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Wissenschaft des Judentums in Eastern Europe: The Origins of Hevrat Mekitze Nirdamim 东部欧洲的犹太科学:赫德议会的起源
Q3 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-10-09 DOI: 10.1163/18750214-bja10038
Jonatan Meir
Abstract The history of the Mekize Nirdamim (“rousers of those who slumber”) society is quite peculiar. When looking at its activities, one can speak of three distinct periods: a first period in Eastern Prussia under the leadership of Eliezer Lippman Zilberman, owner of the Ha-Maggid newspaper, a period that extended for ten years and whose success was largely located in Eastern Europe; a second period in Berlin under the domineering leadership of Abraham Berliner, a period, centered in Western Europe, that extended for over twenty years; and a third period in the Land of Israel, led initially by David Yellin, Simcha Assaf, and S.Y. Agnon. I will introduce each and focus on several points relating to the relationship between East and West, and Mekize Nirdamim’s ties to several other projects that threatened to swallow it alive. In doing so, I will draw attention to the society’s roots in Eastern Europe.
Mekize Nirdamim(“沉睡者的唤醒者”)社会的历史相当奇特。回顾它的活动,可以分为三个不同的时期:第一个时期是在东普鲁士,由《哈-马吉德报》的老板以利泽·利普曼·齐伯曼领导,这一时期持续了十年,其成功主要集中在东欧;第二个时期在柏林,在亚伯拉罕·伯林纳的霸道领导下,这个时期以西欧为中心,持续了二十多年;第三个时期是在以色列的土地上,最初由大卫·耶林、辛姆查·阿萨夫和S.Y.阿格农领导。我将介绍每一个项目,并重点介绍与东西方关系有关的几个要点,以及Mekize Nirdamim与其他几个有可能吞噬它的项目的联系。在此过程中,我将提请注意该社会在东欧的根源。
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引用次数: 0
The Rabbinic Courtroom Oath in Its Roman Context 罗马语境下的拉比法庭宣誓
IF 0.1 Q3 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-08-17 DOI: 10.1163/18750214-bja10037
T. Novick
In this article the argument is made that the rabbinic courtroom oath reflects the influence of Roman law. Despite substantial differences, the rabbinic courtroom oath, like its Roman counterpart, represents, in part, a product of negotiation between the litigants – owed by one party to another; capable of modification at the parties’ discretion, and even of forgiveness; comparable to the litigant-driven process of judicial selection – and an arbitration-like tool for dispute resolution.
本文认为拉比法庭宣誓反映了罗马法的影响。尽管存在实质性差异,但拉比法庭誓言与罗马法庭誓言一样,在一定程度上代表了诉讼当事人之间谈判的产物——一方对另一方的义务;能够根据当事人的自由裁量权进行修改,甚至可以得到宽恕;类似于诉讼驱动的司法选择过程,以及类似仲裁的纠纷解决工具。
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引用次数: 0
What Does a Kohen Have to Do with the Protocols of the Ashkenazic Community of Amsterdam? A Conflict between Community Sanctity and the Righteousness of the Ancients Kohen与阿姆斯特丹阿什肯纳兹社区的议定书有什么关系?共同体的神圣性与古人的正义性的冲突
IF 0.1 Q3 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-08-14 DOI: 10.1163/18750214-12171092
Asaf Yedidya
This article deals with an incident in the Ashkenazic community of Amsterdam in 1772 that was documented in the protocols of the community. A member of the congregation confessed to the rabbi after the death of her husband, a kohen, that she was in fact a convert. The rabbi informed her son that as the son of a kohen married to a convert he was defined as a ḥalal (disqualified), and thereby lost his status as a kohen. A few weeks later, the rabbi and his bet din (Jewish tribunal) were required to reconsider the halakhic significance of the mother’s testimony about herself and the status of her children and came to the opposite conclusion, that the mother was not a convert and her son was indeed a kohen. The article discusses the possible reasons for re-examining a halakhic question that had already been decided and for reversing the decision, while clarifying the founding ethos of the community, its style of conduct, and the nature of its records. Finally I speculate about what lay behind the mother’s admission.
这篇文章涉及1772年阿姆斯特丹阿什肯纳兹社区发生的一起事件,该事件记录在社区协议中。一名会众在她的丈夫科亨去世后向拉比承认,她实际上是一名皈依者。拉比告诉她的儿子,作为一个与皈依者结婚的科亨的儿子,他被定义为ḥ阿拉尔(被取消资格),从而失去了科亨的身份。几周后,拉比和他的bet-din(犹太法庭)被要求重新考虑母亲关于自己和孩子地位的证词的清真意义,并得出了相反的结论,即母亲不是皈依者,她的儿子确实是科亨人。文章讨论了重新审查已经决定的清真问题和推翻决定的可能原因,同时澄清了社区的创始精神、行为风格和记录的性质。最后,我想了想这位母亲入院的原因。
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引用次数: 0
A Letter from Algerian Rabbi David Askénazi to Rabbi Kook Advocating for the Use of the Organ in Synagogue Services 阿尔及利亚拉比David Askénazi致Kook拉比的一封信,倡导在犹太教堂服务中使用风琴
IF 0.1 Q3 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-04-19 DOI: 10.1163/18750214-bja10035
Gabriel Abensour
In 1934, David Askénazi, the chief rabbi of Oran, Algeria, responded to a decision by Abraham Kook, at the time chief rabbi of Mandatory Palestine, condemning the use of the organ in synagogue services in Oran. Transcending the typical European dichotomies between Orthodox and Reform, Askénazi’s letter is above all a testimony to the religious and cultural hybridity of Algerian Jews during the colonial era. In a mere few pages, the rabbi developed a religious argument mixing elements of language and arguments typical of Maghrebian rabbis with positions common to liberal European Jews. Aware of the structure of power between the East and the West, Askénazi also criticized Kook’s interventionism in the affairs of his community. In light of what he denounced as a form of Jewish imperialism, Askénazi emphasized the agency of Sephardic rabbis and called for full recognition of their religious tradition.
1934年,阿尔及利亚奥兰的首席拉比David Askénazi回应了当时强制巴勒斯坦首席拉比Abraham Kook的决定,谴责在奥兰的犹太教堂服务中使用器官。Askénazi的信超越了欧洲正统派和改革派之间典型的二分法,首先证明了殖民时代阿尔及利亚犹太人的宗教和文化混杂。在短短几页的时间里,这位拉比提出了一个宗教论点,融合了马格里布拉比典型的语言和论点元素,以及自由派欧洲犹太人的共同立场。意识到东西方之间的权力结构,Askénazi也批评了Kook对其社区事务的干预主义。鉴于他所谴责的犹太帝国主义的一种形式,Askénazi强调了塞法迪拉比的代理权,并呼吁充分承认他们的宗教传统。
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引用次数: 0
The Well of Confusion: On the Titles of the Maharal’s Books 困惑之井——论马哈拉尔的书名
IF 0.1 Q3 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-01-16 DOI: 10.1163/18750214-bja10034
Pavel Sládek, Aleš Weiss
R. Judah Leva ben Betzalel (the Maharal, c. 1525–1609), authored more than ten works, publishing most of them during his lifetime. Although the Maharal’s works were, since the mid-20th century, the subject of academic research, the title of the Maharal’s work ספר באר הגולה (Prague 1598) is still erroneously read as Beʾer ha-golah and understood as The Well of Exile. This article places the existing debate about this title into the context of the Maharal’s other books, resumes arguments formulated in existing scholarship and suggests yet another solution to the problem based on a detailed analysis of the Maharal’s own introduction, and on the typography of the editio princeps. We propose reading the title as Beʾer ha-goleh; while its meaning is probably intentionally ambivalent, this points both to the idea of a ‘well, which is being uncovered’ and hints at its author’s deep feeling on the condition of Exile.
R.Judah Leva ben Betzalel(Maharal,约1525-1609年)创作了十多部作品,其中大部分在他有生之年出版。尽管自20世纪中期以来,马哈拉尔的作品一直是学术研究的主题,但马哈拉尔作品的标题仍然被错误地解读为Beʾer ha golah,并被理解为流放之井。这篇文章将关于这个标题的现有争论放在马哈拉尔的其他书籍的背景下,恢复了现有学术中提出的论点,并在详细分析马哈拉尔自己的引言和编辑princeps的排版的基础上,提出了另一个解决问题的方案。我们建议将标题读为Beʾer ha goleh;虽然它的意义可能是故意矛盾的,但这既指向了“正在被揭开的井”的概念,也暗示了作者对流放状况的深刻感受。
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引用次数: 0
The Alfaẓ al-Mishnah Commentary by R. Saadiah Gaon R. Saadiah Gaon的《阿拉法特密西拿注释》
IF 0.1 Q3 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-12-01 DOI: 10.1163/18750214-bja10031
Uziel Fuchs
This article presents a commentary on the Mishna composed by R. Saadiah Gaon, who served as head of the Sura yeshivah in Baghdad at the beginning of the 10th century. The commentary is a Hebrew-Arabic glossary defining difficult words in the Mishnah. The commentary is well referenced in writings from early periods, and a large portion of the manuscript was recently identified in the Cairo Genizah. I present a number of proofs that R. Saadiah Gaon authored the commentary and show that many adaptions were made to this commentary in several manuscripts. This unpublished commentary is the earliest systematic commentary on rabbinic literature.
本文介绍了10世纪初在巴格达担任苏拉·叶希瓦首领的R·萨迪亚·加恩对《米什纳》的评论。解说词是希伯来语-阿拉伯语词汇表,定义了Mishnah中的困难单词。该评论在早期的著作中得到了很好的引用,手稿的很大一部分最近在开罗Genizah中被发现。我提供了R.Saadiah Gaon撰写评论的一些证据,并表明在几份手稿中对这篇评论进行了许多改编。这篇未发表的评论是对拉比文学最早的系统评论。
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引用次数: 0
On the Date of Composition of the Book of Commandments by the Qaraite Levi b. Yefet 论阿拉伯人利未写《诫命书》的日期
IF 0.1 Q3 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-12-01 DOI: 10.1163/18750214-bja10033
N. Vidro
The Book of Commandments of the influential Qaraite scholar Levi b. Yefet is traditionally dated 1006/7 CE. This date is based on the Hebrew translation of the Book of Commandments and is irreconcilable with a calendrical characteristic of this year provided by Levi b. Yefet. In this article I propose to revise the date of composition of the Book of Commandments to 1009 CE. This date is given in a copy of the Arabic original of the code and is calendrically consistent. I also discuss events in the calendar of Palestinian Qaraites that prompted Levi b. Yefet to mention the year in which he was writing and that took place due to irregular weather patterns.
有影响力的Qaraite学者Levi b.Yefet的《戒律》传统上是公元1006/7年。这个日期是根据希伯来语翻译的《诫书》确定的,与李维·b·耶菲提供的今年的日历特征不可调和。在这篇文章中,我建议将《诫书》的撰写日期修改为公元1009年。这个日期是在代码的阿拉伯语原件的副本中给出的,并且在日历上是一致的。我还讨论了巴勒斯坦Qaraites日历中的事件,这些事件促使Levi b.Yefet提到他写作的年份,以及由于不规则的天气模式而发生的事件。
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引用次数: 0
Kol Nidrei in Nikolsburg, 1775: An Early Account of a Hasidic Sermon 科尔·尼德雷在尼科尔斯堡,1775年:哈西德派布道的早期记录
IF 0.1 Q3 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-11-23 DOI: 10.1163/18750214-bja10030
Elly Moseson
Descriptions of the delivery of Hasidic sermons are relatively rare, especially from the first decades of the development of the movement. This article presents the earliest extant written account of a Hasidic sermon, which was delivered by Samuel Shmelke Horowitz, the rabbi of the Moravian city of Nikolsburg (Mikulov), on the eve of Yom Kippur of the year 1775. It situates the document containing this hitherto overlooked account in its historical and ideological context and explores the light it sheds on the geographical limits of the Hasidic movement in the 18th century. Appended to the article is an edition of the Hebrew text of the document based on two textual witnesses along with an English translation.
关于哈西德派布道的描述相对较少,尤其是在该运动发展的最初几十年。本文介绍了现存最早的哈西德派布道的书面记录,该布道由摩拉维亚城市尼科尔斯堡(米库洛夫)的拉比塞缪尔·施梅尔克·霍洛维茨在1775年赎罪日前夕发表。它将包含这一迄今为止被忽视的叙述的文件置于其历史和意识形态背景中,并探讨了它对18世纪哈西德派运动的地理局限性的揭示。文章的附件是该文件的希伯来语文本的一个版本,基于两个文本见证人以及一个英文翻译。
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引用次数: 0
In Signum Benevoli Affectus IV: Menasseh ben Israel’s Album Inscription for Hermannus Jacobi 在Signum Benevoli Affectus IV:Menasseh ben Israel为Hermannus Jacobi题写的专辑
IF 0.1 Q3 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-11-17 DOI: 10.1163/18750214-bja10032
F. Postma, A. Verheij
In 1650, Menasseh ben Israel entered an inscription in the album amicorum owned by Hermannus Jacobi from Hanover. This article, the fourth in a series on Menasseh’s album inscriptions, comprises a biographical sketch of Jacobi, followed by a photograph, a transcription, a translation, and an analysis of the inscription itself. Reference is made as well to Menasseh’s inscription in the album amicorum, now lost, of Henricus Schmettavius / Heinrich Schmettau, a student of theology from Silesia.
1650年,Menasseh ben Israel在汉诺威的Hermanus Jacobi拥有的专辑《amicorum》中题词。这篇文章是Menasseh专辑铭文系列的第四篇,包括雅各比的传记草图,然后是照片、转录、翻译和铭文本身的分析。还提到了Menasseh在西里西亚神学学生Henricus Schmettavius/Heinrich Schmettau的专辑《友谊》中的题词,该专辑现已失传。
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引用次数: 0
What Scholem Failed to See: Moses Dobruska as a Founder of Sociological Thought 肖勒姆忽略的:摩西·多布鲁斯卡是社会学思想的奠基人
IF 0.1 Q3 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-08-23 DOI: 10.1163/18750214-12171091
S. Greco
After a brief outline of the biography of Moses Dobruska (1753–1794), this article wants to emphasize what most scholars, in particular Gershom Scholem, did not want to recognize about this Moravian Jew, coming from a sectarian Sabbatian environment, who later converted to Catholicism. He was not only a brilliant businessman, literate, a poet, and Freemason, but also a social philosopher, and, even more, a forgotten founding father of sociology. His work Philosophie sociale (Paris 1793) is a milestone in the development of a social discipline still in progress, which later took the name sociology. This study highlights the strong influence exerted by Dobruska on subsequent authors. In particular, it shows how Dobruska’s concept of ‘disorganization’ (the breaking of a political, cultural and social order) had a strong influence on the thought of Henry Saint-Simon (1760–1825) and his pupil Auguste Comte (1798–1857).
在简要概述摩西·多布鲁斯卡(1753-1794)的传记之后,本文想要强调的是,大多数学者,尤其是格肖姆·肖勒姆,都不想承认这位摩拉维亚犹太人,来自教派安息日的环境,后来皈依了天主教。他不仅是一位杰出的商人、文学家、诗人和共济会会员,而且还是一位社会哲学家,更重要的是,他是一位被遗忘的社会学之父。他的著作《社会哲学》(1793年出版,巴黎)是一门仍在发展中的社会学科发展的里程碑,这门学科后来被命名为社会学。本研究突出了Dobruska对后续作者的强烈影响。特别是,它显示了多布鲁斯卡的“混乱”(政治、文化和社会秩序的破坏)概念如何对亨利·圣西门(1760-1825)和他的学生奥古斯特·孔德(1798-1857)的思想产生了强烈的影响。
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引用次数: 1
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