No Abstract. African Safety Promotion: A Journal of Injury and Violence Prevention Vol. 4 (2) 2006: 120-136
没有抽象的。非洲安全促进:伤害和暴力预防杂志Vol. 4 (2) 2006: 120-136
{"title":"Youth violence in Latin America: A framework for action","authors":"M. Maddaleno, A. Concha-Eastman, Sara Marques","doi":"10.4314/ASP.V4I2.31597","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/ASP.V4I2.31597","url":null,"abstract":"No Abstract. African Safety Promotion: A Journal of Injury and Violence Prevention Vol. 4 (2) 2006: 120-136","PeriodicalId":41085,"journal":{"name":"African Safety Promotion","volume":"105 1","pages":"120-136"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-01-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79022995","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The sheer scale of the tsunami emergency of 26 December 2004 and the disasters caused by natural hazards in 2005 have brought into focus many issues relating to effective disaster management in responding to disasters. Disasters wipe out development progress. They take the highest toll in the poorest and least protected communities, particularly in countries of low human development where hard-won development is quickly destroyed by the impact of disasters. Too often, inappropriate development patterns and inadequate disaster mitigation continue to increase the vulnerability of the environment, infrastructure and people.
{"title":"Disaster management in a global world: tensions, contradictions and imperatives from the Red Cross and Red Crescent perspective","authors":"Mandisa Kalako-Williams","doi":"10.4314/ASP.V4I1.31576","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/ASP.V4I1.31576","url":null,"abstract":"The sheer scale of the tsunami emergency of 26 December 2004 and the disasters caused by \u0000natural hazards in 2005 have brought into focus many issues relating to effective disaster \u0000management in responding to disasters. Disasters wipe out development progress. They take the \u0000highest toll in the poorest and least protected communities, particularly in countries of low human \u0000development where hard-won development is quickly destroyed by the impact of disasters. Too often, \u0000inappropriate development patterns and inadequate disaster mitigation continue to increase the \u0000vulnerability of the environment, infrastructure and people.","PeriodicalId":41085,"journal":{"name":"African Safety Promotion","volume":"1 1","pages":"150-166"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75312363","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Traffic accidents are a major public health problem, causing about 1.2 million deaths and 50 million injuries per year in the world, with a global cost of about US$ 500 billion (WHO, 2004). An estimated 85% of fatalities and 90% of the annual disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) occur in low-income and middle-income countries. The number of traffic fatalities in less developed countries in 2000 (613, 000) is estimated to rise by almost 100% by 2020 (to 1, 2 million fatalities) (WHO, 2004). Although human behaviour and road and vehicular characteristics are important factors, the way the built and travelling environments have been organised in developing countries plays a major role in traffic accidents and fatalities. The irresponsible, socially unacceptable way that travelling environments have been adapted for the increased use ofmotorised means, make them inherently dangerous for the majority of the population, and especially for those who are most vulnerable namely, pedestrians and cyclists. The failure to acknowledge the importance of the built environment, along with a persistent attempt at explaining accidents as just 'behaviour' faults, leads to faulty conclusions about the nature of the problem, and hence to less-than-optimal policy proposals, based solely on a small set of "technical" or "enforcement" measures. Alternative approaches would need to, firstly, acknowledge the crucial role of the travelling environment in directly affecting the nature of traffic conflicts and the probability of traffic accidents. Secondly, appropriate tools need to be developed, to analyse both current conditions and to propose new, safer travelling environments, where priority is given to the majority of users, and to the most vulnerable.
{"title":"Equity social differentiation, transport policy and road design","authors":"E. Vasconcellos","doi":"10.4314/asp.v4i1.31575","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/asp.v4i1.31575","url":null,"abstract":"Traffic accidents are a major public health problem, causing about 1.2 million deaths and 50 million \u0000injuries per year in the world, with a global cost of about US$ 500 billion (WHO, 2004). An estimated \u000085% of fatalities and 90% of the annual disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) occur in low-income \u0000and middle-income countries. The number of traffic fatalities in less developed countries in 2000 \u0000(613, 000) is estimated to rise by almost 100% by 2020 (to 1, 2 million fatalities) (WHO, 2004). \u0000Although human behaviour and road and vehicular characteristics are important factors, the way the \u0000built and travelling environments have been organised in developing countries plays a major role in \u0000traffic accidents and fatalities. The irresponsible, socially unacceptable way that travelling \u0000environments have been adapted for the increased use ofmotorised means, make them inherently \u0000dangerous for the majority of the population, and especially for those who are most vulnerable \u0000namely, pedestrians and cyclists. The failure to acknowledge the importance of the built environment, \u0000along with a persistent attempt at explaining accidents as just 'behaviour' faults, leads to faulty \u0000conclusions about the nature of the problem, and hence to less-than-optimal policy proposals, based \u0000solely on a small set of \"technical\" or \"enforcement\" measures. Alternative approaches would need \u0000to, firstly, acknowledge the crucial role of the travelling environment in directly affecting the nature of \u0000traffic conflicts and the probability of traffic accidents. Secondly, appropriate tools need to be \u0000developed, to analyse both current conditions and to propose new, safer travelling environments, \u0000where priority is given to the majority of users, and to the most vulnerable.","PeriodicalId":41085,"journal":{"name":"African Safety Promotion","volume":"1 1","pages":"52-69"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89276677","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Editorial Data to action: intersecting spaces, diversity and social action","authors":"Richard Ahmed, R. Ahmed, S. Suffla","doi":"10.4314/ASP.V4I1.31569","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/ASP.V4I1.31569","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":41085,"journal":{"name":"African Safety Promotion","volume":"141 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80059318","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This account is the outcome of an independent investigation into the burning of a coach of the Sabarmati Express in February 2002 in Northwest India. In this fire, 59 occupants were charred to death and the initial official reports suggested that some arsonists deliberately burnt the coach. The propagation of this information and associated events resulted in large-scale violence in the state of Gujarat in India when over one thousand citizens lost their lives. This paper presents the results of a study done two years later using all the epidemiological tools available and shows that earlier reports are probably wrong and how scientific investigations can help in preserving community harmony. Epidemiological methods can be used to reconstruct events in a more reliable way than hearsay and anecdotal techniques used by laypersons. The results of the indicate that: (i) It is highly unlikely that the fire could have started on the aisle floor outside the toilet by throwing of inflammable fluid (as claimed in official reports). (ii) The resultant dense and high temperature smoke spread along the ceiling of the carriage and eventually resulted in a flashover when the fire engulfed the entire coach. (iii) Over a hundred passengers attempted to escape through a narrow exit away from the fire. Those who were not overcome by the toxic fumes of the fire could get away. The rest probably became unconscious before they could escape and were subjected to dense and toxic fumes and radiative heat, resulting in asphyxiation and death.
{"title":"Use of epidemiology in the public space: Reconstruction of a train fire in India","authors":"D. Mohan, A. Roy, S. Kale, S. Chakravarty","doi":"10.4314/ASP.V4I1.31583","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/ASP.V4I1.31583","url":null,"abstract":"This account is the outcome of an independent investigation into the burning of a coach of the Sabarmati Express in February 2002 in Northwest India. In this fire, 59 occupants were charred to death and the initial official reports suggested that some arsonists deliberately burnt the coach. The propagation of this information and associated events resulted in large-scale violence in the state of Gujarat in India when over one thousand citizens lost their lives. This paper presents the results of a study done two years later using all the epidemiological tools available and shows that earlier reports are probably wrong and how scientific investigations can help in preserving community harmony. Epidemiological methods can be used to reconstruct events in a more reliable way than hearsay and anecdotal techniques used by laypersons. The results of the indicate that: (i) It is highly unlikely that the fire could have started on the aisle floor outside the toilet by throwing of inflammable fluid (as claimed in official reports). (ii) The resultant dense and high temperature smoke spread along the ceiling of the carriage and eventually resulted in a flashover when the fire engulfed the entire coach. (iii) Over a hundred passengers attempted to escape through a narrow exit away from the fire. Those who were not overcome by the toxic fumes of the fire could get away. The rest probably became unconscious before they could escape and were subjected to dense and toxic fumes and radiative heat, resulting in asphyxiation and death.","PeriodicalId":41085,"journal":{"name":"African Safety Promotion","volume":"249 1","pages":"130-139"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83493915","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The science of tobacco control can serve as a blueprint for action in injury prevention, obesity, and other public health issues. This paper reviews the lessons learned by health advocates in working to produce meaningful policy change on tobacco. By the late 1950s, it became apparent that tobacco control had to move beyond the traditional methods, namely education and treatment to focus on broader environmental factors that affect the whole population in order to influence individual behaviour. The availability, affordability and social acceptability of a drug are major determinants of use. So health advocates tried to change the environment to make 'healthy choices easy choices, and unhealthy choices more difficult." Increasing the tax on tobacco products, restricting smoking in public places and banning tobacco advertising helped reduce the affordability and acceptability of tobacco and yielded significant declines in usage. So following work in the tobacco control arena it is clear that policy and legislative change are contingent on providing politicians with answers to three questions: (1) Why is there a need for action; (2) What interventions work and; (3) What are the social and economic costs? If clear health benefits can be realised at a reasonable cost, decisionmakers will usually support health legislation.
{"title":"Data translation: what can injury prevention and safety promotion learn from the tobacco control data-policy nexus?","authors":"Y. Saloojee","doi":"10.4314/ASP.V4I1.31577","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/ASP.V4I1.31577","url":null,"abstract":"The science of tobacco control can serve as a blueprint for action in injury prevention, obesity, and \u0000other public health issues. This paper reviews the lessons learned by health advocates in working to \u0000produce meaningful policy change on tobacco. By the late 1950s, it became apparent that tobacco \u0000control had to move beyond the traditional methods, namely education and treatment to focus on \u0000broader environmental factors that affect the whole population in order to influence individual \u0000behaviour. The availability, affordability and social acceptability of a drug are major determinants of \u0000use. So health advocates tried to change the environment to make 'healthy choices easy choices, \u0000and unhealthy choices more difficult.\" Increasing the tax on tobacco products, restricting smoking in \u0000public places and banning tobacco advertising helped reduce the affordability and acceptability of \u0000tobacco and yielded significant declines in usage. So following work in the tobacco control arena it is \u0000clear that policy and legislative change are contingent on providing politicians with answers to three \u0000questions: (1) Why is there a need for action; (2) What interventions work and; (3) What are the \u0000social and economic costs? If clear health benefits can be realised at a reasonable cost, decisionmakers \u0000will usually support health legislation.","PeriodicalId":41085,"journal":{"name":"African Safety Promotion","volume":"87 1","pages":"70-76"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77464962","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
D. Alexe, I. Skalkidis, K. Petroulaki, E. Petridou
{"title":"Delphi technique as a tool in assessing injury priorities and actions for injury prevention in the European Union","authors":"D. Alexe, I. Skalkidis, K. Petroulaki, E. Petridou","doi":"10.4314/ASP.V4I1.31582","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/ASP.V4I1.31582","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":41085,"journal":{"name":"African Safety Promotion","volume":"2 1","pages":"119-129"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89180409","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Safety is a much wider concept than the absence of injury, in the same way that health is much wider than the absence of disease. The fundamental idea behind developing a Safe Community is to address all kinds of safety and prevent injuries in all areas, encompassing all ages, environments and situations, and involving both non-governmental and governmental community sectors. The tasks of society (including the state) have become more complex, and the size of polities larger and more heterogeneous. The institutional forms of liberal democracy developed in the nineteenth century - representative democracy plus tech no-bureaucratic administration - seem increasingly ill-suited for the novel problems we face. Injury prevention still relies on those institutional forms. (term-accident-vs-injury)
{"title":"Safe communities and injury prevention: convergence in a global quest or an experiment in \"Empowered deliberative democracy\"?","authors":"L. Svanström","doi":"10.4314/ASP.V4I1.31578","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/ASP.V4I1.31578","url":null,"abstract":"Safety is a much wider concept than the absence of injury, in the same way that health is much wider than the absence of disease. The fundamental idea behind developing a Safe Community is to address all kinds of safety and prevent injuries in all areas, encompassing all ages, environments and situations, and involving both non-governmental and governmental community sectors. The tasks of society (including the state) have become more complex, and the size of polities larger and more heterogeneous. The institutional forms of liberal democracy developed in the nineteenth century - representative democracy plus tech no-bureaucratic administration - seem increasingly ill-suited for the novel problems we face. Injury prevention still relies on those institutional forms. (term-accident-vs-injury)","PeriodicalId":41085,"journal":{"name":"African Safety Promotion","volume":"34 1","pages":"77-86"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78658396","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
An effective injury surveillance system (ISS) allows timely detection and proactive interventions against new injury problems, in keeping with the motto - "From Data to Action". Resource limitation is the biggest challenge to implementing an ISS, when data utility must be considered as well as resource consumption. Surveillance of fatal injuries is inexpensive, but data is untimely, incomplete, and limited for assessing burden. Surveillance of injury admissions is more expensive, but data is influenced by admission policy. Emergency Room surveillance permits surveillance of slight, to severe injuries. The latter two are influenced by institutional access, and there is the tendency to weigh all injuries equally. Another challenge is what data is to be captured. The International Classification of External Cause of Injuries (ICECI), provides for the use of data sets, with varying levels of detail, from minimum (for use where resources are severely constrained) to full, but ensuring that data is standardised and comparable. Implementation challenges are lack of capacity, resistance to a new operation, and fear of increased workload. These may be overcome by sensitisation, training, and a pilot. Demonstrated utility of the data through reports, applications to situations other than health (e.g. police GIS mapping), and interactions with other sectors, generates a demand for the data and contributes greatly to a sustainable ISS, as does integration into an existing system. Documented procedures, periodic revision and trained trainers on-site, address the problem of staff mobility, a problem in low and middle income countries. Common to successful ISSs, whatever the location, are: a coordinator / advocate, sensitization / training, succession strategies, frequent feedback, constant monitoring and periodic evaluations, and utilisation of the data.
{"title":"Injury surveillance systems in low and middle income countries (LMIC) : challenges, prospects and lessons","authors":"Y. Holder","doi":"10.4314/ASP.V4I1.31581","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/ASP.V4I1.31581","url":null,"abstract":"An effective injury surveillance system (ISS) allows timely detection and proactive interventions against new injury problems, in keeping with the motto - \"From Data to Action\". Resource limitation is the biggest challenge to implementing an ISS, when data utility must be considered as well as resource consumption. Surveillance of fatal injuries is inexpensive, but data is untimely, incomplete, and limited for assessing burden. Surveillance of injury admissions is more expensive, but data is influenced by admission policy. Emergency Room surveillance permits surveillance of slight, to severe injuries. The latter two are influenced by institutional access, and there is the tendency to weigh all injuries equally. Another challenge is what data is to be captured. The International Classification of External Cause of Injuries (ICECI), provides for the use of data sets, with varying levels of detail, from minimum (for use where resources are severely constrained) to full, but ensuring that data is standardised and comparable. Implementation challenges are lack of capacity, resistance to a new operation, and fear of increased workload. These may be overcome by sensitisation, training, and a pilot. Demonstrated utility of the data through reports, applications to situations other than health (e.g. police GIS mapping), and interactions with other sectors, generates a demand for the data and contributes greatly to a sustainable ISS, as does integration into an existing system. Documented procedures, periodic revision and trained trainers on-site, address the problem of staff mobility, a problem in low and middle income countries. Common to successful ISSs, whatever the location, are: a coordinator / advocate, sensitization / training, succession strategies, frequent feedback, constant monitoring and periodic evaluations, and utilisation of the data.","PeriodicalId":41085,"journal":{"name":"African Safety Promotion","volume":"18 1","pages":"109-118"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88588100","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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