Pub Date : 2022-11-01DOI: 10.1016/j.pecs.2022.101041
Hai Wang , Christof Schulz
{"title":"Norman Chigier (1933 – 2022)","authors":"Hai Wang , Christof Schulz","doi":"10.1016/j.pecs.2022.101041","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pecs.2022.101041","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":410,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Energy and Combustion Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":29.5,"publicationDate":"2022-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"3137478","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-01DOI: 10.1016/j.pecs.2022.101022
Ningbo Gao , Fengchao Wang , Cui Quan , Laura Santamaria , Gartzen Lopez , Paul T. Williams
Waste tires are solid wastes with large annual output and with the potential for great harm to the environment. The pyrolysis of waste tires can recycle energy and produce reusable products. Although there are many reviews in the literature in regard to the pyrolysis characteristics of waste tires, no one paper focuses on reviewing and summarizing the tire char. This paper critically appraises the achievements of earlier reports and literature and assesses the current state-of-the-art for the production and application of tire char from waste tires. Initially, the thermal decomposition behavior of different tire rubbers is discussed and compared where it is shown that the different components of waste tire rubber have different thermal degradation characteristics. The influencing factors on the yield and quality of tire char are discussed and assessed in terms of different pyrolysis reactors and technologies, tire type and composition, and a range of pyrolysis process conditions. The composition of the waste tire and pyrolysis conditions are the main factors affecting the distribution of pyrolysis products. Pyrolysis technology and reactor equipment also have an effect on the distribution of pyrolysis products. The physical and chemical structural characteristics of tire char are critically reviewed in detail, including a comparison of the fundamental differences with commercial carbon black and modified tire char (physical activation and chemical activation). Finally, high-value application fields and developmental prospects of tire char are summarized. Through extensive literature review, a novel development was that tire char could be used as a source of graphene. The economic analysis of the various tire char applications should be one of the main research directions in the future. The keynote of this review is to promote intensification of waste tire recycling and treatment so that more tire char can be obtained from waste tire pyrolysis and thereby be reused in different applications to obtain more value.
{"title":"Tire pyrolysis char: Processes, properties, upgrading and applications","authors":"Ningbo Gao , Fengchao Wang , Cui Quan , Laura Santamaria , Gartzen Lopez , Paul T. Williams","doi":"10.1016/j.pecs.2022.101022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pecs.2022.101022","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Waste tires are solid wastes with large annual output and with the potential for great harm to the environment. The pyrolysis of waste tires can recycle energy and produce reusable products. Although there are many reviews in the literature in regard to the pyrolysis characteristics of waste tires, no one paper focuses on reviewing and summarizing the tire char. This paper critically appraises the achievements of earlier reports and literature and assesses the current state-of-the-art for the production and application of tire char from waste tires. Initially, the thermal decomposition behavior of different tire rubbers is discussed and compared where it is shown that the different components of waste tire rubber have different thermal degradation characteristics. The influencing factors on the yield and quality of tire char are discussed and assessed in terms of different pyrolysis reactors and technologies, tire type and composition, and a range of pyrolysis process conditions. The composition of the waste tire and pyrolysis conditions are the main factors affecting the distribution of pyrolysis products. Pyrolysis technology and reactor equipment also have an effect on the distribution of pyrolysis products. The physical and chemical structural characteristics of tire char are critically reviewed in detail, including a comparison of the fundamental differences with commercial carbon black and modified tire char (physical activation and chemical activation). Finally, high-value application fields and developmental prospects of tire char are summarized. Through extensive literature review, a novel development was that tire char could be used as a source of graphene. The economic analysis of the various tire char applications should be one of the main research directions in the future. The keynote of this review is to promote intensification of waste tire recycling and treatment so that more tire char can be obtained from waste tire pyrolysis and thereby be reused in different applications to obtain more value.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":410,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Energy and Combustion Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":29.5,"publicationDate":"2022-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"1867848","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-31DOI: 10.1088/2516-1083/ac9eff
F. Wahid, Sajjad Ali, Pir Muhammad Ismail, F. Raziq, Sharafat Ali, Jiabao Yi, Liang Qiao
With the increase of energy crisis and greenhouse effect, the development of new photocatalytic systems with efficient solar-driven fuels/chemicals production is of great practical and scientific importance. In this scenario, single atom photocatalytic (SAP) systems are considered a significant breakthrough in the development of heterogeneous photocatalysis due to their superior catalytic efficiency, large surface area, and high atomic utilization. SAPs are consisting of isolated single atoms (SAs) distributed on/or coordinated with surface atoms of a suitable support. The anchoring of SAs on 2D substrates endows the developed SAPs with excellent properties, including high loading, uniform coordination, high light harvesting capability, and enhanced photocatalytic activities. Recently, many 2D substrates, including carbon materials, MXenes, and transition metal chalcogenides, have been used to anchor metal SAs for different photocatalytic applications. This review systematically discusses SAPs and the confining of metal SAs on 2D supports. Moreover, this review highlights the recent advances of SAPs for energy conversion, the existing challenges, and future perspectives. We expect that this review will offer some ideas for the future discovery of novel photocatalytic systems.
{"title":"Metal single atom doped 2D materials for photocatalysis: current status and future perspectives","authors":"F. Wahid, Sajjad Ali, Pir Muhammad Ismail, F. Raziq, Sharafat Ali, Jiabao Yi, Liang Qiao","doi":"10.1088/2516-1083/ac9eff","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/2516-1083/ac9eff","url":null,"abstract":"With the increase of energy crisis and greenhouse effect, the development of new photocatalytic systems with efficient solar-driven fuels/chemicals production is of great practical and scientific importance. In this scenario, single atom photocatalytic (SAP) systems are considered a significant breakthrough in the development of heterogeneous photocatalysis due to their superior catalytic efficiency, large surface area, and high atomic utilization. SAPs are consisting of isolated single atoms (SAs) distributed on/or coordinated with surface atoms of a suitable support. The anchoring of SAs on 2D substrates endows the developed SAPs with excellent properties, including high loading, uniform coordination, high light harvesting capability, and enhanced photocatalytic activities. Recently, many 2D substrates, including carbon materials, MXenes, and transition metal chalcogenides, have been used to anchor metal SAs for different photocatalytic applications. This review systematically discusses SAPs and the confining of metal SAs on 2D supports. Moreover, this review highlights the recent advances of SAPs for energy conversion, the existing challenges, and future perspectives. We expect that this review will offer some ideas for the future discovery of novel photocatalytic systems.","PeriodicalId":410,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Energy and Combustion Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":29.5,"publicationDate":"2022-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80303062","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-13DOI: 10.1088/2516-1083/ac9a33
O. Kunz, Jan Schlipf, Andreas Fladung, Y. S. Khoo, K. Bedrich, T. Trupke, Z. Hameiri
Solar photovoltaic (PV) installations have increased exponentially over the last decade and are now at a stage where they provide humanity with the greatest opportunity to mitigate accelerating climate change. For the continued growth and success of PV energy the reliable inspection of solar power plants is an important requirement. This ensures the installations are of high quality, safe to operate, and produce the maximum possible power for the longest possible plant life. Outdoor luminescence imaging of field-deployed PV modules provides module image data with unparalleled fidelity and is therefore the gold standard for assessing the quality, defect types, and degradation state of field-deployed PV modules. Several luminescence imaging methods have been developed and some of them are already routinely used to inspect solar power plants. The preferred luminescence inspection method to be used depends on the required image resolution, the defect types that need to be identified, cost, inspection throughput, technological readiness, and other factors. Due to the rich and detailed information provided by luminescence imaging measurements and modern image analysis methods, luminescence imaging is becoming an increasingly important tool for PV module quality assurance in PV power plants. Outdoor luminescence imaging can make valuable contributions to the commissioning, operation, and assessment of solar power plants prior to a change of ownership or after severe weather events. Another increasingly important use of these technologies is the cost-effective end-of-life assessment of solar modules to enable a sustainable circular economy.
{"title":"Outdoor luminescence imaging of field-deployed PV modules","authors":"O. Kunz, Jan Schlipf, Andreas Fladung, Y. S. Khoo, K. Bedrich, T. Trupke, Z. Hameiri","doi":"10.1088/2516-1083/ac9a33","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/2516-1083/ac9a33","url":null,"abstract":"Solar photovoltaic (PV) installations have increased exponentially over the last decade and are now at a stage where they provide humanity with the greatest opportunity to mitigate accelerating climate change. For the continued growth and success of PV energy the reliable inspection of solar power plants is an important requirement. This ensures the installations are of high quality, safe to operate, and produce the maximum possible power for the longest possible plant life. Outdoor luminescence imaging of field-deployed PV modules provides module image data with unparalleled fidelity and is therefore the gold standard for assessing the quality, defect types, and degradation state of field-deployed PV modules. Several luminescence imaging methods have been developed and some of them are already routinely used to inspect solar power plants. The preferred luminescence inspection method to be used depends on the required image resolution, the defect types that need to be identified, cost, inspection throughput, technological readiness, and other factors. Due to the rich and detailed information provided by luminescence imaging measurements and modern image analysis methods, luminescence imaging is becoming an increasingly important tool for PV module quality assurance in PV power plants. Outdoor luminescence imaging can make valuable contributions to the commissioning, operation, and assessment of solar power plants prior to a change of ownership or after severe weather events. Another increasingly important use of these technologies is the cost-effective end-of-life assessment of solar modules to enable a sustainable circular economy.","PeriodicalId":410,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Energy and Combustion Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":29.5,"publicationDate":"2022-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83296958","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-01DOI: 10.1016/j.pecs.2022.101023
Santosh K. Tiwari , Michał Bystrzejewski , Amrita De Adhikari , Andrzej Huczko , Nannan Wang
Herein, we deliberate the recent progress and innovative modifications which were carried out during the last ten years as commonly employed methods for the conversion of biomass and related feedstocks into carbon nanosystems. Several highlighted methods are described in individual sections comprising: the type of nanomaterial processing, experimental conditions and factors affecting the yield and the characteristics of the final product. We have reconnoitred the applicability of specific feedstocks, advantages and drawbacks of the methods used for the conversion of biomass waste. A remarkable focus has been made to explore synthesis of graphene and graphene-like porous materials (with specific surface area greater than 1000 m2 g−1) which were derived from biomass. Their prospective applications dedicated to smart materials and cutting-edge technologies are also described in each section. To maintain the readability and cover the previous stimulating works on carbon nanomaterials derived from biomass, the first section of this review recaps the present status of carbon nanomaterials derived from biomass and related precursors, chiefly for the application in electrochemical devices, catalysis, sensing, absorbent along with an ample bibliography for further reading. We believe that vast scientific data in this state-of-the-art, simple explanations with schematic diagrams and key future challenges will provide a solid platform to readers about the update in carbon materials derived from biomass waste.
{"title":"Methods for the conversion of biomass waste into value-added carbon nanomaterials: Recent progress and applications","authors":"Santosh K. Tiwari , Michał Bystrzejewski , Amrita De Adhikari , Andrzej Huczko , Nannan Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.pecs.2022.101023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pecs.2022.101023","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Herein, we deliberate the recent progress and innovative modifications which were carried out during the last ten years as commonly employed methods for the conversion of biomass and related feedstocks into carbon nanosystems. Several highlighted methods are described in individual sections comprising: the type of nanomaterial processing, experimental conditions and factors affecting the yield and the characteristics of the final product. We have reconnoitred the applicability of specific feedstocks, advantages and drawbacks of the methods used for the conversion of biomass waste. A remarkable focus has been made to explore synthesis of graphene and graphene-like porous materials (with specific surface area greater than 1000 m<sup>2</sup> g<sup>−1</sup>) which were derived from biomass. Their prospective applications dedicated to smart materials and cutting-edge technologies are also described in each section. To maintain the readability and cover the previous stimulating works on carbon nanomaterials derived from biomass, the first section of this review recaps the present status of carbon nanomaterials derived from biomass and related precursors, chiefly for the application in electrochemical devices, catalysis, sensing, absorbent along with an ample bibliography for further reading. We believe that vast scientific data in this state-of-the-art, simple explanations with schematic diagrams and key future challenges will provide a solid platform to readers about the update in carbon materials derived from biomass waste.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":410,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Energy and Combustion Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":29.5,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"1634641","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Cyclic Ethers (CEs) belong to a class of compounds of importance to understand the chemistry of both the engine auto-ignition of hydrocarbon fuels and the combustion of oxygenated biofuels. This article, divided in six parts, aims at systematically analyzing how up-to-date experimental and theoretical methods were applied to unveil the gas-phase oxidation chemistry of these compounds. The first part gives a brief overview on the significance of CEs as intermediates formed during alkane low-temperature oxidation summarizing its generally accepted chemical mechanism. This part also addresses the role of CEs as potential biofuels derived from lignocellulosic biomass and discusses the production methods of these molecules and their combustion performances in engine. The second part presents the different theoretical methods dedicated to calculate the electronic structure, thermochemical and kinetic data of CEs. The third part introduces the experimental methods used in studies related to CEs with a special focus on mass spectrometry and gas chromatography. The fourth part reviews the experimental and modeling studies related to CE formation during the low-temperature oxidation of linear, branched, cyclic alkanes, alkylbenzenes, olefins, and oxygenated fuels. The fifth part analyses the published work concerning the CE degradation chemistry and highlights the dominant involved reactions. To finish, the sixth part concludes and proposes future research directions.
{"title":"Chemical kinetics of cyclic ethers in combustion","authors":"Luc-Sy Tran , Olivier Herbinet , Hans-Heinrich Carstensen , Frédérique Battin-Leclerc","doi":"10.1016/j.pecs.2022.101019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pecs.2022.101019","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span>Cyclic Ethers (CEs) belong to a class of compounds of importance to understand the chemistry of both the engine auto-ignition of hydrocarbon fuels and the combustion of oxygenated biofuels. This article, divided in six parts, aims at systematically analyzing how up-to-date experimental and theoretical methods were applied to unveil the gas-phase oxidation chemistry of these compounds</span><em>.</em><span><span> The first part gives a brief overview on the significance of CEs as intermediates formed during alkane low-temperature oxidation summarizing its generally accepted chemical mechanism. This part also addresses the role of CEs as potential biofuels derived from lignocellulosic biomass<span> and discusses the production methods of these molecules and their combustion performances in engine. The second part presents the different theoretical methods dedicated to calculate the electronic structure, thermochemical and kinetic data of CEs. The third part introduces the experimental methods used in studies related to CEs with a special focus on mass spectrometry and </span></span>gas chromatography<span>. The fourth part reviews the experimental and modeling studies related to CE formation during the low-temperature oxidation of linear, branched, cyclic alkanes, alkylbenzenes, olefins, and oxygenated fuels. The fifth part analyses the published work concerning the CE degradation chemistry and highlights the dominant involved reactions. To finish, the sixth part concludes and proposes future research directions.</span></span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":410,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Energy and Combustion Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":29.5,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"1752267","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-26DOI: 10.1088/2516-1083/ac8d44
Linda Zhang, M. Allendorf, R. Balderas-Xicohténcatl, D. Broom, G. Fanourgakis, G. Froudakis, T. Gennett, K. Hurst, Sanliang Ling, C. Milanese, P. Parilla, D. Pontiroli, M. Riccò, S. Shulda, V. Stavila, T. Steriotis, C. J. Webb, M. Witman, M. Hirscher
Physisorption of hydrogen in nanoporous materials offers an efficient and competitive alternative for hydrogen storage. At low temperatures (e.g. 77 K) and moderate pressures (below 100 bar) molecular H2 adsorbs reversibly, with very fast kinetics, at high density on the inner surfaces of materials such as zeolites, activated carbons and metal–organic frameworks (MOFs). This review, by experts of Task 40 ‘Energy Storage and Conversion based on Hydrogen’ of the Hydrogen Technology Collaboration Programme of the International Energy Agency, covers the fundamentals of H2 adsorption in nanoporous materials and assessment of their storage performance. The discussion includes recent work on H2 adsorption at both low temperature and high pressure, new findings on the assessment of the hydrogen storage performance of materials, the correlation of volumetric and gravimetric H2 storage capacities, usable capacity, and optimum operating temperature. The application of neutron scattering as an ideal tool for characterising H2 adsorption is summarised and state-of-the-art computational methods, such as machine learning, are considered for the discovery of new MOFs for H2 storage applications, as well as the modelling of flexible porous networks for optimised H2 delivery. The discussion focuses moreover on additional important issues, such as sustainable materials synthesis and improved reproducibility of experimental H2 adsorption isotherm data by interlaboratory exercises and reference materials.
{"title":"Fundamentals of hydrogen storage in nanoporous materials","authors":"Linda Zhang, M. Allendorf, R. Balderas-Xicohténcatl, D. Broom, G. Fanourgakis, G. Froudakis, T. Gennett, K. Hurst, Sanliang Ling, C. Milanese, P. Parilla, D. Pontiroli, M. Riccò, S. Shulda, V. Stavila, T. Steriotis, C. J. Webb, M. Witman, M. Hirscher","doi":"10.1088/2516-1083/ac8d44","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/2516-1083/ac8d44","url":null,"abstract":"Physisorption of hydrogen in nanoporous materials offers an efficient and competitive alternative for hydrogen storage. At low temperatures (e.g. 77 K) and moderate pressures (below 100 bar) molecular H2 adsorbs reversibly, with very fast kinetics, at high density on the inner surfaces of materials such as zeolites, activated carbons and metal–organic frameworks (MOFs). This review, by experts of Task 40 ‘Energy Storage and Conversion based on Hydrogen’ of the Hydrogen Technology Collaboration Programme of the International Energy Agency, covers the fundamentals of H2 adsorption in nanoporous materials and assessment of their storage performance. The discussion includes recent work on H2 adsorption at both low temperature and high pressure, new findings on the assessment of the hydrogen storage performance of materials, the correlation of volumetric and gravimetric H2 storage capacities, usable capacity, and optimum operating temperature. The application of neutron scattering as an ideal tool for characterising H2 adsorption is summarised and state-of-the-art computational methods, such as machine learning, are considered for the discovery of new MOFs for H2 storage applications, as well as the modelling of flexible porous networks for optimised H2 delivery. The discussion focuses moreover on additional important issues, such as sustainable materials synthesis and improved reproducibility of experimental H2 adsorption isotherm data by interlaboratory exercises and reference materials.","PeriodicalId":410,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Energy and Combustion Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":29.5,"publicationDate":"2022-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73314824","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-25DOI: 10.1088/2516-1083/ac88b1
David Daniels, S. Yeh
Managing the transformation to a global low-carbon energy sector is challenging. Long-lived assets, large capital projects, and long lead times require multi-decadal transition plans. Of course, the end state of the energy system depends on the evolution of demands from energy-consuming sectors. This can perhaps best be illustrated in the changing relationship between energy supply and transportation energy demand. As the transport sector substitutes low-carbon fuels, including electricity, for fossil fuels, the locations of energy production and distribution supply chains are likely to shift. With different production processes for these fuels and different efficiencies of the vehicles that consume them, the energy intensity of transport is going to be different. Moreover, as transport begins to rely more on direct electrification, the temporal coupling of energy supply and transportation demand will tighten dramatically. While this coupling will provide some opportunities, such as vehicle-to-grid services, it will also present challenges to existing markets and traditional grid management strategies. Thus, effective management of the global energy transition requires a sensitivity to the simultaneous co-transformation in transportation. The papers in this collection illustrate the breadth of impacts on the energy sector from different ways the transport sector could plausibly evolve in a low-carbon future. Exactly how the transportation transformation will unfold remains to be seen, and it may evolve differently, and over different timelines, in different regions. Nevertheless, despite the
{"title":"Complexities in the energy-transport co-transformation","authors":"David Daniels, S. Yeh","doi":"10.1088/2516-1083/ac88b1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/2516-1083/ac88b1","url":null,"abstract":"Managing the transformation to a global low-carbon energy sector is challenging. Long-lived assets, large capital projects, and long lead times require multi-decadal transition plans. Of course, the end state of the energy system depends on the evolution of demands from energy-consuming sectors. This can perhaps best be illustrated in the changing relationship between energy supply and transportation energy demand. As the transport sector substitutes low-carbon fuels, including electricity, for fossil fuels, the locations of energy production and distribution supply chains are likely to shift. With different production processes for these fuels and different efficiencies of the vehicles that consume them, the energy intensity of transport is going to be different. Moreover, as transport begins to rely more on direct electrification, the temporal coupling of energy supply and transportation demand will tighten dramatically. While this coupling will provide some opportunities, such as vehicle-to-grid services, it will also present challenges to existing markets and traditional grid management strategies. Thus, effective management of the global energy transition requires a sensitivity to the simultaneous co-transformation in transportation. The papers in this collection illustrate the breadth of impacts on the energy sector from different ways the transport sector could plausibly evolve in a low-carbon future. Exactly how the transportation transformation will unfold remains to be seen, and it may evolve differently, and over different timelines, in different regions. Nevertheless, despite the","PeriodicalId":410,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Energy and Combustion Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":29.5,"publicationDate":"2022-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90449166","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-25DOI: 10.1088/2516-1083/ac8ccb
R. Nicholls-Lee, P. Thies, J. Dulieu‐Barton, G. Ólafsson, Rolf Hughes, A. Hernandez Arroyo, G. Xu, N. Cartlidge
Offshore renewable energy installations are moving into more challenging environments where fixed foundations are not economically viable, forcing the development of floating platforms. Subsea cables are critical for transfer of the power generated back to shore. The electrical capabilities of subsea cables are well understood; however, the structural capabilities are not, subsea power cable failures accounting for a significant proportion of insurance claims. Cables are challenging to repair, with specific vessels and good weather windows required, therefore making operations very costly. A good understanding of the internal structure of a subsea cable, and interaction between the layers, is integral to the development of robust and reliable, high voltage, dynamic, subsea cables. A requirement therefore exists for non-destructive examination (NDE) of live subsea cables to determine locations, and identify the causes, of faults and classify their type. An NDE framework such as this would assist in planning operations and reduce the risk and cost inherent to delivering offshore power. Improved understanding of subsea cable failure modes and mechanisms could also be achieved through us of NDE during onshore, dry, experimental testing. Three currently available NDE methods are considered, developed for use in other disciplines, for the purpose of structural monitoring of subsea power cables during onshore evaluation testing. The NDE methods were: (a) thermography, (b) eddy current testing (ECT), (c) spread spectrum time domain reflectometry (SSTDR). The methods are assessed with regards to the information that could be obtained from both a static and oscillating cable in pilot physical tests. The results of the testing were promising, with cable motions and interlayer movements being detected by all techniques to various degrees.
{"title":"Non-destructive examination (NDE) methods for dynamic subsea cables for offshore renewable energy","authors":"R. Nicholls-Lee, P. Thies, J. Dulieu‐Barton, G. Ólafsson, Rolf Hughes, A. Hernandez Arroyo, G. Xu, N. Cartlidge","doi":"10.1088/2516-1083/ac8ccb","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/2516-1083/ac8ccb","url":null,"abstract":"Offshore renewable energy installations are moving into more challenging environments where fixed foundations are not economically viable, forcing the development of floating platforms. Subsea cables are critical for transfer of the power generated back to shore. The electrical capabilities of subsea cables are well understood; however, the structural capabilities are not, subsea power cable failures accounting for a significant proportion of insurance claims. Cables are challenging to repair, with specific vessels and good weather windows required, therefore making operations very costly. A good understanding of the internal structure of a subsea cable, and interaction between the layers, is integral to the development of robust and reliable, high voltage, dynamic, subsea cables. A requirement therefore exists for non-destructive examination (NDE) of live subsea cables to determine locations, and identify the causes, of faults and classify their type. An NDE framework such as this would assist in planning operations and reduce the risk and cost inherent to delivering offshore power. Improved understanding of subsea cable failure modes and mechanisms could also be achieved through us of NDE during onshore, dry, experimental testing. Three currently available NDE methods are considered, developed for use in other disciplines, for the purpose of structural monitoring of subsea power cables during onshore evaluation testing. The NDE methods were: (a) thermography, (b) eddy current testing (ECT), (c) spread spectrum time domain reflectometry (SSTDR). The methods are assessed with regards to the information that could be obtained from both a static and oscillating cable in pilot physical tests. The results of the testing were promising, with cable motions and interlayer movements being detected by all techniques to various degrees.","PeriodicalId":410,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Energy and Combustion Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":29.5,"publicationDate":"2022-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81517213","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-23DOI: 10.1088/2516-1083/ac8c19
D. Greaves, S. Jin, P. Wong, David White, H. Jeffrey, B. Scott, Ross Wigg
This paper sets out the role of offshore renewable energy (ORE) in UK targets for Net Zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2050 and provides a review of the research challenges that face the sector as it grows to meet these targets. The research challenges are set out in a Research Landscape that was established by the ORE Supergen Hub following extensive consultation with the ORE community. The challenges are divided into eight themes, each challenge is described, and current progress is summarised. The progress of the ORE sector in recent years has seen huge cost reductions, which have encouraged the great ambition for the sector seen in UK Government targets. However, in order to meet these critical targets and achieve Net Zero, further innovations and novel technologies will be needed and at pace, driven forward by new research and innovation. The strategy of the Supergen ORE Hub in framing the research and innovation activities within a community-developed research landscape and working together across disciplines and with close collaboration between academia and industry is a necessary component in achieving the ambition of sustainable energy generation.
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