Phanariot verses – poems and songs – of the eighteenth century and the first decades of the nineteenth comprise perhaps the largest segment of Modern Greek literature of the Age of the Enlightenment. This article calls into question the widely held view that Phanariot verses make up a homogenized body of texts. Based on extratextual and intratextual criteria and comparing texts from different periods of time, it proposes a distinction between two groups, an earlier one that relates to the Phanariot milieu and a more recent one that provided an outlet for expression for the fledgling Greek bourgeoisie.
{"title":"Old Tunes, New Tones: (Re-)Defining the “Phanariot Verses” of the Greek Enlightenment","authors":"Julia Chatzipanagioti-Sangmeister","doi":"10.12681/hr.310","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12681/hr.310","url":null,"abstract":"Phanariot verses – poems and songs – of the eighteenth century and the first decades of the nineteenth comprise perhaps the largest segment of Modern Greek literature of the Age of the Enlightenment. This article calls into question the widely held view that Phanariot verses make up a homogenized body of texts. Based on extratextual and intratextual criteria and comparing texts from different periods of time, it proposes a distinction between two groups, an earlier one that relates to the Phanariot milieu and a more recent one that provided an outlet for expression for the fledgling Greek bourgeoisie.","PeriodicalId":40645,"journal":{"name":"Historical Review-La Revue Historique","volume":"11 1","pages":"161-188"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2013-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81779522","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The importance of ideas – and the individuals propagating them – is enhanced at times of crisis. When existing arrangements are challenged, new ideas help reconfigure group interests and alliances, forge new institutions and plan the future. This paper looks at one such set of ideas, born in response to the crisis facing Greece’s post-war economy: the views of Constantinos Doxiadis, an architect, senior civil servant and policy-maker active in Greece’s recovery programme. Drawing on policy documents, publications and memoranda, the paper sketches the values, intellectual influences and methods underpinning Doxiadis’ views on reconstruction. This casts light on the origins of his later proposals for a science of ekistics, whilst also undermining the conventional notion that left-wing theorists were alone in advancing progressive views of Greek development before 1947. In fact, Doxiadis’ vision seeks to transcend the Right–Left divide by presenting economic progress as an apolitical, scientific process, which would render ideology irrelevant. Such views owe much to the intellectual tradition of interwar technocracy and played a key role in shaping the concept of economic development after 1945.
{"title":"Rebuilding the Future: C. A. Doxiadis and the Greek Reconstruction Effort (1945-1950)","authors":"Andreas Kakridis","doi":"10.12681/HR.309","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12681/HR.309","url":null,"abstract":"The importance of ideas – and the individuals propagating them – is enhanced at times of crisis. When existing arrangements are challenged, new ideas help reconfigure group interests and alliances, forge new institutions and plan the future. This paper looks at one such set of ideas, born in response to the crisis facing Greece’s post-war economy: the views of Constantinos Doxiadis, an architect, senior civil servant and policy-maker active in Greece’s recovery programme. Drawing on policy documents, publications and memoranda, the paper sketches the values, intellectual influences and methods underpinning Doxiadis’ views on reconstruction. This casts light on the origins of his later proposals for a science of ekistics, whilst also undermining the conventional notion that left-wing theorists were alone in advancing progressive views of Greek development before 1947. In fact, Doxiadis’ vision seeks to transcend the Right–Left divide by presenting economic progress as an apolitical, scientific process, which would render ideology irrelevant. Such views owe much to the intellectual tradition of interwar technocracy and played a key role in shaping the concept of economic development after 1945.","PeriodicalId":40645,"journal":{"name":"Historical Review-La Revue Historique","volume":"20 1","pages":"135-160"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2013-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88469077","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Cette etude traite de la particularite du cas grec au cours de la Grande Depression (circa 1872-1896). La Grece, pays agricole, fut protegee par deux facteurs conjoncturels: la destruction imprevue du vignoble francais par le phylloxera et la hausse de la demande en raisin. Dans le meme temps, le prix des cereales importees baissait et le bilan commercial du pays s’ameliorait. En revanche (et a l’encontre des autres economies europeennes), la Grece devait connaitre une grave crise du raisin au debut de la relance de l’economie mondiale.
{"title":"L’économie agricole grecque face à la longue crise de la première globalisation","authors":"Socrate Petmézas","doi":"10.12681/HR.307","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12681/HR.307","url":null,"abstract":"Cette etude traite de la particularite du cas grec au cours de la Grande Depression (circa 1872-1896). La Grece, pays agricole, fut protegee par deux facteurs conjoncturels: la destruction imprevue du vignoble francais par le phylloxera et la hausse de la demande en raisin. Dans le meme temps, le prix des cereales importees baissait et le bilan commercial du pays s’ameliorait. En revanche (et a l’encontre des autres economies europeennes), la Grece devait connaitre une grave crise du raisin au debut de la relance de l’economie mondiale.","PeriodicalId":40645,"journal":{"name":"Historical Review-La Revue Historique","volume":"81 1","pages":"85-106"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2013-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78108749","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The global economic crisis in the 1890s affected the economy of Greece severely, and in 1893 the Greek State had to stop servicing its foreign debt. Part of the problem was the lack of diversity of Greek agricultural production, which was focused on raisins and currants (especially flavourful raisins, grown exclusively in the area around Corinth) for export. The collapse of market prices for this good seriously affected the Greek treasury and society in the growing regions. The Greek government responded by trying to withhold part of the harvest in fertile years to stabilise world market prices. Plans to organise a monopoly company for the currant trade necessitated high sums of capital from abroad. This article investigates the question of how foreign bankers in London (Hambro & Son, Emile Erlanger) and Paris (Banque de l’Union Parisienne) could be convinced to participate in the project. Which factors allowed foreign bankers to trust in the Greek national economy despite its poor reputation? What factors influenced their risk management? The focus is on the role of Greek brokers in persuading the foreigners to invest in Greece, especially the role played by Ioannis Pesmazoglou, the director of the young and innovative Bank of Athens.
19世纪90年代的全球经济危机严重影响了希腊的经济，1893年希腊政府不得不停止偿还外债。问题的部分原因是希腊农业生产缺乏多样性，主要是出口葡萄干和醋栗(尤其是美味的葡萄干，只在科林斯周围地区种植)。这种商品市场价格的崩溃严重影响了希腊的财政和经济增长地区的社会。希腊政府的回应是，试图在丰收年保留部分收成，以稳定世界市场价格。为当前的贸易组织一家垄断公司的计划需要从国外获得大笔资金。本文调查了如何说服伦敦(Hambro & Son, Emile Erlanger)和巴黎(Banque de l 'Union Parisienne)的外国银行家参与该项目。哪些因素让外国银行家在希腊名声不佳的情况下仍对其国民经济抱有信心?哪些因素影响了他们的风险管理?重点是希腊经纪人在说服外国人投资希腊方面所扮演的角色，尤其是年轻而富有创新精神的雅典银行(Bank of Athens)行长约阿尼斯•佩马佐罗(Ioannis Pesmazoglou)所扮演的角色。
{"title":"Fighting the Financial Crisis in Greece: The Privileged Company to Protect Production and Trade in Currants (1905) as International Bank Cooperation","authors":"Korinna Schönhärl","doi":"10.12681/HR.308","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12681/HR.308","url":null,"abstract":"The global economic crisis in the 1890s affected the economy of Greece severely, and in 1893 the Greek State had to stop servicing its foreign debt. Part of the problem was the lack of diversity of Greek agricultural production, which was focused on raisins and currants (especially flavourful raisins, grown exclusively in the area around Corinth) for export. The collapse of market prices for this good seriously affected the Greek treasury and society in the growing regions. The Greek government responded by trying to withhold part of the harvest in fertile years to stabilise world market prices. Plans to organise a monopoly company for the currant trade necessitated high sums of capital from abroad. This article investigates the question of how foreign bankers in London (Hambro & Son, Emile Erlanger) and Paris (Banque de l’Union Parisienne) could be convinced to participate in the project. Which factors allowed foreign bankers to trust in the Greek national economy despite its poor reputation? What factors influenced their risk management? The focus is on the role of Greek brokers in persuading the foreigners to invest in Greece, especially the role played by Ioannis Pesmazoglou, the director of the young and innovative Bank of Athens.","PeriodicalId":40645,"journal":{"name":"Historical Review-La Revue Historique","volume":"19 1","pages":"107-134"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2013-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86461099","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
After a reference to the debate concerning the concept of Romanticism (Lovejoy vs Wellek), the article briefly evokes certain key stances of English and French literary Romanticism. It then points to the distinguishing features of German Romanticism, namely the enlargement of the doctrine into an integral metaphysics with the concept of the “organic state” at its core (A. Muller). The critique of political Romanticism by two revolutionary democrats (H. Heine and A. Ruge) is then presented. The article closes with a critique of C. Schmitt’s interpretation of political Romanticism.
{"title":"Romanticism and Politics: from Heinrich Heine to Carl Schmitt – and Back Again","authors":"Pericles S. Vallianos","doi":"10.12681/HR.311","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12681/HR.311","url":null,"abstract":"After a reference to the debate concerning the concept of Romanticism (Lovejoy vs Wellek), the article briefly evokes certain key stances of English and French literary Romanticism. It then points to the distinguishing features of German Romanticism, namely the enlargement of the doctrine into an integral metaphysics with the concept of the “organic state” at its core (A. Muller). The critique of political Romanticism by two revolutionary democrats (H. Heine and A. Ruge) is then presented. The article closes with a critique of C. Schmitt’s interpretation of political Romanticism.","PeriodicalId":40645,"journal":{"name":"Historical Review-La Revue Historique","volume":"7 1","pages":"189-218"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2013-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73278203","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article focuses on the principal actors who undertook the financial intermediation of the Greek loans of 1824 and 1825 and the agents who carried it out, the financial market, the stock market exchange and the joint-stock corporate organization. The main argument is that there was an asymmetric relationship between these principal actors and agents. My research hypothesis works on the convergence of two different crises at the same time: the systemic banking crisis of 1825 in London; and the severe internal crisis for the insurgent Greeks. I argue that the causes for these “hapless loans” could be more complex, beyond the known moral critique.
{"title":"War, Crisis and Sovereign Loans: The Greek War of Independence and British Economic Expansion in the 1820s","authors":"M. Chatziioannou","doi":"10.12681/HR.305","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12681/HR.305","url":null,"abstract":"This article focuses on the principal actors who undertook the financial intermediation of the Greek loans of 1824 and 1825 and the agents who carried it out, the financial market, the stock market exchange and the joint-stock corporate organization. The main argument is that there was an asymmetric relationship between these principal actors and agents. My research hypothesis works on the convergence of two different crises at the same time: the systemic banking crisis of 1825 in London; and the severe internal crisis for the insurgent Greeks. I argue that the causes for these “hapless loans” could be more complex, beyond the known moral critique.","PeriodicalId":40645,"journal":{"name":"Historical Review-La Revue Historique","volume":"1 1","pages":"33-56"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2013-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79675047","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The article aims to survey the role of Greek entrepreneurs in the development of trade and shipping in the Black and Azov Sea area. Based on hitherto under-analyzed Ukrainian archival records of Greek communities (in Odessa, Izmail, Nikolaiev, Kherson, Feodosiia, Berdiansk, Mariupol, Taganrog, Rostov-upon-Don and Kerch), the article explores the professional activities of Greek merchants, captains, engineers, pilots and sailors during the nineteenth century and the early twentieth.
{"title":"Greeks in the Russian Empire and their Role in the Development of Trade and Shipping in the Black and Azov Seas (nineteenth – early twentieth centuries)","authors":"O. Shliakhov","doi":"10.12681/HR.313","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12681/HR.313","url":null,"abstract":"The article aims to survey the role of Greek entrepreneurs in the development of trade and shipping in the Black and Azov Sea area. Based on hitherto under-analyzed Ukrainian archival records of Greek communities (in Odessa, Izmail, Nikolaiev, Kherson, Feodosiia, Berdiansk, Mariupol, Taganrog, Rostov-upon-Don and Kerch), the article explores the professional activities of Greek merchants, captains, engineers, pilots and sailors during the nineteenth century and the early twentieth.","PeriodicalId":40645,"journal":{"name":"Historical Review-La Revue Historique","volume":"187 1","pages":"255-264"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2013-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88466861","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The overthrow of King Othon in 1862 and the decolonization of the Ionian Islands led to the unification of the Ionian State with the Kingdom of Greece. This article argues that the multifaceted crisis of the long 1850s (1847-1862) created a crisis of legitimacy for both the British Protectorate and the Othonian regime. The change of regime represents a case where an economic, social and political crisis set in motion a process of democratization and not the rise of an authoritarian regime (as in the 1930s). The argument balances socio-economic structuralist factors with the contingency of political action that determined the union of the two states; this regime change was the optimal and favoured solution and the way out of the legitimacy crisis for all actors involved.
{"title":"The Crisis of the Long 1850s and Regime Change in the Ionian State and the Kingdom of Greece","authors":"Sakis Gekas","doi":"10.12681/HR.306","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12681/HR.306","url":null,"abstract":"The overthrow of King Othon in 1862 and the decolonization of the Ionian Islands led to the unification of the Ionian State with the Kingdom of Greece. This article argues that the multifaceted crisis of the long 1850s (1847-1862) created a crisis of legitimacy for both the British Protectorate and the Othonian regime. The change of regime represents a case where an economic, social and political crisis set in motion a process of democratization and not the rise of an authoritarian regime (as in the 1930s). The argument balances socio-economic structuralist factors with the contingency of political action that determined the union of the two states; this regime change was the optimal and favoured solution and the way out of the legitimacy crisis for all actors involved.","PeriodicalId":40645,"journal":{"name":"Historical Review-La Revue Historique","volume":"45 1","pages":"57-84"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2013-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73422666","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Stan Draenos, Andreas Papandreou: The Making of a Greek Democrat and Political Maverick","authors":"Sotiris Rizas","doi":"10.12681/HR.317","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12681/HR.317","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":40645,"journal":{"name":"Historical Review-La Revue Historique","volume":"6 1","pages":"306-309"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2013-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82562212","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Les insulaires de luxe produits par Henricus Martellus a Florence vers la fin du XVe siecle, tout comme son manuscrit de travail, conserve a Florence, temoignent des priorites de la culture geographique humaniste de l’epoque: integration des informations venues des decouvertes; adaptation du modele ptolemeen au monde moderne; confrontation critique des documents geographiques anciens et modernes. L’analyse des sources de l’Insularium illustratum et de la methode de travail de Henricus Martellus revelent ainsi les pratiques erudites mises en œuvre par le geographe humaniste et les attentes de son public.
{"title":"L’Insularium illustratum d’Henricus Martellus","authors":"Nathalie Bouloux","doi":"10.12681/HR.290","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12681/HR.290","url":null,"abstract":"Les insulaires de luxe produits par Henricus Martellus a Florence vers la fin du XVe siecle, tout comme son manuscrit de travail, conserve a Florence, temoignent des priorites de la culture geographique humaniste de l’epoque: integration des informations venues des decouvertes; adaptation du modele ptolemeen au monde moderne; confrontation critique des documents geographiques anciens et modernes. L’analyse des sources de l’Insularium illustratum et de la methode de travail de Henricus Martellus revelent ainsi les pratiques erudites mises en œuvre par le geographe humaniste et les attentes de son public.","PeriodicalId":40645,"journal":{"name":"Historical Review-La Revue Historique","volume":"28 1","pages":"77-94"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2013-01-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84318648","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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