Pub Date : 2019-03-14DOI: 10.1163/18750214-12161001
Avi Siluk, R. Voss
Varied initiatives for religious revival and reform emerged throughout the 18th century in Judaism, Christianity, and Islam; each had a significant impact on its religious community and also contributed to lasting cultural, social, and political change. This introductory essay argues for the importance of early modern religious renewal for understanding transformations in 18th-century life, culture, and thought. Due to their critical roles in society, religious renewal and reform should be considered as key factors for change at the threshold of modernity rather than counters to modernization.
{"title":"The 18th Century as a Time of Religious Renewal and Reform","authors":"Avi Siluk, R. Voss","doi":"10.1163/18750214-12161001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/18750214-12161001","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Varied initiatives for religious revival and reform emerged throughout the 18th century in Judaism, Christianity, and Islam; each had a significant impact on its religious community and also contributed to lasting cultural, social, and political change. This introductory essay argues for the importance of early modern religious renewal for understanding transformations in 18th-century life, culture, and thought. Due to their critical roles in society, religious renewal and reform should be considered as key factors for change at the threshold of modernity rather than counters to modernization.","PeriodicalId":40667,"journal":{"name":"Zutot","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2019-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1163/18750214-12161001","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44830999","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-03-14DOI: 10.1163/18750214-12161006
Riikka Tuori
The article discusses the manifestations of religious renewal in devout Karaite Hebrew poetry written in Poland-Lithuania in the early modern period. While this type of Hebrew poetry is entrenched in tradition and derivative in nature, certain innovative elements appear both in the wordings and in the performance of Karaite Hebrew poetry during the early modern period. Alluding, for example, to new Sabbath rituals, the poems reflect the influence of popular mysticism on Karaite ideology. Hebrew poetry also indicates slight changes in the societal status of Karaite women as well as an increase in the use of the vernacular.
{"title":"Renewal and Tradition in Devout Hebrew Poetry. The Case of the Early Modern Karaites in Poland-Lithuania","authors":"Riikka Tuori","doi":"10.1163/18750214-12161006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/18750214-12161006","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000The article discusses the manifestations of religious renewal in devout Karaite Hebrew poetry written in Poland-Lithuania in the early modern period. While this type of Hebrew poetry is entrenched in tradition and derivative in nature, certain innovative elements appear both in the wordings and in the performance of Karaite Hebrew poetry during the early modern period. Alluding, for example, to new Sabbath rituals, the poems reflect the influence of popular mysticism on Karaite ideology. Hebrew poetry also indicates slight changes in the societal status of Karaite women as well as an increase in the use of the vernacular.","PeriodicalId":40667,"journal":{"name":"Zutot","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2019-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1163/18750214-12161006","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41634933","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-03-14DOI: 10.1163/18750214-12161003
Kristian Mejrup
This essay explores a critical reaction to the turbulence born out of the debate on Quietism at the end of the 17th century. Caspar Exner (1627–1704), a minister and subscriber to Lutheran Orthodoxy, wrote a report in 1689 on the recent outburst of what in his view was misleading theological assumptions. His refutation of so-called false doctrines turned out to be an ambiguous road for engaging religious adversaries. Urged to assess a specific and contested topic, Exner developed a method that confronted religious renewal in general. It is the aim of this essay to demonstrate how rectification was a means for appropriating and moderating contested ideas and surpassing confessional boundaries.
{"title":"‘Quietismus Sacer’ – Engaging Religious Adversaries","authors":"Kristian Mejrup","doi":"10.1163/18750214-12161003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/18750214-12161003","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000This essay explores a critical reaction to the turbulence born out of the debate on Quietism at the end of the 17th century. Caspar Exner (1627–1704), a minister and subscriber to Lutheran Orthodoxy, wrote a report in 1689 on the recent outburst of what in his view was misleading theological assumptions. His refutation of so-called false doctrines turned out to be an ambiguous road for engaging religious adversaries. Urged to assess a specific and contested topic, Exner developed a method that confronted religious renewal in general. It is the aim of this essay to demonstrate how rectification was a means for appropriating and moderating contested ideas and surpassing confessional boundaries.","PeriodicalId":40667,"journal":{"name":"Zutot","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2019-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1163/18750214-12161003","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41722783","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-03-14DOI: 10.1163/18750214-12161002
Hadar Feldman Samet
This article introduces the idea of religious renewal as it was manifested in the ritual practices of the Sabbatian Maʾaminim of Salonica – followers of Shabbtai Tzvi who converted from Judaism to Islam during the 1680s, in the footsteps of their Messiah. The religious renewal of the Maʾaminim is demonstrated by the appropriation of the Sufi-Muslim practice, known as zikr, as part of their ritual singing. The appropriation of zikr practices by the Maʾaminim is understood in the context of the rise of this practice throughout all of Ottoman Muslim society, specifically as part of ilahi singing, demonstrating religious innovation in Ottoman culture at the beginning of the modern era.
{"title":"‘Allahı Zikr Edilim’ (Let Us Do Zikr for Allah): The Sabbatian Appropriation of the Sufi Practice of Zikr as Religious Renewal","authors":"Hadar Feldman Samet","doi":"10.1163/18750214-12161002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/18750214-12161002","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000This article introduces the idea of religious renewal as it was manifested in the ritual practices of the Sabbatian Maʾaminim of Salonica – followers of Shabbtai Tzvi who converted from Judaism to Islam during the 1680s, in the footsteps of their Messiah. The religious renewal of the Maʾaminim is demonstrated by the appropriation of the Sufi-Muslim practice, known as zikr, as part of their ritual singing. The appropriation of zikr practices by the Maʾaminim is understood in the context of the rise of this practice throughout all of Ottoman Muslim society, specifically as part of ilahi singing, demonstrating religious innovation in Ottoman culture at the beginning of the modern era.","PeriodicalId":40667,"journal":{"name":"Zutot","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2019-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1163/18750214-12161002","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46241490","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-11-19DOI: 10.1163/18750214-12161081
Tamás Turán
Research on Hebrew manuscript fragments retrieved from bookbindings started in the second half of the 19th century, some earlier forays into this field notwithstanding. Austria-Hungary played an important role in this field of research for its first hundred years – a fact that deserves attention. This pioneering research in Austria-Hungary was made possible by a recognition and appreciation of the importance of minor source materials (‘small finds’) by local scholars, and was characterized by a historical – rather than a literary-historical – interest in this source material. This article explores the particular historical and cultural factors which contributed to this regional development.
{"title":"The Austro-Hungarian Beginnings of the Research on the ‘European Genizah’","authors":"Tamás Turán","doi":"10.1163/18750214-12161081","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/18750214-12161081","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Research on Hebrew manuscript fragments retrieved from bookbindings started in the second half of the 19th century, some earlier forays into this field notwithstanding. Austria-Hungary played an important role in this field of research for its first hundred years – a fact that deserves attention. This pioneering research in Austria-Hungary was made possible by a recognition and appreciation of the importance of minor source materials (‘small finds’) by local scholars, and was characterized by a historical – rather than a literary-historical – interest in this source material. This article explores the particular historical and cultural factors which contributed to this regional development.","PeriodicalId":40667,"journal":{"name":"Zutot","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2018-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1163/18750214-12161081","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43883734","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-11-16DOI: 10.1163/18750214-12161080
Ofer Elior
Beginning in the late 13th century, readers of Alghazali’s Intentions of the Philosophers in the Provençal, Spanish and Italian Jewish spheres viewed this treatise as belonging to the same tradition to which the philosophical stances of Maimonides, or at least some of them, belong. Readers who espoused this view were sometimes also of the opinion that the Intentions was the direct source for Maimonides’ ideas. These views, coupled with an understanding that the tradition in question differs from the philosophical tradition whose representative is Averroes, led students of Maimonides’ philosophy to examine his stances on issues about which the two traditions were in dispute. The present Zuta shows that the same opinions and approaches were adopted and expressed by Shalom Anabi, one of the leading scholars of the Jewish intellectual community of Constantinople in the 15th century.
{"title":"The Affinity between Alghazali’s Intentions of the Philosophers and Maimonides’ Philosophy, According to Shalom Anabi","authors":"Ofer Elior","doi":"10.1163/18750214-12161080","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/18750214-12161080","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Beginning in the late 13th century, readers of Alghazali’s Intentions of the Philosophers in the Provençal, Spanish and Italian Jewish spheres viewed this treatise as belonging to the same tradition to which the philosophical stances of Maimonides, or at least some of them, belong. Readers who espoused this view were sometimes also of the opinion that the Intentions was the direct source for Maimonides’ ideas. These views, coupled with an understanding that the tradition in question differs from the philosophical tradition whose representative is Averroes, led students of Maimonides’ philosophy to examine his stances on issues about which the two traditions were in dispute. The present Zuta shows that the same opinions and approaches were adopted and expressed by Shalom Anabi, one of the leading scholars of the Jewish intellectual community of Constantinople in the 15th century.","PeriodicalId":40667,"journal":{"name":"Zutot","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2018-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1163/18750214-12161080","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47007081","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-08-14DOI: 10.1163/18750214-12151079
R. Ben-Shalom
This article examines, and publishes in an annex, a letter written by Yom Tov ben Hannah of Montalbán. This letter describes how the seventy Jews of Pamiers were forced to raise money to ransom their lives. Henri Gross presumed that it was count Gaston III of Foix (d. 1391), who had tried to extort money from the Jewish community. A re-examination suggests that the imprisonment of the Jews of Pamiers occurred after the promulgation of the edict of expulsion from France (1394), and represented a final attempt by count Mathieu of Foix, to extort money before the Jews’ departure.
本文研究了Yom Tov ben Hannah在Montalbán上写的一封信，并在附件中发表。这封信描述了帕米耶的70名犹太人是如何被迫筹集赎金的。亨利·格罗斯推测这是福瓦的加斯顿三世伯爵(1391年)，他曾试图从犹太社区敲诈钱财。重新调查表明，帕米拉犹太人的监禁发生在驱逐法国的法令颁布之后(1394年)，这是福瓦的马修伯爵在犹太人离开之前敲诈钱财的最后一次尝试。
{"title":"A New Interpretation of the Final Days of the Jewish Community of Pamiers","authors":"R. Ben-Shalom","doi":"10.1163/18750214-12151079","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/18750214-12151079","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000This article examines, and publishes in an annex, a letter written by Yom Tov ben Hannah of Montalbán. This letter describes how the seventy Jews of Pamiers were forced to raise money to ransom their lives. Henri Gross presumed that it was count Gaston III of Foix (d. 1391), who had tried to extort money from the Jewish community. A re-examination suggests that the imprisonment of the Jews of Pamiers occurred after the promulgation of the edict of expulsion from France (1394), and represented a final attempt by count Mathieu of Foix, to extort money before the Jews’ departure.","PeriodicalId":40667,"journal":{"name":"Zutot","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2018-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1163/18750214-12151079","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45137191","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-08-14DOI: 10.1163/18750214-12151066
Doğa Filiz Subaşı
The Sephardic Jews of the Ottoman Empire developed a Judeo-Spanish koine by getting in touch with other languages – particularly Turkish – as a means of interaction between different cultures. This paper aims to focus on the linguistic multiculturalism – specifically loanwords – employed in the book Yildiz i sus sekretos: el reyno de Abdul Hamid (Yıldız [Palace] and Its Secrets: The Kingdom of Abdülhamit). The book was published in Istanbul in 1909 by Izak Gabay, one of the most important Sephardic intellectuals of the time.
奥斯曼帝国的西班牙系犹太人通过接触其他语言，特别是土耳其语，发展了一种犹太-西班牙共通语，作为不同文化之间互动的一种手段。本文旨在探讨《Yildiz i sus sekretos: el reyno de Abdul Hamid》(Yıldız[宫殿]及其秘密:阿卜杜勒·哈密特王国)一书中语言的多元文化主义，特别是外来词。这本书于1909年由伊扎克·加贝在伊斯坦布尔出版，他是当时最重要的西班牙系知识分子之一。
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Pub Date : 2018-08-14DOI: 10.1163/18750214-12141071
Amram Tropper
Pesher Habakkuk tells an enigmatic story about the Wicked Priest who caused the Righteous Teacher and his followers to stumble one Day of Atonement. Shortly after the pesher was discovered, Shemaryahu Talmon offered an interpretation of this story that most scholars have accepted. According to Talmon, the Wicked Priest’s opposition to unsanctioned calendars prompted him to prevent the Righteous Teacher and his followers from observing the Day of Atonement on its rightful day in their dissident calendar. Though widely accepted, I maintain that this calendrical interpretation finds little support in the pesher and, therefore, its broad appeal is puzzling. Furthermore, I propose that Talmon’s calendrical interpretation and its popularity are highly indebted to a famous rabbinic story of a calendrical dispute. In the hopes of illuminating the pesher’s cryptic account, modern scholars retrojected a rabbinic plot into the pesher’s narrative, thereby remaking the pesher in the image of the rabbis.
{"title":"The Wicked Priest’s Day of Atonement Assault Revisited","authors":"Amram Tropper","doi":"10.1163/18750214-12141071","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/18750214-12141071","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Pesher Habakkuk tells an enigmatic story about the Wicked Priest who caused the Righteous Teacher and his followers to stumble one Day of Atonement. Shortly after the pesher was discovered, Shemaryahu Talmon offered an interpretation of this story that most scholars have accepted. According to Talmon, the Wicked Priest’s opposition to unsanctioned calendars prompted him to prevent the Righteous Teacher and his followers from observing the Day of Atonement on its rightful day in their dissident calendar. Though widely accepted, I maintain that this calendrical interpretation finds little support in the pesher and, therefore, its broad appeal is puzzling. Furthermore, I propose that Talmon’s calendrical interpretation and its popularity are highly indebted to a famous rabbinic story of a calendrical dispute. In the hopes of illuminating the pesher’s cryptic account, modern scholars retrojected a rabbinic plot into the pesher’s narrative, thereby remaking the pesher in the image of the rabbis.","PeriodicalId":40667,"journal":{"name":"Zutot","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2018-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1163/18750214-12141071","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47957449","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-08-14DOI: 10.1163/18750214-12151077
Steven M. Nadler
This zuta offers a presentation of the various printer’s marks used by Menasseh ben Israel, and especially the discovery of some sources in Dutch emblem literature for his most prominent and well-known mark and its motto, ‘Non odit tamen.’
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