Pub Date : 2019-08-20DOI: 10.4312/ars.13.1.285-301
P. Kleindienst
The article analyses the Renaissance influence on the development of the concept of human dignity and illustrates the importance of human dignity through the eyes of the Renaissance author Giovanni Pico della Mirandola. In this regard, the article indicates the latest findings in human dignity research and infers that while discussing the Renaissance influence on its development it should be considered that this concept consists of two fundamental dimensions, initial and realized dignity. The author implies that the origins of such an interpretation of human dignity were already present in the writings of Giovanni Pico della Mirandola. In the latter, the (hidden) beginnings of the individualization process in connection with human dignity can also be recognized. These beginnings sank into oblivion in the later historical periods, although nowadays the elements of individualization are present more extensively than ever before. The article suggests that the concept of human dignity might be regarded as a Renaissance construct.
{"title":"Meaning of Human Dignity in Works of Giovanni Pico della Mirandola","authors":"P. Kleindienst","doi":"10.4312/ars.13.1.285-301","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4312/ars.13.1.285-301","url":null,"abstract":"The article analyses the Renaissance influence on the development of the concept of human dignity and illustrates the importance of human dignity through the eyes of the Renaissance author Giovanni Pico della Mirandola. In this regard, the article indicates the latest findings in human dignity research and infers that while discussing the Renaissance influence on its development it should be considered that this concept consists of two fundamental dimensions, initial and realized dignity. The author implies that the origins of such an interpretation of human dignity were already present in the writings of Giovanni Pico della Mirandola. In the latter, the (hidden) beginnings of the individualization process in connection with human dignity can also be recognized. These beginnings sank into oblivion in the later historical periods, although nowadays the elements of individualization are present more extensively than ever before. The article suggests that the concept of human dignity might be regarded as a Renaissance construct.","PeriodicalId":40773,"journal":{"name":"Ars & Humanitas","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2019-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46957327","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Memory: Between Individual and Collective, between Tradition and History","authors":"Katja Mahnič","doi":"10.4312/ars.13.1.7-15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4312/ars.13.1.7-15","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":40773,"journal":{"name":"Ars & Humanitas","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2019-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44677446","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-08-20DOI: 10.4312/ars.13.1.264-281
Simona Žvanut
Art House Project (AHP) is an art project on the Japanese island of Naoshima in the Seto Inland Sea, run and financed by the Benesse Corporation as a part of the Benesse Art Site Naoshima project. The corporation’s aim is to support the economic and spiritual revitalisation of the archipelago through projects which combine art, architecture, nature and the history of the area. The centre of AHP is a number of old Japanese houses in the village Honmura on Naoshima, transformed into works of art by artists in cooperation with architects. Memory-related terms (such as “memory”, “history”, “communal” and “cultural memory”, tradition and heritage) appear regularly in catalogue texts and other publications on AHP, which leads to the assumption that AHP is connected to memory on several levels. Since the use of these terms is now very often in various contexts and can mark different phenomena, I will try to define the characteristics of the use of terms “memory”, “history” and “communal memory” as well as their role in the AHP. Within this I will show that these terms have a wide conceptual frame, which does not necessarily come from their theoretical definition – and that the semantically open term of memory has an important role in the wider context and goals of the Benesse Art Site Naoshima project.
{"title":"Memory, Realised in Space. A reflection on the Use of the Terms “Memory”, “History” and “Communal Memory” within the Art Project Art House Project on the Japanese Island of Naoshima","authors":"Simona Žvanut","doi":"10.4312/ars.13.1.264-281","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4312/ars.13.1.264-281","url":null,"abstract":"Art House Project (AHP) is an art project on the Japanese island of Naoshima in the Seto Inland Sea, run and financed by the Benesse Corporation as a part of the Benesse Art Site Naoshima project. The corporation’s aim is to support the economic and spiritual revitalisation of the archipelago through projects which combine art, architecture, nature and the history of the area. The centre of AHP is a number of old Japanese houses in the village Honmura on Naoshima, transformed into works of art by artists in cooperation with architects. Memory-related terms (such as “memory”, “history”, “communal” and “cultural memory”, tradition and heritage) appear regularly in catalogue texts and other publications on AHP, which leads to the assumption that AHP is connected to memory on several levels. Since the use of these terms is now very often in various contexts and can mark different phenomena, I will try to define the characteristics of the use of terms “memory”, “history” and “communal memory” as well as their role in the AHP. Within this I will show that these terms have a wide conceptual frame, which does not necessarily come from their theoretical definition – and that the semantically open term of memory has an important role in the wider context and goals of the Benesse Art Site Naoshima project.","PeriodicalId":40773,"journal":{"name":"Ars & Humanitas","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2019-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42054236","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-08-20DOI: 10.4312/ars.13.1.302-317
Nadja Gnamuš
Anglo-Saxon conceptual practices emerging in the 1960s were not only a reaction against modernist discourse, but also the final episode in its search for self-reflection, self-criticism and inquiry into the nature and status of art. The proponents of conceptual art rejected materialist, subjective and expressive theories of the artistic medium and replaced them with idea and thinking as the key principles of art production, thereby making the linguistic, sociological, philosophical, cultural and political context of an artwork important. Ideas rising within this framework offered a form of intellectual self-reflection and at the same time proposed new concepts and possibilities for art production. In art practices of early conceptualism the idea of art was an important topic, in which art practice and art theory were closely intertwined. The relationship between words and images was in this context of paramount importance. Language was a significant trajectory in changing the role and status of art, engendering the shift from an autonomous, aesthetic art object to a textual basis of art, whereby the theory of art itself became considered an artwork. Text was no longer the interpretative support of visual code (image), explaining its meaning, but rather the constitutive element of the artwork. Conceptualism believed that art was first and foremost an intellectual activity, in which it was more important to invent new meanings than new forms. Language thus became an ideal means for turning the focus from formal analysis to the context and discursive formation of artwork.
{"title":"From Art Object to Text: Language and Perception in Early Conceptual Practices","authors":"Nadja Gnamuš","doi":"10.4312/ars.13.1.302-317","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4312/ars.13.1.302-317","url":null,"abstract":"Anglo-Saxon conceptual practices emerging in the 1960s were not only a reaction against modernist discourse, but also the final episode in its search for self-reflection, self-criticism and inquiry into the nature and status of art. The proponents of conceptual art rejected materialist, subjective and expressive theories of the artistic medium and replaced them with idea and thinking as the key principles of art production, thereby making the linguistic, sociological, philosophical, cultural and political context of an artwork important. Ideas rising within this framework offered a form of intellectual self-reflection and at the same time proposed new concepts and possibilities for art production. In art practices of early conceptualism the idea of art was an important topic, in which art practice and art theory were closely intertwined. The relationship between words and images was in this context of paramount importance. Language was a significant trajectory in changing the role and status of art, engendering the shift from an autonomous, aesthetic art object to a textual basis of art, whereby the theory of art itself became considered an artwork. Text was no longer the interpretative support of visual code (image), explaining its meaning, but rather the constitutive element of the artwork. Conceptualism believed that art was first and foremost an intellectual activity, in which it was more important to invent new meanings than new forms. Language thus became an ideal means for turning the focus from formal analysis to the context and discursive formation of artwork.","PeriodicalId":40773,"journal":{"name":"Ars & Humanitas","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2019-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47115377","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-08-20DOI: 10.4312/ars.13.1.174-190
M. Klun
Slovenian emigration is often presented with a general overview in which general data and statistical facts prevail, while the individual experiences and memories of Slovenian emigrants are omitted from these descriptions. In the study, which was conducted using a biographical-narrative methodological approach among members of the Slovenian diaspora from the United States of America, Canada and Australia, we were interested in the personal experiences and memories of those who emigrated from Slovenia themselves, or whose ancestors did. Through those life stories and memories, we can illustrate Slovenian emigration processes in such a way that people would better understand global migration processes. In the article we present three real life stories of members of the Slovenian diaspora, their individual memories and perceptions of their place of origin, homeland, the memories of emigration and immigration processes and memories of integration to the new social environments.
{"title":"The Importance of Individual Memories of Slovenian Emigrants When Interpreting Slovenian Emigration Processes","authors":"M. Klun","doi":"10.4312/ars.13.1.174-190","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4312/ars.13.1.174-190","url":null,"abstract":"Slovenian emigration is often presented with a general overview in which general data and statistical facts prevail, while the individual experiences and memories of Slovenian emigrants are omitted from these descriptions. In the study, which was conducted using a biographical-narrative methodological approach among members of the Slovenian diaspora from the United States of America, Canada and Australia, we were interested in the personal experiences and memories of those who emigrated from Slovenia themselves, or whose ancestors did. Through those life stories and memories, we can illustrate Slovenian emigration processes in such a way that people would better understand global migration processes. In the article we present three real life stories of members of the Slovenian diaspora, their individual memories and perceptions of their place of origin, homeland, the memories of emigration and immigration processes and memories of integration to the new social environments.","PeriodicalId":40773,"journal":{"name":"Ars & Humanitas","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2019-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46759323","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-08-20DOI: 10.4312/ars.13.1.205-218
Katja Mahnič
In 1911, Josip Mantuani attended a joint meeting for monument protection and Heimatschutz (homeland protection) in Salzburg, which he covered extensively in the Slovenec newspaper. Even though his practice as a member of the Monument Council and director of the Provincial Museum undoubtedly centred on the protection of historical monuments, he was also well acquainted with Heimatschutz. This is clearly shown in his text “Domovinsko varstvo” (Heimatschutz), which he published in the scientific journal Čas in 1914. The two aforementioned texts, along with his five-instalment feuilleton on the modern principles of monument protection, which he published in the Slovenec newspaper in late 1909, provide a good insight into Mantuani’s understanding of the mutual relationship between monument protection and Heimatschutz. In all three texts one can clearly discern that Mantuani distinguished between monuments that were still rooted in the existing tradition through their character, form and content, and those he viewed as “silent witnesses” to past cultures, or, in other words, as historical sources. He attributed “a living cultural” role to the former, while viewing the latter as “archival material”.
{"title":"Collective Memory between Tradition and Archive: Josip Mantuani, Heimatschutz and Monument Protection","authors":"Katja Mahnič","doi":"10.4312/ars.13.1.205-218","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4312/ars.13.1.205-218","url":null,"abstract":"In 1911, Josip Mantuani attended a joint meeting for monument protection and Heimatschutz (homeland protection) in Salzburg, which he covered extensively in the Slovenec newspaper. Even though his practice as a member of the Monument Council and director of the Provincial Museum undoubtedly centred on the protection of historical monuments, he was also well acquainted with Heimatschutz. This is clearly shown in his text “Domovinsko varstvo” (Heimatschutz), which he published in the scientific journal Čas in 1914. The two aforementioned texts, along with his five-instalment feuilleton on the modern principles of monument protection, which he published in the Slovenec newspaper in late 1909, provide a good insight into Mantuani’s understanding of the mutual relationship between monument protection and Heimatschutz. In all three texts one can clearly discern that Mantuani distinguished between monuments that were still rooted in the existing tradition through their character, form and content, and those he viewed as “silent witnesses” to past cultures, or, in other words, as historical sources. He attributed “a living cultural” role to the former, while viewing the latter as “archival material”.","PeriodicalId":40773,"journal":{"name":"Ars & Humanitas","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2019-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49538406","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
For 600 years the Gottschee region was an integral enclave inhabited by the Gottscheers. This history ended tragically during WWII when they left their homes, their homeland and the neighbours with whom they had coexisted peacefully for several centuries. In 1941 Slovenia lost 12,000 of its inhabitants who are now, along with their language, culture, customs and traditions, excluded from our collective memory. Their story is nevertheless important for a better understanding of ourselves. The Gottscheers left their homeland because of the oppression they experienced during the wars but also because of a certain fascination with the powerful rebirth of the country from which they had come centuries previously. They were ready, at that key historic moment, to trust leaders who were (too) young, and though they could inspire, they also lacked wisdom and experience. Their story helps us know ourselves better and gives us a better understanding of the consequences of letting go of our common past, tradition and culture. For the Gottscheers it was fatal, and today they have practically disappeared and barely exist in our memories.
{"title":"Forgotten Neighbour","authors":"Helena Jaklitsch","doi":"10.4312/ars.13.1.78-96","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4312/ars.13.1.78-96","url":null,"abstract":"For 600 years the Gottschee region was an integral enclave inhabited by the Gottscheers. This history ended tragically during WWII when they left their homes, their homeland and the neighbours with whom they had coexisted peacefully for several centuries. In 1941 Slovenia lost 12,000 of its inhabitants who are now, along with their language, culture, customs and traditions, excluded from our collective memory. Their story is nevertheless important for a better understanding of ourselves. The Gottscheers left their homeland because of the oppression they experienced during the wars but also because of a certain fascination with the powerful rebirth of the country from which they had come centuries previously. They were ready, at that key historic moment, to trust leaders who were (too) young, and though they could inspire, they also lacked wisdom and experience. Their story helps us know ourselves better and gives us a better understanding of the consequences of letting go of our common past, tradition and culture. For the Gottscheers it was fatal, and today they have practically disappeared and barely exist in our memories.","PeriodicalId":40773,"journal":{"name":"Ars & Humanitas","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2019-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44786755","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The development of linguistic competence allows a greater access to linguistic knowledge and control of its actual use. Linguistic competence is built on the capacity of manipulating systemic rules and units (grammar), and it is in a speaker’s vital interest that the system remains stable, i.e. unchanged, to ensure his communicative efficiency. But the competence is no less constructed based on perceiving and reproducing texts that the speaker has acquired in order to possess them, as it is said, “by heart”. These texts belong, as does systemic knowledge, to the general image of a speaker’s communicative abilities.By analogy to linguistic rules and forms, texts that a speaker is ready to quote at any moment of his linguistic activity are best used when they undergo no change, i.e. when they preserve their stability. Considering those texts as parts of their intimate and social identity, the speakers develop a specific attitude towards textual units known by heart in a way that, in their view, they are referred to as untouchable. Sacred texts, for instance. A prayer (e.g. The Lord’s Prayer) is a text of such kind. It is used in speakers’ everyday linguistic practice, gradually uttered in a uniform manner, quoted and requoted. The result of that specific communicational practice is the growing importance of the sole act of utterance rather than the speakers’ interest in its meaning. This is one of the reasons why speakers are justifiably reserved when it comes to changing this kind of text. A change interferes with the continuity of their practice, and is thus felt as a violation of their linguistic identity. But even when the speakers pay little attention to the content of what they are saying, they are entitled to use texts with accurate meaning. This fact justifies the reflective interventions and changes that are being continually made in the historical existence of texts.
{"title":"Textual Invention and Quotation","authors":"P. Vitez","doi":"10.4312/ars.13.1.33-48","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4312/ars.13.1.33-48","url":null,"abstract":"The development of linguistic competence allows a greater access to linguistic knowledge and control of its actual use. Linguistic competence is built on the capacity of manipulating systemic rules and units (grammar), and it is in a speaker’s vital interest that the system remains stable, i.e. unchanged, to ensure his communicative efficiency. But the competence is no less constructed based on perceiving and reproducing texts that the speaker has acquired in order to possess them, as it is said, “by heart”. These texts belong, as does systemic knowledge, to the general image of a speaker’s communicative abilities.By analogy to linguistic rules and forms, texts that a speaker is ready to quote at any moment of his linguistic activity are best used when they undergo no change, i.e. when they preserve their stability. Considering those texts as parts of their intimate and social identity, the speakers develop a specific attitude towards textual units known by heart in a way that, in their view, they are referred to as untouchable. Sacred texts, for instance. A prayer (e.g. The Lord’s Prayer) is a text of such kind. It is used in speakers’ everyday linguistic practice, gradually uttered in a uniform manner, quoted and requoted. The result of that specific communicational practice is the growing importance of the sole act of utterance rather than the speakers’ interest in its meaning. This is one of the reasons why speakers are justifiably reserved when it comes to changing this kind of text. A change interferes with the continuity of their practice, and is thus felt as a violation of their linguistic identity. But even when the speakers pay little attention to the content of what they are saying, they are entitled to use texts with accurate meaning. This fact justifies the reflective interventions and changes that are being continually made in the historical existence of texts.","PeriodicalId":40773,"journal":{"name":"Ars & Humanitas","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2019-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42001160","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The basis of the scientific investigation are 83 military letters and postcards, a diary, and Franz Buchwald’s memories of World War II. The classification of military letters and other sources constitutes the scientific significance of these documents. The survey questions the culturally and socially political acts as well as intertextual and trans-textual procedures. Understanding of literature as the subject of a culturally scientific survey is a priority, as well as its influence on the emergence of military letters. The clarification of the cultural memory of Franz Buchwald, a soldier of the Wehrmacht [high forces], serves as an indicator for the preservation of moral principles and values during the war, but also as one for the discords that arose in this context. A key issue is the importance of the educational conditions of growing up during the war. Relevant topics are education, the church, and the literary canon. Examples from the military letters sketch the establishment of the national language in terms of theology, and address the issue of nationality and identity.
{"title":"Reciprocity of Individual and Collective Memory. Letters from a Soldier of the Wehrmacht of the Second World War","authors":"Sabine Buchwald","doi":"10.4312/ars.13.1.65-77","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4312/ars.13.1.65-77","url":null,"abstract":"The basis of the scientific investigation are 83 military letters and postcards, a diary, and Franz Buchwald’s memories of World War II. The classification of military letters and other sources constitutes the scientific significance of these documents. The survey questions the culturally and socially political acts as well as intertextual and trans-textual procedures. Understanding of literature as the subject of a culturally scientific survey is a priority, as well as its influence on the emergence of military letters. The clarification of the cultural memory of Franz Buchwald, a soldier of the Wehrmacht [high forces], serves as an indicator for the preservation of moral principles and values during the war, but also as one for the discords that arose in this context. A key issue is the importance of the educational conditions of growing up during the war. Relevant topics are education, the church, and the literary canon. Examples from the military letters sketch the establishment of the national language in terms of theology, and address the issue of nationality and identity.","PeriodicalId":40773,"journal":{"name":"Ars & Humanitas","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2019-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43711695","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
V knjigi Memory in Early Modern Europe, 1500–1800 Judith Pollmann predstavlja izsledke, do katerih je pripeljal petletni raziskovalni projekt, osredotočen na spominske prakse v zgodnjem novem veku, ki ga je vodila. Kot izpostavlja v uvodnem poglavju, so se te kot raziskovalno področje pojavile sorazmerno pozno, čemur so botrovali različni vzroki, najpomembnejši med njimi pa je bil prav gotovo neukvarjanje zgodovinarjev z vizualnimi viri, materialno kulturo in literaturo. Šele ob pritegnitvi tovrstnih zgodovinskih virov se je jasno izrisala vseprisotnost najrazličnejših sredstev prenosa spomina v tem obdobju, s čimer se je odprla tudi pot za njegovo raziskovanje (str. 6). Prvi cilj njene knjige je, kot pravi, pokazati, kaj so dosedanje raziskave pokazale o spominu v zgodnjem novem veku, še posebej vzorce in trende, ki presegajo lokalne, regionalne in nacionalne okvire. Vendar pa naj bi ta služil drugemu, verjetno še pomembnejšemu cilju, namreč vzpodbuditi prepotrebno razpravo med dvema skupinama raziskovalcev – tistimi, ki se ukvarjajo s preučevanjem spominskih praks v obdobju pred letom 1800, in onimi, ki se ukvarjajo z njihovim raziskovanjem v obdobju po letu 1800 (str. 7). Razprava je toliko bolj nujna zaradi še vedno bolj ali manj ustaljenega prepričanja, da je začetek 19. stoletja prinesel bistveno spremembo v načinih, kako so Evropejci doživljali preteklost. Judith Pollmann želi prav s to knjigo pokazati, da je v tem času do nekaterih sprememb v spominskih praksah sicer res prišlo, vendar pa niso bile vse povezane z revolucijami, še manj pa so bile prežemajoče. Nasprotno, spreminjanje spominskih praks se kaže kot postopen proces, v okviru katerega nove prakse niso nadomestile starih, pač pa so se uveljavljale vzporedno z njimi (str. 2). Da bi uspešno osvetlila ta proces, avtorica obravnava najrazličnejša sredstva prenašanja spomina. Ker obravnava dolgo obdobje treh stoletij, si pri tem pomaga z izsledki številnih raziskav in objavljenimi viri (str. 15), ki jih smiselno povezuje z lastnimi.
朱迪斯·波尔曼（Judith Pollmann）在《1500–1800年欧洲现代早期的记忆》（Memory In Early Modern Europe，1500–1800）一书中介绍了她领导的一个为期五年的研究项目的发现，该项目专注于新时代早期的记忆实践。正如引言一章所指出的，这些作为一个研究领域出现得相对较晚，原因多种多样，其中最重要的原因当然是缺乏具有视觉资源、物质文化和文学的历史学家的关注。正是通过吸引这样的历史来源，才清楚地勾勒出这一时期各种记忆转移手段的无所不在，从而为其探索开辟了道路（第6页）。正如她所说，这本书的第一个目标是展示之前关于新时代早期记忆的研究，特别是超越地方、地区和国家背景的模式和趋势。然而，这有助于实现另一个可能更重要的目标，即激发两组研究人员之间急需的辩论——1800年之前从事纪念实践研究的研究人员和1800年之后从事研究的研究者（第7页）。这场辩论更加必要，因为人们或多或少都相信，开始是19岁。欧洲人经历过去的方式。Judith Pollmann想通过这本书表明，虽然记忆实践中确实发生了一些变化，但它们并不都与革命有关，更不用说普遍性了。相反，改变记忆实践是一个渐进的过程，在这个过程中，新的实践并没有取代旧的实践，而是与之并行建立的（第2页）。为了成功地阐明这一过程，作者讨论了各种传递记忆的方法。由于它涉及三个世纪的漫长时期，它有助于获得大量研究和出版资料的结果（第15页），这些研究和资料与它自己的研究和出版有逻辑联系。
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