The paper sets out to explore the contradictory Bulgarian socialist reproductive policies, the inequalities (gender, ethnic and religious, in terms on capacity to work and productivity), that lay behind the frame of a needs-based health system. It is based on the example of a key figure of Bulgarian socialist political life and health system – Dr Vladimir Kalaydzhiev (1921-2009). Dr Kalaydhziev’s rich activity in leading positions allows deeper insights into the Bulgarian public health administration, the changing processes of policy making, decision taking and hierarchies in the Bulgarian Communist Party. As a high-ranking party and state official, Kalaydzhiev had close contacts within the Soviet bloc, and extensive cooperation with the international organizations in which Bulgaria was represented, such as the World Health Organization, the United Nations Population Fund, and various institutions from Western Europe and the then so-called "Third World". This provides an opportunity to discuss Bulgarian reproductive policies as part of global policies.
{"title":"The Bulgarian Socialist Reproductive Policies – Structures, Persons, Strategies","authors":"Anelia Kassabova","doi":"10.37708/bf.swu.v32i1.9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37708/bf.swu.v32i1.9","url":null,"abstract":"The paper sets out to explore the contradictory Bulgarian socialist reproductive policies, the inequalities (gender, ethnic and religious, in terms on capacity to work and productivity), that lay behind the frame of a needs-based health system. It is based on the example of a key figure of Bulgarian socialist political life and health system – Dr Vladimir Kalaydzhiev (1921-2009). Dr Kalaydhziev’s rich activity in leading positions allows deeper insights into the Bulgarian public health administration, the changing processes of policy making, decision taking and hierarchies in the Bulgarian Communist Party. As a high-ranking party and state official, Kalaydzhiev had close contacts within the Soviet bloc, and extensive cooperation with the international organizations in which Bulgaria was represented, such as the World Health Organization, the United Nations Population Fund, and various institutions from Western Europe and the then so-called \"Third World\". This provides an opportunity to discuss Bulgarian reproductive policies as part of global policies.","PeriodicalId":40507,"journal":{"name":"Balkanistic Forum","volume":"99 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2023-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89748997","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-15DOI: 10.37708/bf.swu.v32i1.11
Claudia-Florentina Dobre
In Romania, a hero was always considered to be a historical or cultural figure who fought for the union of all Romanians, for the preservation and transmission of the Romanian language, as well as for the Romanian traditions and values. A person who defied the state (considered as a national asset, Barbu (2004, p. 106)) and cherished values such as freedom, solidarity, communality was perceived as a negative charac-ter. However, the fall of communism in 1989 changed this perception and brought along a new perspective on this category of people. The anticommunist fighters, most of them former political detainees, were/are depicted as a new type of heroes, animat-ed by ideals and values which characterized the West to which Romanians wanted to adhere. My paper investigates this new category of heroes and its main symbols. It discusses the importance of the national myths and the cult of dead in the heroization process. Furthermore, my paper argues that the victimization paradigm and the male dominated Pantheon hinder the acceptance of former political detainees as national heroes.
在罗马尼亚，英雄总是被认为是为所有罗马尼亚人的统一、为保存和传播罗马尼亚语以及罗马尼亚的传统和价值观而斗争的历史或文化人物。一个蔑视国家(被视为国家资产，Barbu (2004, p. 106))和珍视自由、团结、社区等价值观的人被视为负面人物。然而，1989年共产主义的垮台改变了这种看法，并带来了对这一类人的新视角。反共战士大多是前政治犯，他们被描绘成一种新型的英雄，受到罗马尼亚人想要坚持的具有西方特色的理想和价值观的鼓舞。本文研究了这一新的英雄类别及其主要象征。论述了民族神话和死亡崇拜在英雄化过程中的重要性。此外，我的论文认为，受害范式和男性主导的万神殿阻碍了接受前政治犯作为国家英雄。
{"title":"A Different Kind of Heroes: The Romanian Anticommunists during Postcommunist Era","authors":"Claudia-Florentina Dobre","doi":"10.37708/bf.swu.v32i1.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37708/bf.swu.v32i1.11","url":null,"abstract":"In Romania, a hero was always considered to be a historical or cultural figure who fought for the union of all Romanians, for the preservation and transmission of the Romanian language, as well as for the Romanian traditions and values. A person who defied the state (considered as a national asset, Barbu (2004, p. 106)) and cherished values such as freedom, solidarity, communality was perceived as a negative charac-ter. However, the fall of communism in 1989 changed this perception and brought along a new perspective on this category of people. The anticommunist fighters, most of them former political detainees, were/are depicted as a new type of heroes, animat-ed by ideals and values which characterized the West to which Romanians wanted to adhere. My paper investigates this new category of heroes and its main symbols. It discusses the importance of the national myths and the cult of dead in the heroization process. Furthermore, my paper argues that the victimization paradigm and the male dominated Pantheon hinder the acceptance of former political detainees as national heroes.","PeriodicalId":40507,"journal":{"name":"Balkanistic Forum","volume":"85 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2023-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72755814","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The article is dedicated to the Nazarites spiritual community – an occult group, which in the 1920s-1980s was part of the eclectic based New Religious Movements in Bulgaria. The aim of the study is to analyze its structure and activities in the context of suppression of freedom of thought, conscience and religion and of escalating atheistic policy in the communist state. Atheistic politics in this period imposed restrictions on both officially recognized and registered denominations and occult communities incriminated by the authoritarian regime after 1934. The research is done from historical perspective and is based on preserved archival documentation.
{"title":"The Nazirites Spiritual Community in Bulgaria (1950s-1980s)","authors":"Georgeta Nazarska","doi":"10.37708/bf.swu.v31i2.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37708/bf.swu.v31i2.7","url":null,"abstract":"The article is dedicated to the Nazarites spiritual community – an occult group, which in the 1920s-1980s was part of the eclectic based New Religious Movements in Bulgaria. The aim of the study is to analyze its structure and activities in the context of suppression of freedom of thought, conscience and religion and of escalating atheistic policy in the communist state. Atheistic politics in this period imposed restrictions on both officially recognized and registered denominations and occult communities incriminated by the authoritarian regime after 1934. The research is done from historical perspective and is based on preserved archival documentation.","PeriodicalId":40507,"journal":{"name":"Balkanistic Forum","volume":"120 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73751302","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The prestigious world award has existed for more than 120 years, but there is still no Bulgarian winner. This report presents part of a study on this issue. Focusing on the personalities proposed until 1945 – Andrey Lyapchev, Pencho Slaveykov, Ivan Vazov, Ivan Grozev and Elisaveta Bagryana, the study traces the choice, motives and support they receive from the Bulgarian side. Presenting unknown facts from the archives, the report sheds light on another secret side – the intervention of secret societies in Bulgaria behind the candidacies and the formation of a lobby for the prestigious award. At the same time, public opinions, statements and statements that coincide with or differ from the actual facts are presented. For this purpose, examples from the pages of the Bulgarian and French press are attracted, as well as letters, memoirs and testimonies about the time.
{"title":"The Secret Side of the “Nobel” Challenge – Archives, Secret Societies, Publicity (Bulgaria, 1910–1945)","authors":"Elena Azmanova-Rudarska","doi":"10.37708/bf.swu.v31i2.8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37708/bf.swu.v31i2.8","url":null,"abstract":"The prestigious world award has existed for more than 120 years, but there is still no Bulgarian winner. This report presents part of a study on this issue. Focusing on the personalities proposed until 1945 – Andrey Lyapchev, Pencho Slaveykov, Ivan Vazov, Ivan Grozev and Elisaveta Bagryana, the study traces the choice, motives and support they receive from the Bulgarian side. Presenting unknown facts from the archives, the report sheds light on another secret side – the intervention of secret societies in Bulgaria behind the candidacies and the formation of a lobby for the prestigious award. At the same time, public opinions, statements and statements that coincide with or differ from the actual facts are presented. For this purpose, examples from the pages of the Bulgarian and French press are attracted, as well as letters, memoirs and testimonies about the time.","PeriodicalId":40507,"journal":{"name":"Balkanistic Forum","volume":"69 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79131073","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
On December 7, 1999, the Law no. 187, on access to one’s own file and the disclosure of Securitate as a political police, was adopted by the Romanian Parliament. The law established the creation of an institution (Consiliul Național pentru Studierea Arhivelor Securității-The National Council for the Study of Securitate Archives-CNSAS) whose mission is to collect all documents issued by the former Communist Secret Police (the notorious Securitate) and made them available to the researchers and the larger audience upon request as well as to reveal the agents of the repression. My article deals with the creation, its functionning, and the controversies which surrounded this institution from 2000 onwards. I argue that the archive of the Securitate was instrumentalized by various actors of the public space in their struggle for power, namely for controlling the cultural, economic, and political fields of power (les champs du pouvoir) and did not accomplish its mission to reveal the agents of the repression. Furthermore, the disclosure of the collaboration with the former political police of various anticommunist public figures (former political detainees, deportees, dissidents) transfered the responsability for the communist crimes from the main actors of the repression (namely the Securitate officers) to the victims, blamed for their collaboration.
1999年12月7日，第罗马尼亚议会通过了第187条关于查阅个人档案和揭露Securitate作为政治警察的规定。该法律规定设立一个机构(Consiliul Național pentru Studierea archivelor Securității-The国家安全档案研究委员会)，其任务是收集前共产党秘密警察(臭名昭著的安全机构)发布的所有文件，并应要求向研究人员和广大读者提供这些文件，同时揭露镇压的代理人。我的文章论述了这个机构的创立、运作以及自2000年以来围绕它的争议。我认为，Securitate的档案被公共空间的各种行动者用作权力斗争的工具，即控制权力的文化、经济和政治领域(les champs du pouvoir)，并没有完成其揭示镇压代理人的使命。此外，揭露与各种反共公众人物(前政治犯、被驱逐者、持不同政见者)的前政治警察的合作，将对共产主义罪行的责任从镇压的主要行动者(即安全机构官员)转移到受害者身上，归咎于他们的合作。
{"title":"The Uses and Misuses of the Secret Communist Police Files: The Notorious Securitate`s Archives in the Postcommunist Era","authors":"Claudia-Florentina Dobre","doi":"10.37708/bf.swu.v31i2.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37708/bf.swu.v31i2.3","url":null,"abstract":"On December 7, 1999, the Law no. 187, on access to one’s own file and the disclosure of Securitate as a political police, was adopted by the Romanian Parliament. The law established the creation of an institution (Consiliul Național pentru Studierea Arhivelor Securității-The National Council for the Study of Securitate Archives-CNSAS) whose mission is to collect all documents issued by the former Communist Secret Police (the notorious Securitate) and made them available to the researchers and the larger audience upon request as well as to reveal the agents of the repression. My article deals with the creation, its functionning, and the controversies which surrounded this institution from 2000 onwards. I argue that the archive of the Securitate was instrumentalized by various actors of the public space in their struggle for power, namely for controlling the cultural, economic, and political fields of power (les champs du pouvoir) and did not accomplish its mission to reveal the agents of the repression. Furthermore, the disclosure of the collaboration with the former political police of various anticommunist public figures (former political detainees, deportees, dissidents) transfered the responsability for the communist crimes from the main actors of the repression (namely the Securitate officers) to the victims, blamed for their collaboration.","PeriodicalId":40507,"journal":{"name":"Balkanistic Forum","volume":"39 3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89483297","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-30DOI: 10.37708/bf.swu.v31i2.13
Elena Krejchova, Nadezhda Stalyanova
The aim of this paper is to explore the linguistic view of the world in two Balkan and related languages – Bulgarian and Croatian. Тhe secret is a concept in the process of the division of the world, because it is a fundamental and global part of the under-standing of reality, and the linguistic representation of this perception is an essential part of building the Balkan image of the world. The object of the research is the semantic space of the secret in the modern Balkan languages and the system of phraseology and idiomatic expressions that participate in the construction of the concept of secret. Тhe secret is conceived and conceptualized similarly in the Bulgarian and Croatian languages, it is presented as an object or substance. There is a partial overlap of the semantic field secret with silence and non-speaking, in some cases with silence and darkness. The different metaphorical schemes building the view of the world are presented. The conclusion is that we could speak of a common Balkan understanding of a concept, a piece of the puzzle of the Balkan linguistic picture of the world, which is yet to be explored, described and reconstructed.
{"title":"There is Nothing Hidden in the Balkans (the Secret in the Balkan Phraseology)","authors":"Elena Krejchova, Nadezhda Stalyanova","doi":"10.37708/bf.swu.v31i2.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37708/bf.swu.v31i2.13","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this paper is to explore the linguistic view of the world in two Balkan and related languages – Bulgarian and Croatian. Тhe secret is a concept in the process of the division of the world, because it is a fundamental and global part of the under-standing of reality, and the linguistic representation of this perception is an essential part of building the Balkan image of the world. The object of the research is the semantic space of the secret in the modern Balkan languages and the system of phraseology and idiomatic expressions that participate in the construction of the concept of secret. Тhe secret is conceived and conceptualized similarly in the Bulgarian and Croatian languages, it is presented as an object or substance. There is a partial overlap of the semantic field secret with silence and non-speaking, in some cases with silence and darkness. The different metaphorical schemes building the view of the world are presented. The conclusion is that we could speak of a common Balkan understanding of a concept, a piece of the puzzle of the Balkan linguistic picture of the world, which is yet to be explored, described and reconstructed.","PeriodicalId":40507,"journal":{"name":"Balkanistic Forum","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78990956","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-30DOI: 10.37708/bf.swu.v31i2.24
V. Milanov
The ideographic dialect dictionary of the Bulgarian language is an epochal work of a team of dialectologists at the Department of Bulgarian Language at Sofia University "St. Kliment Ohridski". The lexical richness of the Bulgarian dialects is collected in the two volumes published so far, and dialect words and forms are presented against the lexeme in the literary language. In addition to preserving the dialectal lexical richness, the dictionary is an invaluable source of information for anyone who re-spects the Bulgarian language and its dialects.
{"title":"Ideographic Dialect dictionary of the Bulgarian Language","authors":"V. Milanov","doi":"10.37708/bf.swu.v31i2.24","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37708/bf.swu.v31i2.24","url":null,"abstract":"The ideographic dialect dictionary of the Bulgarian language is an epochal work of a team of dialectologists at the Department of Bulgarian Language at Sofia University \"St. Kliment Ohridski\". The lexical richness of the Bulgarian dialects is collected in the two volumes published so far, and dialect words and forms are presented against the lexeme in the literary language. In addition to preserving the dialectal lexical richness, the dictionary is an invaluable source of information for anyone who re-spects the Bulgarian language and its dialects.","PeriodicalId":40507,"journal":{"name":"Balkanistic Forum","volume":"51 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89234521","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The article explores one of the examples of assimilatory politics to the national minorities in Soviet Azerbaijan, and in particular to the Talysh community. In the 1930s, Talish were the fifth largest national minority in the country. The Talysh nationality erased from Soviet census categorization in 1959. Data from this census were used to support the decade-long political myth of "voluntary assimilation" of the Talish. The article also presents the instrumentalization of political manipulations in scientific discourses - Talysh minority were also recategorized by the ethnographers who consulted on census design and supported these government politics until 1989.
{"title":"Ethnography, Demography and Assimilation – How Talysh Community was Made to Disappear in Soviet Azerbaijan","authors":"Milka Angelova","doi":"10.37708/bf.swu.v31i2.9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37708/bf.swu.v31i2.9","url":null,"abstract":"The article explores one of the examples of assimilatory politics to the national minorities in Soviet Azerbaijan, and in particular to the Talysh community. In the 1930s, Talish were the fifth largest national minority in the country. The Talysh nationality erased from Soviet census categorization in 1959. Data from this census were used to support the decade-long political myth of \"voluntary assimilation\" of the Talish. The article also presents the instrumentalization of political manipulations in scientific discourses - Talysh minority were also recategorized by the ethnographers who consulted on census design and supported these government politics until 1989.","PeriodicalId":40507,"journal":{"name":"Balkanistic Forum","volume":"2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90245401","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-30DOI: 10.37708/bf.swu.v31i2.18
Tamar Vephkhvadze
The “Transitional period” occupies a special place in the history of old Georgian Literature. It is at this time, at the turn of the XVIII - XIX centuries, when the great changes in the political or spiritual life of the Georgian nation are marked, which have radically changed the public life of the Georgians and, to some extent, the consciousness as well. These changes were followed by the greatest literary event of the XIX century, Georgian Romanticism, the chronologically preceding period of which the socalled “Transitional period” coincides with the existence of a directly preced-ing literary phenomenon of Romanticism in Europe, known as “Preromanticism”. Therefore, this period is a kind of “preparatory” stage for Romanticism and, quite logically, is considered as “Preromanticism”. Representatives of Georgian “Preromanticism” and later Georgian Romanticists of the XIX century translated and in-troduced to the public the works of Voltaire, Rousseau, Cornell, Racine, Lafontaine, Hugo, Mickiewicz, Heine, Derzhavin, Pushkin, Lermontov and others.
{"title":"European Discourse in the “Transitional Period” of the Georgian Literature","authors":"Tamar Vephkhvadze","doi":"10.37708/bf.swu.v31i2.18","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37708/bf.swu.v31i2.18","url":null,"abstract":"The “Transitional period” occupies a special place in the history of old Georgian Literature. It is at this time, at the turn of the XVIII - XIX centuries, when the great changes in the political or spiritual life of the Georgian nation are marked, which have radically changed the public life of the Georgians and, to some extent, the consciousness as well. These changes were followed by the greatest literary event of the XIX century, Georgian Romanticism, the chronologically preceding period of which the socalled “Transitional period” coincides with the existence of a directly preced-ing literary phenomenon of Romanticism in Europe, known as “Preromanticism”. Therefore, this period is a kind of “preparatory” stage for Romanticism and, quite logically, is considered as “Preromanticism”. Representatives of Georgian “Preromanticism” and later Georgian Romanticists of the XIX century translated and in-troduced to the public the works of Voltaire, Rousseau, Cornell, Racine, Lafontaine, Hugo, Mickiewicz, Heine, Derzhavin, Pushkin, Lermontov and others.","PeriodicalId":40507,"journal":{"name":"Balkanistic Forum","volume":"84 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83827631","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The labour camp in the military unit in the town of Slivnitsa as a place of state repression in the campaign for forced name change has not been the subject of special scientific research. In early 1985, hundreds of Turks from North-Eastern Bulgaria were summoned to the military checkpoints and as "mobilized" were sent to the unit, part of which was turned into a special labour camp. In Slivnitsa and other labour camps, the mobilized were subjected to heavy physical labour and psychological harassment. In the archive of the State Security documents are kept with some of the statistics on this form of violent dealing with the most active Turks – potential opponents of the forced name change and organizers of mass protests in North - Eastern Bulgaria. The repression in the labour camp in Slivnitsa from August-September 1989, happened during a period of the hardest field work for the tobacco producers. As "reserve troops" some of the most prominent Pomaks in Southern Bulgaria, including also some Turks from the Pazardzhik and Gotzedelchevski villages, were isolated. Subjected to humiliation, harassment and ideological manipulation, more than 100 people in a month were held halfhungry and forced to engage in heavy physical labour. This state violence scared the population and interrupted all possibilities for general opposition against the communist regime. This study aims to present this form of mass repression, carried out secretly and thoroughly concealed by the communist totalitarian regime in Bulgaria and plunged into oblivion. It is based on archival documents, memories, unknown to science notes and a list of the names of those brought in in 1989 in the labour camp in Slivnitsa.
{"title":"The Unknown Labour Camp in Slivnitsa (August – September 1989)","authors":"Z. Zafer","doi":"10.37708/bf.swu.v31i2.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37708/bf.swu.v31i2.2","url":null,"abstract":"The labour camp in the military unit in the town of Slivnitsa as a place of state repression in the campaign for forced name change has not been the subject of special scientific research. In early 1985, hundreds of Turks from North-Eastern Bulgaria were summoned to the military checkpoints and as \"mobilized\" were sent to the unit, part of which was turned into a special labour camp. In Slivnitsa and other labour camps, the mobilized were subjected to heavy physical labour and psychological harassment. In the archive of the State Security documents are kept with some of the statistics on this form of violent dealing with the most active Turks – potential opponents of the forced name change and organizers of mass protests in North - Eastern Bulgaria. The repression in the labour camp in Slivnitsa from August-September 1989, happened during a period of the hardest field work for the tobacco producers. As \"reserve troops\" some of the most prominent Pomaks in Southern Bulgaria, including also some Turks from the Pazardzhik and Gotzedelchevski villages, were isolated. Subjected to humiliation, harassment and ideological manipulation, more than 100 people in a month were held halfhungry and forced to engage in heavy physical labour. This state violence scared the population and interrupted all possibilities for general opposition against the communist regime. This study aims to present this form of mass repression, carried out secretly and thoroughly concealed by the communist totalitarian regime in Bulgaria and plunged into oblivion. It is based on archival documents, memories, unknown to science notes and a list of the names of those brought in in 1989 in the labour camp in Slivnitsa.","PeriodicalId":40507,"journal":{"name":"Balkanistic Forum","volume":"50 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82719076","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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