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Measure for Measure: Alberico Gentili, International Law, and the Reason of State. 《以牙还牙：阿尔贝里科·真蒂利、国际法和国家理性》。
IF 0.1 4区 社会学 Q4 HISTORY
Revue de Synthese
Pub Date : 2025-12-19 DOI: 10.1163/19552343-14234088
Valentina Vadi

In humanist political theory, the concept of reason of state mostly described a course of action that did not follow the usual criteria of law (iustum), but rather what was useful (utile). Nonetheless, a broader understanding of the reason of state considered a community's core values. Such common interests (ius status or ragion di stato) could be contrasted with, and balanced against, those of the international community (ius gentium or ragione delle genti). According to the latter view the reason of state did not abolish the rule of law but laid down the conditions for its application. It was not the expression of immoral politics. Rather, it indicated good state governance in order to preserve public safety (mantenere o conservare lo Stato). The article investigates the evolution of the concept of reason of state in humanist political theory and how Alberico Gentili (1552-1608), a religious refugee and Regius Professor at the University of Oxford, transplanted it from political theory into the law of nations.

在人文主义政治理论中，国家理性的概念主要描述的是一种不遵循通常的法律标准（iustum）的行动过程，而是有用的（无用的）。然而，对国家理性的更广泛理解考虑了社区的核心价值。这种共同利益（国际地位或国家区域）可以与国际社会的共同利益（国际地位或国家区域）进行对比和平衡。根据后一种观点，国家理性并没有废除法治，而是为法治的适用奠定了条件。这不是不道德政治的表现。相反，它表明良好的国家治理是为了维护公共安全（mantenere o conservare lo Stato）。本文考察了人文主义政治理论中国家理性概念的演变，以及牛津大学宗教难民真蒂利（Alberico Gentili, 1552-1608）如何将其从政治理论中移植到国家法中。
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引用次数: 0
Histoire du droit des gens de la Renaissance à aujourd’hui. 从文艺复兴到今天的人民权利史。
IF 0.1 4区 社会学 Q4 HISTORY
Revue de Synthese
Pub Date : 2025-12-19 DOI: 10.1163/19552343-14234090
Gaëlle Demelemestre
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引用次数: 0
Vitoria, Soto, and Suárez on totus orbis and the Secularization of ius gentium. 维多利亚，索托，和Suárez关于地球轨道和地球的世俗化。
IF 0.1 4区 社会学 Q4 HISTORY
Revue de Synthese
Pub Date : 2025-12-19 DOI: 10.1163/19552343-14234089
Bart Wauters

This article presents an analysis of the doctrine produced by Spanish scholastic theologians on the relationship between ius gentium and natural law. It questions their writings to see to what extent it is possible to speak of a "secularized" concept of ius gentium. The article focuses on three key thinkers on this question, Francisco de Vitoria, Domingo de Soto, and Francisco Suárez, and places them within the relevant intellectual traditions of the 16th century, in particular, Thomist and Bartolist legal theories.

本文分析了西班牙经院神学家关于万民法与自然法关系的学说。它质疑他们的著作，看看在多大程度上可以谈论一个“世俗化”的ius gentium概念。这篇文章聚焦于这一问题的三位关键思想家，弗朗西斯科·德·维多利亚、多明戈·德·索托和弗朗西斯科·Suárez，并将他们置于16世纪的相关知识传统中，特别是托马斯主义和巴托主义法律理论。
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引用次数: 0
Historical Versus Philosophical Context: Understanding Ancient Philosophy in Its Contexts. 历史与哲学语境：在语境中理解古代哲学。
IF 0.1 4区 社会学 Q4 HISTORY
Revue de Synthese
Pub Date : 2025-04-04 DOI: 10.1163/19552343-14234071
Orna Harari

Through an examination of Eduard Zeller's and Michael Frede's historiographical approaches, I question the assumption that by placing philosophy in its historical context we can avoid anachronism. I argue that an exegetical approach that studies texts and places the discussions found therein in their philosophical contexts can minimize anachronism and offer a historically sensitive understanding. I clarify this claim through three case studies: the relation between John Philoponus' philosophy and theology, Aristotle's account of relatives, and Alexander of Aphrodisias' notion of mixture. In so doing, I distinguish contextualization that facilitates judgment from contextualization that facilitates understanding and show how the latter furthers our understanding of philosophical views in different ways.

通过对爱德华·泽勒（edward Zeller）和迈克尔·弗雷德（Michael Frede）的史学方法的考察，我质疑这样一种假设，即通过将哲学置于其历史背景中，我们可以避免时代错误。我认为，一种研究文本并将其中的讨论置于其哲学背景中的训诂方法可以最大限度地减少时代错误，并提供历史敏感的理解。我通过三个案例研究来澄清这一观点：约翰·菲洛波诺斯的哲学与神学之间的关系，亚里士多德对亲属的描述，以及阿佛洛狄西亚斯的亚历山大的混合概念。通过这样做，我区分了促进判断的语境化和促进理解的语境化，并展示了后者如何以不同的方式促进我们对哲学观点的理解。
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引用次数: 0
Le contexte en histoire intellectuelle Context in Intellectual History. 知识分子的历史背景。
IF 0.1 4区 社会学 Q4 HISTORY
Revue de Synthese
Pub Date : 2025-04-04 DOI: 10.1163/19552343-14234075
Pierre-François Moreau, Jean-Pierre Schandeler
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引用次数: 0
Febvre's Climate of Sciences. When Human Geography Met Intellectual History. 二月的科学气候。当人文地理学遇到思想史。
IF 0.1 4区 社会学 Q4 HISTORY
Revue de Synthese
Pub Date : 2025-01-30 DOI: 10.1163/19552343-14234062
Éric Brian

Although Lucien Febvre left exemplary works of economic and social history and of intellectual and religious history, to dissociate these two aspects of his work would be to overlook his most important methodological contribution in this second area: the concept of the "climate of science" or the "climate" of intellectual activity. In order to reconstruct its development from the 1920s to the 1940s, it is important to show how Febvre constructed a synthesis of proposals formulated by the philosopher Henri Berr, the psychologist Henri Wallon and the physicist Paul Langevin. He was opposed to Ratzel's deterministic approach to human geography and he considered that all innovative human activities were the result of probabilities of options within a spectrum of possibilities that it was then up to the historian to reconstruct.

尽管卢西安·费夫尔在经济社会史、思想史和宗教史上留下了堪称典范的著作，但将他的作品的这两个方面分离开来，就会忽视他在第二个领域中最重要的方法论贡献：“科学气候”或智力活动“气候”的概念。为了重建它从20世纪20年代到40年代的发展，重要的是要展示Febvre是如何构建一个由哲学家亨利·伯尔（Henri Berr）、心理学家亨利·瓦隆（Henri Wallon）和物理学家保罗·朗格万（Paul Langevin）提出的建议的综合。他反对拉策尔对人文地理学的决定论，他认为所有创新的人类活动都是一系列可能性的结果，然后由历史学家来重建。
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引用次数: 0
Histoire juive de la France, mode d’emploi au fil des pages. 法国犹太人的历史，使用手册（第146卷，第7系列，n°1-2,(2025)）。
IF 0.1 4区 社会学 Q4 HISTORY
Revue de Synthese
Pub Date : 2024-12-16 DOI: 10.1163/19552343-14234066
Eva Telkes-Klein
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引用次数: 0
Le style, encore et toujours. 风格，一次又一次。
IF 0.1 4区 社会学 Q4 HISTORY
Revue de Synthese
Pub Date : 2024-10-17 DOI: 10.1163/19552343-14234060
Rémi Mermet
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引用次数: 0
Gestes et diagrammes: approches philosophiques, linguistiques et mathématiques. 手势与图表：哲学、语言学和数学方法。
IF 0.1 4区 社会学 Q4 HISTORY
Revue de Synthese
Pub Date : 2024-10-17 DOI: 10.1163/19552343-14234058
Cindy Gervolino
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引用次数: 0
La fabrique des êtres. Reproduction, par-delà la nature et l’artifice (XVIIIe-XXIe siècle). 创造生命。复制，超越自然与人工（十八世纪至二十一世纪）。
IF 0.1 4区 社会学 Q4 HISTORY
Revue de Synthese
Pub Date : 2024-04-24 DOI: 10.1163/19552343-14234055
Fabrice Cahen, Christine Théré
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引用次数: 0
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