Pub Date : 2022-01-02DOI: 10.1080/00822884.2022.2044233
D. Reinhartz
if not wiser” (p. 94 ). The Great Ages of Discovery may help scholars of discovery to think about the wider implications of the field but would also offer thoughtful insights to students and laypeople. It is a quick, interesting read, with sparse endnotes and a few illustrative illustrations. The selected bibliography is quite useful and points readers to many representative and important publications. Pyne’s categorization and ideas about discovery in three great ages is a useful paradigm for thinking, researching, and writing about the history of exploration.
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Pub Date : 2022-01-02DOI: 10.1080/00822884.2022.2051813
R. Weiner
We are pleased to present three articles, a review essay, and a robust section of reviews. While the articles and review essay are on different topics and time periods, there is one commonality that unites them: they examine underexamined but significant actors in exploration, thereby augmenting exploration history scholarship. Some expand our understanding by adding new perspectives to well-known events, and others by covering episodes and actors that are generally overlooked. We hope our readers will find this issue of TI stimulating and informative. Nicholas Miller’s fresh and innovative review essay, entitled “Animal Studies and Exploration History: Amundsen’s Sledge Dogs Who Helped Discover the South Pole,” highlights the role of an underexamined actor in exploration: nonhuman animals. 1 Indeed, a recent book chapter on the subject by Elizabeth Leane under-scores the paucity of studies. 2 Leane surveys transdisciplinary literature on animal studies and travel writing, noting that notwithstanding the fact that close scrutiny reveals that animals can be found in most travel narratives, there is very limited scholarship on animals and travel literature, which contrasts with some other fields, such as literary studies, a specialization more engaged with animal studies. Leane provides a useful typology to analyze animals in travel writing: ( 1 ) “animal as a quest-object”: “The first category refers to any journey in which an animal encounter, violent or peaceful, is framed in the narrative as the primary motivation for travel.” ( 2 ) “animal as instrument of travel”: “The second category covers narratives in which animals are included in a journey and its narrative(s) in
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Pub Date : 2021-09-02DOI: 10.1080/00822884.2021.2000691
J. E. Covarrubias
Though travel literature is not usually consulted to follow the evolution of economic reflection, a certain number of these works about Mexico in the nineteenth century allow a reading from this point of view. Beginning with the famous Alexander von Humboldt, a good number of foreign travelers were intent on elucidating certain economic questions whose relevance sharpened in a social and political scenario as the Mexican one. One concern was the question about the civilizing effect of commerce. Another one was about the so much emphasized principle of self-interest as an unfailing motive for economic dynamism. Finally, some travelers asked themselves to which degree the construction of an administrative apparatus was the decisive factor to put Mexico on the path of economic progress. The survey includes the works of several significant European travelers and covers until the year of 1910.
虽然人们通常不会参考旅行文学来跟随经济反映的演变，但有一些关于19世纪墨西哥的作品允许人们从这个角度来阅读。从著名的亚历山大·冯·洪堡(Alexander von Humboldt)开始，许多外国旅行者都致力于阐明某些经济问题，这些问题在墨西哥这样的社会和政治情景中显得尤为重要。其中一个问题是商业对文明的影响。另一个是关于自我利益的原则，它是经济活力的永恒动机。最后，一些旅行者问自己，行政机构的建设在多大程度上是使墨西哥走上经济进步道路的决定性因素。该调查包括几位重要的欧洲旅行家的作品，涵盖到1910年。
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Pub Date : 2021-09-02DOI: 10.1080/00822884.2021.2001266
Mauricio Onetto Pavez
Herrera y Tordesillas and Bartolomé Leonardo de Argensola. The Spanish imperial space is revealed as a continuous body of water between the Strait of Magellan and the Strait of Mozambique, and Padrón insists on the anxiety caused to the Spaniards by having to further this process of expansion without adequate preparation, and above all, to face such powerful enemies as China during the Ming dynasty. The book is a valuable contribution not only because of its rigorous and intelligent interpretations, but also because it invites us to think about two major issues. First, it shows that territories such as the Americas were not “invented” once and for all but were revised and reinvented over time and from different places and communities. Second, the book reminds us that we must decenter our gaze from the battles of conquest and pay attention instead to the voyages and ways of understanding vast spaces such as the oceans that were key in politically configuring our modern experience of the globe.
Herrera y Tordesilas和BartoloméLeonardo de Argensola。西班牙的帝国空间被揭示为麦哲伦海峡和莫桑比克海峡之间的一片连续的水体，帕德龙坚持认为，在没有充分准备的情况下，必须推进这一扩张进程，尤其是在明朝时期，面对中国这样的强大敌人，这给西班牙人带来了焦虑。这本书是一个宝贵的贡献，不仅因为它严谨而聪明的解释，还因为它邀请我们思考两个主要问题。首先，它表明，像美洲这样的领土并不是一劳永逸地“发明”的，而是随着时间的推移，从不同的地方和社区进行修订和重塑的。其次，这本书提醒我们，我们必须将目光从征服之战中转移开，转而关注航海和理解海洋等广阔空间的方式，这些都是政治配置我们现代全球体验的关键。
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Pub Date : 2021-09-02DOI: 10.1080/00822884.2021.2004531
R. Weiner
In this issue of TI, we are pleased to publish research about a variety of exploration endeavors, engaging articles that study exploration in different places from distinct perspectives. In the following pages, readers will learn about travelers in nineteenthcentury Mexico, an explorer in seventeenth-century Virginia, cartographers’ studies of Africa in the Age of Discovery, and the Royal Society of London’s seventeenthcentury world explorations. Notwithstanding this diversity, in one aspect, all the articles are similar: all of them offer fresh perspectives, some by explicitly entering into historiographical debates and others by broaching underexamined topics. Here, I will provide a brief preview of what readers will be treated to in this issue of TI, discussing the articles in their order of appearance. José Enrique Covarrubias’ fascinating article, “Well-founded and not so Wellfounded Expectations: the Civilizing Effect of Commerce and other Economic Topics in Travelogues about Mexico,” examines nineteenth-century Mexico through the eyes of travelers who provide a wide panorama of the country, one that takes us from southern Mexico to the U.S. border and from the Pacific coast of Manzanillo to Veracruz. While Mexico’s famed wealth especially attracted travelers, they also observed the political turmoil and conflict that plagued the fledgling nation, not only foreign invasions but also domestic challenges, including the endeavor of integrating Indigenous peoples into the nation. As Covarrubias explains, a central question of the era pondered by nationals and foreigners alike was why independent Mexico was not living up to its great economic potential. Covarrubias provides an engaging and fresh reading of foreigners’ accounts as they wrestled with this question, placing them within the context of Albert Hirschman’s famous sweet commerce thesis, namely, a strain in European thought that maintained that commercial activity would temper nations’ warlike tendencies and minimize conflict. TERRAE INCOGNITAE, Vol. 53, No. 3, 2021, 169–171
在本期TI中，我们很高兴发表关于各种探索努力的研究，从不同的角度研究不同地方的探索。在接下来的几页中，读者将了解19世纪墨西哥的旅行者、17世纪弗吉尼亚州的探险家、发现时代制图师对非洲的研究，以及伦敦皇家学会对17世纪世界的探索。尽管存在这种多样性，但在一个方面，所有文章都是相似的：所有文章都提供了新的视角，其中一些明确进入了历史辩论，另一些则提出了未经充分审查的主题。在这里，我将提供一个简短的预览，读者将在本期TI中得到什么待遇，按照文章的出现顺序进行讨论。何塞·恩里克·科瓦鲁比亚斯（JoséEnrique Covarrubias）的一篇引人入胜的文章《有根据但不那么有根据的期望：关于墨西哥的游记中商业和其他经济主题的文明效应》（Well founded and not so Well found Experiences:the Civilization Effect of Commerce and other Economic Topics in Travelogues about Mexico）通过旅行者的眼睛审视了19世纪的墨西哥，他们提供，它将我们从墨西哥南部带到美国边境，从曼萨尼约太平洋海岸带到韦拉克鲁斯。虽然墨西哥著名的财富尤其吸引了游客，但他们也观察到了困扰这个新兴国家的政治动荡和冲突，不仅有外国入侵，还有国内挑战，包括将土著人民融入国家的努力。正如Covarrubias所解释的那样，那个时代国民和外国人都在思考的一个核心问题是，为什么独立的墨西哥没有发挥其巨大的经济潜力。Covarrubias为外国人在解决这个问题时的叙述提供了一种引人入胜的新鲜解读，将其置于阿尔伯特·赫希曼著名的甜蜜商业理论的背景下，即欧洲思想中的一种张力，认为商业活动可以缓和各国的战争倾向，最大限度地减少冲突。TERRAE INCOGNITAE，第53卷，2021年第3期，169–171
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Pub Date : 2021-09-02DOI: 10.1080/00822884.2021.1995804
Anne Good
pretensions in the Pacific by extending the empire of “commerce and science” by conducting a hydrographic survey by the US Navy, demonstrates that imperial mapping did not take part only on the land but also on the sea. Sponsored by the U.S. Navy, the expedition marked the emergence of the United States as a Pacific power. However, the achievements of the four-year -long expedition, which was of major importance for the growth of the young scientific field of oceanography, have been overshadowed by an incident that ended in court martial. The armed conflict between the Pacific islanders and the expedition led to a trial of the officers in charge of the survey for their misconduct in pursuit of their cartographic duties. The closing chapter of the book is “The Cartography of the Forth Estate: Mapping the New Imperialism in British and French Newspapers, 1875–1925,” by Michael Hefferan. Described by Thomas Carlyle, the fourth estate refers to a different kind of state, which encompasses free and skeptical press operating beyond the control of government. During the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, the largely textual world of journalism gradually diversified into a more complex mixture of words and images, among which newspaper maps played a special role. Intended for a wide readership, the maps published in the newspapers had a strong impact on a wide circle of people, influencing public opinion on the imperial affairs, most notably on those related to the warfare. Using the examples of British and French journalistic cartography, Hefferan presents how the British and French empires advocated their imperial interests in maps that appeared in the press and which role they had in forming the public discourse and ensuring public support to colonial policy. In conclusion, this is valuable book that provides comprehensive insight into the history of imperial cartography and all its complexity. The Kenneth Nebenzahl, Jr., Lectures in the History of Cartography books once again proved to be indispensable for map experts worldwide. Although each volume came out with a significant time lag since the conference (in this case, five years), we hope that the production of this series will continue with the same zeal and perhaps at a somewhat faster pace.
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Pub Date : 2021-09-02DOI: 10.1080/00822884.2021.1996351
D. Buisseret
These days, the advancement of knowledge largely comes through periodic meetings of learned societies and through individual work published on paper and online. The idea of such periodic learned meetings goes back in France and England to the middle of the seventeenth century, when both the Académie française and the Royal Society were founded. Both covered a wide range of knowledge, and both met relatively often, bringing together the leading thinkers in a variety of fields. The Royal Society met in London from the early 1660s onward, with a membership ranging in number upward from twenty. Members included luminaries such as John Aubrey (1626–1697), Robert Boyle (1627–1691), John Evelyn (1620–1706), John Flamsteed (1646–1719), Edmund Halley (1656–1742), Robert Hooke (1635–1703), Thomas Povey (1615–1702), Hans Sloane (1660– 1783), and Christopher Wren (1632–1723); they thus covered a wide variety of specialties and expertise; many of them also corresponded with their counterparts in Europe. At its periodic (often weekly) meetings, the members of the Royal Society read papers, examined specimens, and often conducted experiments. These meetings fell into eight themes: mechanical, astronomical, geological, anatomical, history of trade, “other phenomena of nature,” “questions to be enquired of the remotest parts of the world,” and finally “correspondence.” Each theme generally attracted a large number of contributors, whose activity is described in The History of the Royal Society of London, edited by Thomas Birch (4 vols., London 1756–1757) (see Figure 1.) These contributions were then often published in the Philosophical Transactions, Giving some Accompt of the Present Undertakings, Studies and Labors of the Ingenious in many Considerable Parts of the World
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Pub Date : 2021-09-02DOI: 10.1080/00822884.2021.1995803
Mirela Altic
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Pub Date : 2021-09-02DOI: 10.1080/00822884.2021.2001265
Mauricio Onetto Pavez
Divided into four parts, the first discusses new definitions of “antiquity” and relates them to the post-World War I imperial order, while the other three deal with developments in different geographical regions – Palestine (pp. 61–155), Mesopotamia (pp. 157–246) and Egypt (pp. 247–342). The book’s contents command interest. Melman is at her strongest in the immense amount of research she has undertaken and the sources she has troubled to consult. Chapters such as “Murder in Mesopotamia: Antiquity, Genres of Modernity, and Gender in the Popular Crime Novel” (pp. 191–215), dealing with Agatha Christie and Max Mallowan, her archeologist husband, can be read with genuine pleasure. The placement of sources and comments at the bottom of relevant pages as footnotes, rather than at the back of the volume, is also a welcome development. There are not so many as to overpower the flow of the narrative and this arrangement saves real time for those who are interested in following up on comments or conclusions in the text.
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Pub Date : 2021-09-02DOI: 10.1080/00822884.2021.1995829
R. Nicolai
The shape of Africa on Iberian nautical charts of the late-fifteenth and early-sixteenth century is surprisingly mature. The portrayal of the outline of Africa on the Cantino planisphere of 1502 is so good that it was not surpassed in the next two, possibly three centuries. The African coastline on the Cantino planisphere is a mosaic of accurate regional charts on the plate-carrée projection, each with its own scale and orientation. The same holds for its Iberian predecessors. The shape of the parts of Africa depicted on these regional charts was essentially correct on the oldest chart (c. 1471) and was copied to later charts. The projective properties of the regional charts are incompatible with the navigation and charting techniques used in that period. Therefore, serious doubt is cast on the established view that Portuguese pilots and cartographers were the original creators of the source charts.
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