Pub Date : 2021-01-02DOI: 10.1080/00822884.2021.1896424
R. Weiner
Cultural approaches to exploration history became more prominent over a generation ago. While the field is too vast to document, here are two recent examples: The Routledge Companion to Travel Writing, which has an entire section (comprised of 13 chapters) entitled “Imagined Geographies.” Utilizing phrases like “culturally-mediated . . . associations” and “cultural baggage” when explaining the content of the section, editor Carl Thompson emphasizes the centrality of culture. The second example: the forthcoming 6-volume A Cultural History of Exploration, edited by former TI Editor Lauren Beck and Fabio López Lázaro, prominently highlights culture in the title and the content (e.g., each of the chronologically organized volumes will have thematic chapters that examine ways the exploration was represented in texts and images). Identity is a sub-theme within the cultural history of exploration. Rather than employing a single approach, scholars have analyzed identity construction in exploration history in a wide range of ways. Furthermore, the identities that scholars have focused on has varied too. Let me briefly mention some trends in the scholarship (it is beyond the scope of this introduction to provide a comprehensive overview). One trend has been to focus on the impact that the enterprise of exploration had on the identity of the nation that sponsored it. Scholars have shown that impressive feats in exploration enhanced prestige, inspiring leaders to fund exploration expeditions to bolster their own image as well as the image of their nation. Another scholarly approach has been to focus on the ways that explorers forged identities of places and peoples they explored, a method that has focused on the ways
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Pub Date : 2021-01-02DOI: 10.1080/00822884.2021.1891384
D. Reinhartz
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Pub Date : 2021-01-02DOI: 10.1080/00822884.2021.1894381
Emily Sessions
The illustrations in Philip Henry Gosse’s travelogue A Naturalist’s Sojourn in Jamaica, published in 1851, refuse both the picturesque modes and the natural history conventions of the period. This article explores both of these surprising formal qualities in depth by comparing these illustrations to those from Gosse’s other books and to other contemporaneous representations. One explanation for these formal choices is Gosse’s unique collaboration with a Jamaican scientist and informant of mixed race, Richard Hill. Through a close reading of Gosse’s illustrations and a comparison of the texts written by Gosse and by Hill, this article proposes a methodology for exploring how diverse individuals negotiated their places within the global natural history networks of the nineteenth century.
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Pub Date : 2021-01-02DOI: 10.1080/00822884.2021.1891388
Gene Rhea Tucker
In Mapping Indigenous Land, Ana Pulido Rull, Associate Professor of Latin American Art History at the University of Arkansas, analyzes a collection of sixteenth- and seventeenth-century maps drawn ...
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Pub Date : 2021-01-02DOI: 10.1080/00822884.2021.1891391
David J. Buisseret
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Pub Date : 2021-01-02DOI: 10.1080/00822884.2021.1891381
B. Varon
history of the geography and cartography of the early modern world. Especially neglected in these areas he feels are the achievements of the Portuguese, Arabs, and Ottomans. In short, it was the newness of the European encounters with the New World that gave them dominance over the older ongoing experiences with the East, as succinctly stated by the author (pp. 29–30). Brotton is quite good at recounting the exploration of the Portuguese to the East around Africa and their interaction with locals along the way and in the East Indies as well their negotiations with the Spanish over disputed Asian authority and territories, culminating with the Treaty of Tordesillas in 1494. He also addresses effectively the resulting Portuguese contributions to geography and cartography. His commentary on the Ottoman and Arab inputs is regrettably somewhat more general. Throughout his discussions, he nonetheless emphasizes that trade and diplomacy were among the major motivators behind the pursuit of geography and cartography in Europe during this period. To support his assertions, Brotton aptly cites numerous period maps, and the text is well illustrated with black-and-white specimens of them. He also regularly employs globes such as that by Martin Behaim in 1490 and those pictured on the Spheres tapestries of c. 1520–1530 by Bernard van Orley as exemplars. It is refreshing to see the skilled use of these often neglected sources of geographic and cartographic evidence. While this book provides a good handy introduction to the subject at hand, not even thirty years ago were Brotton’s ideas particularly profound or new. As his bibliography confirms, studies on Portuguese, Arab, and Ottoman geography and cartography were not even rare then, and they have become far less so since. Although this claims to be an updated edition of the 1997 original, its text, bibliography, and notes do not reflect any significant additions or revisions. It remains a well-ordered and clearly and concisely written volume, and this newer edition should be of interest to a broad audience of devotees of the history of discovery, exploration, and cartography.
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Pub Date : 2021-01-02DOI: 10.1080/00822884.2021.1893046
Lauren Beck
Abstract The rich fabric of place names knitting together the Americas weaves into a complex intercultural network of naming practices that span thousands of years as well as the globe. Indigenous, European, and settler communities each bestowed names upon places near and far whose meanings describe the place, its resources, or one’s experiences there. Names define the people who occupy a place. They commemorate an event or person in ways that evidence the gendered and racialized nature of place naming in the Americas, especially after 1492, through a predominately masculine lens. This study considers how women and people of color are represented in place names and the impacts of masculinist approaches to place nomenclature while contrasting Indigenous approaches to toponymy and the European reception of Indigenous place names in the Americas, with a focus on North America.
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Pub Date : 2021-01-02DOI: 10.1080/00822884.2021.1891389
Russell M. Magnaghi
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Pub Date : 2021-01-02DOI: 10.1080/00822884.2021.1891380
D. Reinhartz
taught at Columbia University, the University of Nebraska Omaha, and Boston College’s School of Theology and Ministry. The book concentrates on the French missionary work of the seventeenth century—sources for that period are richer than those for the later periods. Nonetheless, it also covers development well into the eighteenth century. The book is divided into two parts: the first focused on the missions’ founding era and early decades of its development and the second part highlights the issues of continual warfare and metropolitan neglect as these shaped the Jesuit enterprise. Part I focuses on the mission’s founding, from 1610s to 1660s, and shows that missionaries under the leadership of Paule Le Jeune, François-Joseph Le Mercier and others who acted closely with French political and mercantile elites, particularly in the period of Cardinal Richelieu’s administration. French authorities in France and Canada decided to utilize the Jesuit access to the Native nations to help negotiate trade and military alliances for New France. The author demonstrates how the Jesuits contributed to the transformation of the woodlands and indigenous villages into secure and economically productive trade centers characterized by military preparedness. Part II covers the late seventeenth and eighteenth century, during which different political, social, and cultural realities shaped the French colonial world, a period that spans from the beginning of Jean-Baptiste Colbert’s ministry (1661) to the end of the Seven Years’ War in 1763 when dreams of a French empire dissipated. During these years, the shift in metropolitan politics to Versailles and the decrease in interest in the colony resulted in diminished support (supplies and guidance) for Jesuit, suffocating imperial aspirations. As a result, the Jesuits “moderated their ambitions for a French Catholic empire in America, due more to metropolitan neglect than Native American resistance or English advances” (p. xviii). Although the book also deals extensively with the role of the Jesuits in the territorialization of New France (their role in negotiating peace treaties and demarcations is particularly well documented), their role in exploration in this study is somehow left behind. Exploration and mapping by the Jesuits were equally important for the establishment of French power and the economic prosperity of the colony. Yet, the book provides an excellent contextualization of the policies pursued in Paris and Quebec, which determined the fate of the Jesuits not only in their missionary work, but also in their exploration. The book represents a valuable contribution to French colonial history and transatlantic cultural and intellectual exchange, as well as to a better understanding of French influence on the development of modern American society in general.
曾在哥伦比亚大学、内布拉斯加大学奥马哈分校和波士顿学院神学院任教。这本书集中讲述了17世纪法国的传教工作——这一时期的资料比后来的时期更丰富。尽管如此，它也涵盖了一直到18世纪的发展。这本书分为两个部分：第一部分关注传教团的成立时代及其早期几十年的发展，第二部分强调了持续的战争和大都市忽视的问题，因为这些问题塑造了耶稣会的事业。第一部分重点介绍了使团的成立，从1610年代到1660年代，并展示了在Paule Le Jeune、François Joseph Le Mercier等人的领导下，传教士与法国政治和商业精英密切合作，特别是在黎塞留枢机主教执政期间。法国和加拿大的法国当局决定利用耶稣会进入土著民族的机会，帮助谈判新法国的贸易和军事联盟。作者展示了耶稣会士如何将林地和土著村庄转变为以军事准备为特征的安全和经济生产的贸易中心。第二部分涵盖了17世纪末和18世纪，在这两个世纪里，不同的政治、社会和文化现实塑造了法国殖民世界，这一时期从让-巴蒂斯特·科尔伯特的牧师生涯开始（1661年）到1763年七年战争结束，法兰西帝国的梦想破灭。在这些年里，大都市政治向凡尔赛宫的转变以及对殖民地兴趣的减少导致了对耶稣会的支持（供应和指导）减少，扼杀了帝国的愿望。因此，耶稣会士“缓和了他们在美国建立法国天主教帝国的野心，更多的是由于大都市的忽视，而不是美洲原住民的抵抗或英国的进步”（第xvii页）。尽管这本书也广泛讨论了耶稣会士在新法国领土化中的作用（他们在谈判和平条约和划界方面的作用特别有文献记载），但他们在本研究中的探索作用在某种程度上被抛在了后面。耶稣会士的勘探和测绘对法国权力的建立和殖民地的经济繁荣同样重要。然而，这本书为巴黎和魁北克推行的政策提供了一个极好的背景，这些政策不仅决定了耶稣会士的传教工作，也决定了他们的探索命运。这本书对法国殖民历史、跨大西洋文化和知识交流以及更好地理解法国对现代美国社会发展的影响做出了宝贵贡献。
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Pub Date : 2021-01-02DOI: 10.1080/00822884.2021.1891385
S. Menefee
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