何在广泛的空间尺度上应用该框架来划分局部和区域空间尺度之间的差异，并以讨论该框架如何有助于湖泊研究、保护和管理作为结束。
{"title":"The lake landscape-context framework: linking aquatic connections, terrestrial features and human effects at multiple spatial scales","authors":"P. Soranno, K. Webster, K. Cheruvelil, M. T. Bremigan","doi":"10.1080/03680770.2009.11902218","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03680770.2009.11902218","url":null,"abstract":"The principles of landscape ecology provide a powerful means to develop a more robust conceptual understanding of human and hydrogeomorphic controls of lake heterogeneity across space and time (MAGNUSON & KRATZ 2000; WIENS 2002; KRATZ et al. 2005). Using a landscape perspective, lakes can be conceptualized as patches (a fundamental unit of a landscape) that are hierarchically organized in a complex terrestrial and aquatic matrix of natural and human-influenced features that interact at multiple spatial scales. WIENS (2002) identified four properties of landscape structure that apply effectively to lakes when treated as patches: (1) patch quality describes the physical features of the patch (e.g., lake morphometry, sediment characteristics), (2) boundaries mark sharp transitions at patch edges (e.g., lake shorelines), (3) patch context describes nearby features (e.g., soils and geology), and (4) connectivity defines the degree to which materials and organisms move across the landscape through aquatic connections ( e.g. streams, groundwater and wetlands). Because the context for lake patches is hierarchical, a multiscale view that considers both spatial extent (i.e. the size of the study area that contains interacting features, such as lakes, geology, climate, etc.) and spatial grain (i.e. the resolution that features are characterized, such as ecoregion or lake district) is required to link aquatic, terrestrial, and human components into a practical framework. Such a framework empowers us to more explicitly integrate the myriad of landscape components that we know influence lake ecosystems at different spatial scales and to identify the factors contributing to the spatial structure of variation among lakes. Existing landscape frameworks have proven to be effective for understanding spatial heterogeneity across lakes (TONN 1990, KRATZ et al. 1997). For example, a combination of biogeographic barriers, abiotic constraints (determined largely by a lake’s morphometry and surface water connections) and biotic interactions can help to understand the presence/absence of aquatic species from fish to plants and invertebrates (TONN 1990; HERSHEY et al. 1999, LEWIS & MAGNUSON 2000, HRABIK et al. 2005, RAHEL 2007). In addition, a lake’s position in the regional groundwater and surface flow system (i.e. landscape position) is strongly related to lake water chemistry, clarity, biological measures, and human use of lakes (KRATZ et al. 1997, SORANNO et al. 1999, RIERA et al. 2000, QUINLAN et al. 2003, LEAVITT et al. 2006, PATOINE et al. 2006). Finally, the hydrogeomorphic setting generates large variation among lakes in their response to disturbance (WEBSTER et al. 2000, CHERUVELIL 2004). Despite these examples and calls for a more explicit landscape perspective for lakes (MAGNUSON & KRATZ 2000, WIENS 2002, KRATZ et al. 2005), we lack a formalization of these ideas into an integrated conceptual framework that is broadly applicable to a range of lakes and regions.","PeriodicalId":404196,"journal":{"name":"Internationale Vereinigung für theoretische und angewandte Limnologie: Verhandlungen","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132191231","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-01-01DOI: 10.1080/03680770.2009.11902260
I. Ostrovsky
Hydroacoustics technology offers the advantage of scanning large volurnes of water and is therefore used for accurate assessment o f abundance o f highly heterogeneous fish populations (SIMMONDS & MACLENNAN 2005) and methane bubbles rising from the bottom (ÜSTROVSKY 2003). One important limitation of the acoustical approach is the inability to classify individual targets. Gas bubbles are strong backscatterers and thus may be mistakenly identified as fish. The rate of production o f gas bubbles in sediments o f lakes and reservoirs can be high, an d therefore the density o f bubbles in the water column potentially competes with the density of fish (RunsTAM & JoHNSON 1992, ÜSTROVSKY 2003). In such cases, obtaining sound qualitative and quantitative informatian on fish and bubbles represents a challenging task. The main purpose of this work was to elaborate an approach for quantification o f the abundance of pelagic fish and bubbles when both types of acoustic targets are mixed in aquatic system. The spatial heterogeneity in distribution ofvarious types of acoustic targets was also studied.
水声技术具有扫描大体积水域的优势，因此可用于准确评估高度异质鱼类种群的丰度(SIMMONDS & MACLENNAN 2005)和从底部上升的甲烷气泡(ÜSTROVSKY 2003)。声学方法的一个重要限制是不能对单个目标进行分类。气泡是强烈的反向散射体，因此可能被误认为是鱼。湖泊和水库沉积物中气泡的产生速度可能很高，因此水柱中气泡的密度可能与鱼类的密度竞争(RunsTAM & JoHNSON 1992， ÜSTROVSKY 2003)。在这种情况下，获得关于鱼和气泡的可靠的定性和定量信息是一项具有挑战性的任务。本工作的主要目的是详细阐述了当两种类型的声学目标在水生系统中混合时，中上层鱼类和气泡丰度的量化方法。研究了不同类型声目标分布的空间异质性。
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Pub Date : 2009-01-01DOI: 10.1080/03680770.2009.11902276
M. Gondwe, S. Guildford, R. Hecky
Epipelic N2-fixation in Lake Malawi (9°30"S to l4°25"S) has been shown to be a very important local source of nitrogen (N) for epipelic algal growth, which supports highly diverse and populated endemic cichlid species (HIGGINS et al. 200 l). The rocky habitat, however, covers only about 30% of the lake's littoral area, while the remainder is almost entirely covered by sand (R.IBBINK et al. 1983). Despite sand covering a larger expanse of the littoral benthic zone with an almost entirely different biota from that of the rocky zone, N2-fixation in the lake's sand community has never been studied before. This is important particularly because algal growth in the lake has generally been perceived as N limited, which may become critical with the continued threat of eutrophication by increasing human populations and the associated land-use changes in the lake's catchment area (GUILDFORD et al. 2003). HECKY et al. (2003) showed that phosphorus (P) loading to the lake is increasing more rapidly than N loading, so that the epilimnion may become more N limited, thereby causing harmful N2-fixing cyanobacterial species to proliferate in the lake. We report results of a study conducted on 2 sandy beaches in the more productive southern part of Lake Malawi. Study objectives were to (l) estimate Nz-fixation rates on sandy sediments by using the acetylene reduction technique, and (2) evaluate the N input from epipsammic N2-fixation to the lake's epilimnion.
马拉维湖(9°30”S至14°25”S)的上层浮游氮固定已被证明是上层浮游藻类生长的一个非常重要的本地氮(N)来源，它支持高度多样化和密集的地方性鲷鱼物种(HIGGINS等，2001)。然而，岩石栖息地仅覆盖了约30%的湖泊沿岸面积，而其余部分几乎完全被沙子覆盖(R.IBBINK等，1983)。尽管沙子覆盖了更广阔的沿海底栖区，其生物群与岩石区几乎完全不同，但湖泊沙子群落对n2的固定作用从未被研究过。这一点尤其重要，因为人们普遍认为湖泊中的藻类生长受到氮的限制，这可能对人口增加和湖泊集水区相关土地利用变化带来的持续富营养化威胁至关重要(GUILDFORD et al. 2003)。HECKY等(2003)研究表明，湖泊中磷(P)负荷的增加速度快于氮负荷的增加，从而使水体中的氮含量变得更加有限，从而导致有害的固氮蓝藻物种在湖泊中大量繁殖。我们报告了在马拉维湖南部高产的2个沙滩上进行的一项研究的结果。研究目的是:(1)利用乙炔还原技术估计沙质沉积物的氮固定率;(2)评估表层氮固定对湖泊表层氮的输入。
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Pub Date : 2009-01-01DOI: 10.1080/03680770.2009.11902311
H. Rushforth, A. Hershey
Urbanization of low-order streams can cause an increase in nitrogen (N) concentration and a decrease in biotic diversity (LENAT 1993). These impacted streams are less efficient at N cycling, and have slower N uptake rates (MEYER et al. 2005). Because over $1 billion is spent in the United States annually to restore urbanized streams, the hydrological and biological results of stream restoration are often monitored and studied (MuoTKA et al. 2002). In contrast, only recently have there been studies examining changes in N retention and transport in restored streams (BuKAVECKAS 2007). The short-term addition of N heavy stable isotope e5N) into streams can be used to measure N uptake rates (MuLHOLLAND et al. 2002); long-term additions can trace N storage in biotic compartments and trophic interactions (TANK et al. 2000). The N tracer additions have been shown to label stream epilithon more rapidly and at a higher level compared to detrital components and can therefore be used to estimate N uptake parameters at whole-reach scales (MULHOLLAND et al. 2000, WoLLHEIM et al. 200 l). Based o n the distribution o f N stored in the benthic epilithon, estimated N travellength and uptake rate can be compared between streams. Our aim was to determine if restoration o f an urban stream increases the uptake of N into the biotic components when compared to an unrestored urban stream and a pristine Piedmont stream by conducting tracer additions of NH4 + N.
低阶河流的城市化会导致氮浓度的增加和生物多样性的减少(LENAT 1993)。这些受影响的溪流氮循环效率较低，氮吸收率较慢(MEYER等，2005年)。由于美国每年花费超过10亿美元用于恢复城市化河流，因此经常对河流恢复的水文和生物结果进行监测和研究(MuoTKA et al. 2002)。相比之下，直到最近才有研究检查恢复的溪流中N的保留和运输的变化(BuKAVECKAS 2007)。短期向河流中添加N重稳定同位素e5N可用于测量N吸收率(MuLHOLLAND et al. 2002);长期添加可以追踪生物区室中的氮储存和营养相互作用(TANK等，2000)。与碎屑组分相比，添加N示踪剂可以更快、更高水平地标记河流溢层，因此可用于估算全河段尺度上的N吸收参数(MULHOLLAND等人，2000年，WoLLHEIM等人，2000年)。基于底生物溢层中储存的N的分布，可以比较河流之间估计的N传播长度和吸收速率。我们的目的是通过添加示踪剂NH4 + N来确定，与未恢复的城市河流和原始的山前溪流相比，恢复城市河流是否会增加生物组分对N的吸收。
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Pub Date : 2009-01-01DOI: 10.1080/03680770.2009.11902300
N. Holmengen, K. L. Seip
Interspecific competition may lead to oscillatory or stable coexistence, or the extinction o f some o f the interacting species. One contributing factor to oscillatory coexistence is time lags, caused, for example, by energy reserves in one or both species. GouLDEN & HoRNIG (1980) performed a series of laboratory experiments on single species and competition systems, examining the interactions between Daphnia ga/eata mendotae, a large cladoceran with energy reserves, and Bosmina longirostris, a small cladoceran with no visible energy reserves. In the single species experiments, Daphnia was found to continue reproduction in periods with little available food, rendered possible by their energy reserves. In addition to adult Daphnia, the newbom suppressed food density, and then the newboms starved and died. The energy reserves thus produced a time lag in the population development, which was in tum the main cause of the population oscillations. The Daphnia energy reserves were also found to have consequences for the competition with Bosmina, the latter having no energy reserves to sustain reproduction during food shortage. In a follow-up study, the food availability was found to be essential to the outcome of the competition experiments. Bosmina could coexist with Daphnia, probably because Bosmina adults could survive the oscillation cycles in the Daphnia population and exploit the resources effectively during the period in which the Daphnia population consisted of mostly juveniles (GoULDEN et al. 1982). The Daphnia-Bosmina competition experiment has been described by a structured population model (McCAULEY et al. 1996); however, these models include a large number of parameters, and it is thus difficult to perform general analyses. Our aim was to show that simple delay-differential models with energy reserves are capable of satisfactorily capturing the dynamics of Daphnia and Bosmina, and that combining these equations adequately describe the Daphnia-Bosmina competition experiment, with only a few parameters included.
种间竞争可能导致振荡或稳定共存，或导致某些相互作用物种的灭绝。振荡共存的一个促成因素是时间滞后，例如，由一个或两个物种的能量储备引起的滞后。GouLDEN和HoRNIG(1980)对单一物种和竞争系统进行了一系列的实验室实验，研究了具有能量储备的大型枝海水蚤(Daphnia ga/eata mendotae)和没有可见能量储备的小型枝海Bosmina longirostris之间的相互作用。在单物种实验中，人们发现水蚤在食物匮乏的时期继续繁殖，这是由于它们的能量储备。除了成年水蚤外，新生儿抑制了食物密度，然后新生儿饿死。因此，能源储备在人口发展中产生了时间滞后，这反过来又是人口波动的主要原因。水蚤的能量储备也被发现对与波斯米纳的竞争产生了影响，后者在食物短缺时没有能量储备来维持繁殖。在一项后续研究中，食物的可获得性被发现对比赛实验的结果至关重要。Bosmina可以与Daphnia共存，可能是因为成年Bosmina可以在水蚤种群的振荡周期中存活下来，并在水蚤种群以幼鱼为主的时期有效地利用资源(GoULDEN et al. 1982)。Daphnia-Bosmina竞争实验被描述为一个结构化的种群模型(McCAULEY et al. 1996);然而，这些模型包含了大量的参数，因此很难进行一般的分析。我们的目的是证明具有能量储备的简单延迟微分模型能够令人满意地捕获Daphnia和Bosmina的动力学，并且结合这些方程充分描述Daphnia-Bosmina竞争实验，仅包括少数参数。
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Pub Date : 2009-01-01DOI: 10.1080/03680770.2009.11902320
Fumiko Nemoto, Y. Takeuchi, A. Saito, E. Niino, C. Sato, T. Maruyama, H. Fukuhara
Ihe inflows ofhigh eoneentrations ofnitrogen and phosphorus to inland waters are today a global problem, in that these substanees eause serious water eutrophieation and pollution. Riparian buffer areas vegetated by aquatie plants are important for improvement of water quality, espeeially removal of partieulate matters, nitrogen and phosphorus (KuHL & KoHL 1993, TANNER et al. 1995, HUEIT et al. 2005, VYMAZAL 2007). Iherefore, eonstrueted wetlands growing aquatie plants are used to treat some pollutants in sewage water in many eountries. Beeause Phragmites australis (Cav.) Irin. ex Steudel and Phalaris arundinacea remove nitrate in poliuted water more effeetively than Scirpus atrovirens georgianus and Typha latifolia (ZHu & SIKORA 1995), wetlands growing the former plants have been amply eonstrueted for sewage treatment to remove nitrogen. Although many studies on the estimation of nitrogen removal eapaeity at eonstrueted wetlands vegetated by reeds (the word 'reed' here means P. australis) have been reported (KERN & lDLER 1999, BASTVIKEN et al. 2005, VYMAZAL 2007), few, including those on seasonal effeets, have foeused on natural reed stands (BRATLI et al. 1999, FUKUHARA et al. 2007). BRATLI et al. (1999) reported the ehanges ofnitrogen and phosphorus concentrations in surface waters passing through a reed zone in natural wetlands around the drainage area of grain fields in southeast Norway. FuKUHARA et al. (2007) made a preliminary report on the decrease in nitrate concentration in spring water along a transeet line in the reed zone o f L. Kamisagata, one o f about 20 sand dune lakes in Japan, where this study was also eondueted. FuKUHARA et al. (2007) used only 2 transects for their study, whieh was not sufficient to estimate the overali effeet of the reed zone on nitrate removal. In o ur study, changes o f nitrate eoneentration in spring water through the reed zone at 9 transeets were investigated, and the capaeity for nitrogen removal at the reed zone in the natural wetland was estimated. In our study area, FuKUHARA et al. (2007) reported that the abou t 80% deerease in N03--N in spring water was caused by plant uptake by Phragmites australis with attaehed algae in 3 seasons of spring, summer, and fali using a nitrogen stable isotope teehnique, but they did not refer to the seasonal effect of nitrate removal eapaeity. A growing pattem o f reeds with attaehed algae may possibly regulate the absorbanee of nitrate; thus, we compared the nitrate removal eapaeity in spring, summer, and fali by P. australis in a natural wetland.
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