M. Srikar, Reny Raju, Nikita Dadlani, D. Swaminathan, P. Vaidhyanathan, S. Meera
India is a socioculturally and linguistically diverse country. Most often individuals grow up exposed to more than one language. Apart from exposure to native and community languages, there is a growing preference for English as the language of formal education and employment. Previous studies demonstrated that bilingual children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) develop language similar to their monolingual nonverbal IQ-matched ASD peers. However, most of these studies have been conducted in countries in which English is the primary language for majority of the population. Although existing studies support a bilingual environment for children with ASD, professionals still seem to advise families' use of a monolingual approach. This paper reviews and discusses factors that influence the selection of language(s) for intervention in young children with ASD in bi/multilingual environments. These are discussed under three areas namely, (1) language environment of the child, (2) parent/caregivers' perspectives regarding bi/multilingual exposure, and (3) medium of education and availability of intervention services. This paper also highlights the complexities involved in the language selection process for intervention using four case vignettes. Based on the review and findings from the case vignettes, it is evident that there is a need for (1) sensitizing fellow professionals regarding the increasing shift toward a bi/multilingual approach, (2) formulating guidelines for this decision-making process, and (3) continuing to develop an evidence base for adopting multilingual approach for intervention in a socioculturally and linguistically diverse country like India.
{"title":"Often Encountered but Rarely Reported: Challenges in Selecting Language(s) for Intervention in Bi/Multilingual Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder","authors":"M. Srikar, Reny Raju, Nikita Dadlani, D. Swaminathan, P. Vaidhyanathan, S. Meera","doi":"10.1055/s-0042-1743492","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0042-1743492","url":null,"abstract":"India is a socioculturally and linguistically diverse country. Most often individuals grow up exposed to more than one language. Apart from exposure to native and community languages, there is a growing preference for English as the language of formal education and employment. Previous studies demonstrated that bilingual children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) develop language similar to their monolingual nonverbal IQ-matched ASD peers. However, most of these studies have been conducted in countries in which English is the primary language for majority of the population. Although existing studies support a bilingual environment for children with ASD, professionals still seem to advise families' use of a monolingual approach. This paper reviews and discusses factors that influence the selection of language(s) for intervention in young children with ASD in bi/multilingual environments. These are discussed under three areas namely, (1) language environment of the child, (2) parent/caregivers' perspectives regarding bi/multilingual exposure, and (3) medium of education and availability of intervention services. This paper also highlights the complexities involved in the language selection process for intervention using four case vignettes. Based on the review and findings from the case vignettes, it is evident that there is a need for (1) sensitizing fellow professionals regarding the increasing shift toward a bi/multilingual approach, (2) formulating guidelines for this decision-making process, and (3) continuing to develop an evidence base for adopting multilingual approach for intervention in a socioculturally and linguistically diverse country like India.","PeriodicalId":41283,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Child Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43164584","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Manar Al-lawama, J. Albaramki, Arwa Kiswani, Sara Kussad, R. Odeh, E. Altamimi
Analbuminemia is a rare autosomal recessive disease characterized by extremely low or zero levels of circulating serum albumin. The diagnosis is made by ruling out other causes of hypoalbuminemia and should be confirmed by gene mutation analysis. In this article, we describe the clinical findings of a preterm neonate born to a consanguineous family who presented with progressive lower limb edema at the age of 7 days and who was confirmed as having congenital analbuminemia by genetic testing (homozygous mutation ALB NP_000468.1: p. Val78CysfsTer2) and hypothyroidism. This is the first case of congenital analbuminemia to be reported from Jordan.
{"title":"Congenital Analbuminemia Associated with Hypothyroidism in a Preterm Neonate: The First Case from a Highly Consanguineous Community","authors":"Manar Al-lawama, J. Albaramki, Arwa Kiswani, Sara Kussad, R. Odeh, E. Altamimi","doi":"10.1055/s-0042-1757149","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0042-1757149","url":null,"abstract":"Analbuminemia is a rare autosomal recessive disease characterized by extremely low or zero levels of circulating serum albumin. The diagnosis is made by ruling out other causes of hypoalbuminemia and should be confirmed by gene mutation analysis. In this article, we describe the clinical findings of a preterm neonate born to a consanguineous family who presented with progressive lower limb edema at the age of 7 days and who was confirmed as having congenital analbuminemia by genetic testing (homozygous mutation ALB NP_000468.1: p. Val78CysfsTer2) and hypothyroidism. This is the first case of congenital analbuminemia to be reported from Jordan.","PeriodicalId":41283,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Child Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45575709","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The preschool period is marked by the development of several domains such as communication, cognition, social skills, and literacy skills. As language and literacy skills overlap during the preschool period, it is important to understand the dynamics of language and literacy in early school years. Due to language diversity, India does not bear a single-language system, and often the language spoken at home may not be the same at school for curricular instructions. Therefore, the present study focuses on the influence of script in bi- or multilingual scenarios in India. More importantly, the home language may or may not have its specific script; thus, facilitating early literacy skills at home can be questionable. The study followed a cross-sectional study design. One hundred and forty participants were divided into two groups based on their native language (Malayalam and Tulu groups). Each group was further divided based on their age, younger and older groups. An early literacy checklist and a parent perception questionnaire were developed to assess the early literacy skills in second language (L2). The findings revealed a developmental trend in early literacy skills in children with the older group performing better than the younger group. The study results also shed light on this less researched domain of influence of native script on L2 learning in a linguistically diverse country like India. The study's findings emphasize the parental understanding of the importance of home literacy–based activities for children and evaluation of early literacy skills which will help in early identification and treatment.
{"title":"Does Native Script Exposure Influence Second Language Early Literacy Skills?: A Preliminary Study in South Indian Preschoolers","authors":"Megha Mohan, T. Francis, J. Bhat","doi":"10.1055/s-0042-1743491","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0042-1743491","url":null,"abstract":"The preschool period is marked by the development of several domains such as communication, cognition, social skills, and literacy skills. As language and literacy skills overlap during the preschool period, it is important to understand the dynamics of language and literacy in early school years. Due to language diversity, India does not bear a single-language system, and often the language spoken at home may not be the same at school for curricular instructions. Therefore, the present study focuses on the influence of script in bi- or multilingual scenarios in India. More importantly, the home language may or may not have its specific script; thus, facilitating early literacy skills at home can be questionable. The study followed a cross-sectional study design. One hundred and forty participants were divided into two groups based on their native language (Malayalam and Tulu groups). Each group was further divided based on their age, younger and older groups. An early literacy checklist and a parent perception questionnaire were developed to assess the early literacy skills in second language (L2). The findings revealed a developmental trend in early literacy skills in children with the older group performing better than the younger group. The study results also shed light on this less researched domain of influence of native script on L2 learning in a linguistically diverse country like India. The study's findings emphasize the parental understanding of the importance of home literacy–based activities for children and evaluation of early literacy skills which will help in early identification and treatment.","PeriodicalId":41283,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Child Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48149163","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mind–body interventions, one of the major categories of complementaryandalternativemedicine (CAM), includepractices that are based on thehumanmind but that have an effect on the human body and physical health, such as meditation, prayer, and mental healing.1 Prayer means “begging to Allah, calling someone, sending something somewhere.” Prayer is the human heart’s conversation with Allah and seeking his blessing and help. Prayer is the servant reaching the level of addressing his Lord in the face of an extraordinary event. Ubudiyyet means “serving, slavery, excessive devotion to someone.” Worship is an endless way of speaking from man to Allah. Salah (namaz) is a form of worship inwhich a person establishes a direct relationshipwithAllah. Amanwas created to worship Allah.2 Herein, we present our observations about the use of prayer by parents of ill children to attract the attention of health caregivers to parents’ spiritual needs. In previous research, Losier et al3 found that approximately 13% of caregivers reported using CAM for their child in the pediatric emergency department. The most common CAM therapies used were homeopathy (20%), prayer/spiritual approaches (19.7%), and massage therapy (16.7%).3 Sawni et al4 reported that the use of CAM was 15% and the most common types of CAM therapies used were folk remedies/home remedies (59%), herbs (41%), prayer healing (14%), and massage therapy (10%). In another series, 48.8% of the patients had received at least one alternative therapy among pediatric emergency department patients. The most common were massage (16%), chiropractic therapy (9.8%), relaxation (7.2%), meditation (6.2%), aromatherapy (6.1%), and spiritual healing (4.3%).5 In our country, parents commonly use CAM including prayer for their children’s health. Top et al6 reported that 97.7% of parents of ill children had used at least one CAMmethod for mostly respiratory complaints, and 17.5%mothers used prayer. In another study, 77.2% ofmothers of children with developmental disabilities reported using at least oneCAMtreatment, and32.9%mothers usedprayer.7 In a study from Özyazicioğlu et al,8 42.29% of mothers reported using one ormore CAM therapies for their childwith a chronic disease, use of prayer was in 17.24%. In our clinical practice, wehave observed thatmost parents use CAM treatments, and the most commonly used CAM treatments are prayer by parents and/or by hodja, herbal medicine, and massage. Most parents of ill children pray to Allah for their children’s health; however,manyparents donot openly pray at their children’s bedside because they hesitate the reactionofhealth careprofessionals. Second,most families believe that results were the best when both prayer and conventional medicine were integrated. The prayed parents found spiritual peace and comfort because they believe the following spiritual/religious teachings. It is established by the people of reality that the illnesses of innocent children are like training for their
{"title":"Use of Prayer by Parents in Pediatric Emergency Department Patients","authors":"H. Çaksen","doi":"10.1055/s-0042-1757141","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0042-1757141","url":null,"abstract":"Mind–body interventions, one of the major categories of complementaryandalternativemedicine (CAM), includepractices that are based on thehumanmind but that have an effect on the human body and physical health, such as meditation, prayer, and mental healing.1 Prayer means “begging to Allah, calling someone, sending something somewhere.” Prayer is the human heart’s conversation with Allah and seeking his blessing and help. Prayer is the servant reaching the level of addressing his Lord in the face of an extraordinary event. Ubudiyyet means “serving, slavery, excessive devotion to someone.” Worship is an endless way of speaking from man to Allah. Salah (namaz) is a form of worship inwhich a person establishes a direct relationshipwithAllah. Amanwas created to worship Allah.2 Herein, we present our observations about the use of prayer by parents of ill children to attract the attention of health caregivers to parents’ spiritual needs. In previous research, Losier et al3 found that approximately 13% of caregivers reported using CAM for their child in the pediatric emergency department. The most common CAM therapies used were homeopathy (20%), prayer/spiritual approaches (19.7%), and massage therapy (16.7%).3 Sawni et al4 reported that the use of CAM was 15% and the most common types of CAM therapies used were folk remedies/home remedies (59%), herbs (41%), prayer healing (14%), and massage therapy (10%). In another series, 48.8% of the patients had received at least one alternative therapy among pediatric emergency department patients. The most common were massage (16%), chiropractic therapy (9.8%), relaxation (7.2%), meditation (6.2%), aromatherapy (6.1%), and spiritual healing (4.3%).5 In our country, parents commonly use CAM including prayer for their children’s health. Top et al6 reported that 97.7% of parents of ill children had used at least one CAMmethod for mostly respiratory complaints, and 17.5%mothers used prayer. In another study, 77.2% ofmothers of children with developmental disabilities reported using at least oneCAMtreatment, and32.9%mothers usedprayer.7 In a study from Özyazicioğlu et al,8 42.29% of mothers reported using one ormore CAM therapies for their childwith a chronic disease, use of prayer was in 17.24%. In our clinical practice, wehave observed thatmost parents use CAM treatments, and the most commonly used CAM treatments are prayer by parents and/or by hodja, herbal medicine, and massage. Most parents of ill children pray to Allah for their children’s health; however,manyparents donot openly pray at their children’s bedside because they hesitate the reactionofhealth careprofessionals. Second,most families believe that results were the best when both prayer and conventional medicine were integrated. The prayed parents found spiritual peace and comfort because they believe the following spiritual/religious teachings. It is established by the people of reality that the illnesses of innocent children are like training for their","PeriodicalId":41283,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Child Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46608073","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
E. Memar, Moeinadin Safavi, M. Moradinejad, V. Ziaee
Localized scleroderma is an uncommon autoimmune disease characterized by fibrosis of the skin and underlying tissue without involvement of blood vessels or internal organs. It usually affects children during later childhood, and early presentation of localized scleroderma during infancy is rare. In the current study, we report a child with localized scleroderma-related presentations occurring at birth. A 2-day-old male neonate presented with a firm, erythematous, and slightly pigmented plaque on his left thigh, leading to a change in the diameter of the affected foot and contracture of the left knee. At the age of 7 months, he was referred to our rheumatology clinic with normal growth and development. Laboratory studies, including urine and blood high-performance liquid chromatography assay, antinuclear antibodies, antitopoisomerase I, and rheumatic factor, were in the normal range. No signs of ocular involvement were noted during ophthalmological consultation. Skin biopsy showed mild acanthosis and collagen bundles, which replaced the fat around the sweat glands. A final diagnosis of localized scleroderma was made. Treatment was started with oral prednisolone, oral methotrexate (MTX), and colchicine. The skin lesion stopped progressing after 3 months of treatment. Steroid was then tapered over 6 months, while MTX and colchicine were continued for 2 years. Localized scleroderma during early infancy is a rare disease, but it should be considered as a differential in infants with erythematous and firm lesions on their body at birth because early treatment can prevent future complications.
{"title":"The First Presentation of Localized Scleroderma at Birth: Scleroderma as a Differential Diagnosis of Congenital Skin Lesion","authors":"E. Memar, Moeinadin Safavi, M. Moradinejad, V. Ziaee","doi":"10.1055/s-0041-1741055","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0041-1741055","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Localized scleroderma is an uncommon autoimmune disease characterized by fibrosis of the skin and underlying tissue without involvement of blood vessels or internal organs. It usually affects children during later childhood, and early presentation of localized scleroderma during infancy is rare. In the current study, we report a child with localized scleroderma-related presentations occurring at birth. A 2-day-old male neonate presented with a firm, erythematous, and slightly pigmented plaque on his left thigh, leading to a change in the diameter of the affected foot and contracture of the left knee. At the age of 7 months, he was referred to our rheumatology clinic with normal growth and development. Laboratory studies, including urine and blood high-performance liquid chromatography assay, antinuclear antibodies, antitopoisomerase I, and rheumatic factor, were in the normal range. No signs of ocular involvement were noted during ophthalmological consultation. Skin biopsy showed mild acanthosis and collagen bundles, which replaced the fat around the sweat glands. A final diagnosis of localized scleroderma was made. Treatment was started with oral prednisolone, oral methotrexate (MTX), and colchicine. The skin lesion stopped progressing after 3 months of treatment. Steroid was then tapered over 6 months, while MTX and colchicine were continued for 2 years. Localized scleroderma during early infancy is a rare disease, but it should be considered as a differential in infants with erythematous and firm lesions on their body at birth because early treatment can prevent future complications.","PeriodicalId":41283,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Child Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42837756","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
New neurological morbidity post pediatric intensive care (PIC) poses substantial problems, with a need to understand the relationship of outcome to blood pressure (BP) targets. The aim of the study is to see whether a change from a higher BP targeted strategy to a permissive one improved outcomes for development of new neurological morbidity, length of stay (LOS), and PIC-acquired infection. A retrospective cohort analysis was undertaken, comparing outcomes before and after the change. The higher BP cohort targets were set using standardized age-based centiles. In the permissive cohort, lower BPs were allowed, dependent on physiological variables. Targeted treatment continued throughout the critical illness. New neurological morbidity was defined as any deterioration from baseline, attributable to the admission, measured by post discharge clinical and records review over a minimum period of 4 years. Results were analyzed with IBM SPSS Statistics v26. Of 123 admissions in the permissive and 214 admissions in the higher BP target cohorts, 88 (72%) and 188 (88%) survived without new neurological morbidity (permissive vs. higher cohort OR 0.348 [95% CI 0.197–0.613] p <0.001). Median LOS was 2 (interquartile [IQ] range 2–5) and 3 (IQ range 2–6) days for the permissive and higher cohorts, respectively (p = 0.127). Three (2.4%) and 7 (3.3%) admissions in the permissive and higher BP cohorts respectively suffered PIC-acquired infection (p = 0.666). A higher BP targeted strategy was associated with protection from new neurological morbidity as compared with a permissive strategy, supporting the need for prospective studies into BP targets.
{"title":"A Retrospective Cohort Study Comparing Outcomes of Pediatric Intensive Care Patients after Changing from Higher to Permissive Blood Pressure Targets","authors":"Ahmed Shakir Mohammed, H. Klonin","doi":"10.1055/s-0042-1757915","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0042-1757915","url":null,"abstract":"New neurological morbidity post pediatric intensive care (PIC) poses substantial problems, with a need to understand the relationship of outcome to blood pressure (BP) targets. The aim of the study is to see whether a change from a higher BP targeted strategy to a permissive one improved outcomes for development of new neurological morbidity, length of stay (LOS), and PIC-acquired infection. A retrospective cohort analysis was undertaken, comparing outcomes before and after the change. The higher BP cohort targets were set using standardized age-based centiles. In the permissive cohort, lower BPs were allowed, dependent on physiological variables. Targeted treatment continued throughout the critical illness. New neurological morbidity was defined as any deterioration from baseline, attributable to the admission, measured by post discharge clinical and records review over a minimum period of 4 years. Results were analyzed with IBM SPSS Statistics v26. Of 123 admissions in the permissive and 214 admissions in the higher BP target cohorts, 88 (72%) and 188 (88%) survived without new neurological morbidity (permissive vs. higher cohort OR 0.348 [95% CI 0.197–0.613] p <0.001). Median LOS was 2 (interquartile [IQ] range 2–5) and 3 (IQ range 2–6) days for the permissive and higher cohorts, respectively (p = 0.127). Three (2.4%) and 7 (3.3%) admissions in the permissive and higher BP cohorts respectively suffered PIC-acquired infection (p = 0.666). A higher BP targeted strategy was associated with protection from new neurological morbidity as compared with a permissive strategy, supporting the need for prospective studies into BP targets.","PeriodicalId":41283,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Child Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44279525","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
More than half the world’s population is bilingual.1 About 20% of the population in the United States and Canada speak a language at home other than English.1,2 Bilingualism is far more prevalent in Europe, with approximately 56% of the population across all the European Union countries reporting functionally bilingual.3 Although bilinguals make up a significant percentage of the world’s population, the topic of bilingualism has been a baffling area of research for many years. It is mainly due to the misconceptions about children/ individuals who are bilingual. Speaking two or more languages affects the developing minds, or bilingual children find it confusing to learn two languages are some popular misconceptions about bilinguals that continue to persist.4 But research in this area has suggested otherwise. For example, Peal and Lambert compared the performance of French monolinguals to English-French bilinguals on a battery of tests.5 The authors found that the bilinguals outperformed monolinguals on language tasks. Although surprising, this finding has been confirmed in several follow-up studies that suggest bilingual children are at an advantage across a range of linguistic and nonlinguistic skills.6 The advantages of bilingualism do not just stop in childhood. It continues well past into adulthood as well.7 Unfortunately, despite the surmounting evidence concerning the advantages of bilingualism, the misconceptions surrounding bilingualism have continued to gain ground, leading people to believe that a monolingual approach is a better way to raise not only typically developing children but also children with language deficits. In many countries where bilingualism or even multilingualism is the norm (e. g., India), there is a biased perspective that children with language disorders cannot learn multiple languages. Thus, children with language disorders in such countries are often made to choose amonolingual approach to their educational instruction and intervention. The area of research is further complicated by several external variables such as the interaction of the first language (L1) and second language (L2) in bilingual children, the age of the exposure to L2, the amount of exposure to L2, and so on. As researchers, we must continue to untangle these myths and misconceptions to understand the true nature of bilingualism. In this special issue of “Language Development and Disorders inMultilingual Children,”wehave assembled a total of six articles, including original research, case studies, and reviews that highlight the different facets of bilingualism and multilingualism. Tran et al surveyed the language practices at home among 151 Vietnamese-Australian parents.8 The survey findings revealed that about a third of the participants (35.6%) had a family language policy, and 72.5% of those consistently implemented their policy. The authors emphasize that without support from the government, most of the Vietnamese-English bilingual children i
{"title":"Being a Bilingual/Multilingual","authors":"R. Kaipa, Roha Kaipa","doi":"10.1055/s-0042-1743529","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0042-1743529","url":null,"abstract":"More than half the world’s population is bilingual.1 About 20% of the population in the United States and Canada speak a language at home other than English.1,2 Bilingualism is far more prevalent in Europe, with approximately 56% of the population across all the European Union countries reporting functionally bilingual.3 Although bilinguals make up a significant percentage of the world’s population, the topic of bilingualism has been a baffling area of research for many years. It is mainly due to the misconceptions about children/ individuals who are bilingual. Speaking two or more languages affects the developing minds, or bilingual children find it confusing to learn two languages are some popular misconceptions about bilinguals that continue to persist.4 But research in this area has suggested otherwise. For example, Peal and Lambert compared the performance of French monolinguals to English-French bilinguals on a battery of tests.5 The authors found that the bilinguals outperformed monolinguals on language tasks. Although surprising, this finding has been confirmed in several follow-up studies that suggest bilingual children are at an advantage across a range of linguistic and nonlinguistic skills.6 The advantages of bilingualism do not just stop in childhood. It continues well past into adulthood as well.7 Unfortunately, despite the surmounting evidence concerning the advantages of bilingualism, the misconceptions surrounding bilingualism have continued to gain ground, leading people to believe that a monolingual approach is a better way to raise not only typically developing children but also children with language deficits. In many countries where bilingualism or even multilingualism is the norm (e. g., India), there is a biased perspective that children with language disorders cannot learn multiple languages. Thus, children with language disorders in such countries are often made to choose amonolingual approach to their educational instruction and intervention. The area of research is further complicated by several external variables such as the interaction of the first language (L1) and second language (L2) in bilingual children, the age of the exposure to L2, the amount of exposure to L2, and so on. As researchers, we must continue to untangle these myths and misconceptions to understand the true nature of bilingualism. In this special issue of “Language Development and Disorders inMultilingual Children,”wehave assembled a total of six articles, including original research, case studies, and reviews that highlight the different facets of bilingualism and multilingualism. Tran et al surveyed the language practices at home among 151 Vietnamese-Australian parents.8 The survey findings revealed that about a third of the participants (35.6%) had a family language policy, and 72.5% of those consistently implemented their policy. The authors emphasize that without support from the government, most of the Vietnamese-English bilingual children i","PeriodicalId":41283,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Child Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48045339","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Usame Rakip, Ihsan Canbek, Serhat Yıldızhan, M. Boyacı, Akın Cengiz, Adem Aslan
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can be used to examine tethered cord syndrome (TCS) and terminal syringomyelia (TS). Additionally, there is increasing evidence of an association between congenital anomalies and TCS. We aimed to identify the clinical and radiological characteristics of syringomyelia and other anomalies in pediatric and adult patients with TCS. This study included 54 TCS patients (mean age, 17.37 ± 15.83 years; 31 females) admitted to our department between 2010 and 2019. The patients were divided into two age groups: pediatric (<18 years; 63%) and adult (>18 years). Clinical findings, direct vertebrae radiographs, lower extremity radiographs, and spinal/cranial MRI findings were used to evaluate all patients. Computed tomography (CT) was performed to reveal the structure of the septum in patients with Diastematomyelia. Cranial ultrasonography or CT was performed if the fontanel was open or closed, respectively, in pediatric hydrocephalus cases. Pelvic ultrasonography and urodynamic tests were performed to evaluate other comorbid anomalies and urinary system pathologies. A thick filum terminale (73.3%) and diastematomyelia (44.4%) were found to cause spinal tension. The most common accompanying pathology was syringomyelia (78%). The common symptoms were urinary incontinence and bowel problems (71%), scoliosis (68%), and progressive lower extremity weakness (64.4%). It is difficult to distinguish the exact cause of symptoms in patients with TCS and TS. Due to the greater occurrence of other congenital spinal anomalies accompanying TCS, both preoperative symptoms and clinical findings are more severe in the pediatric group than in the adult group, and postoperative results may be more negative.
{"title":"Clinical Significance of Terminal Syringomyelia and Accompanying Congenital Anomalies of Neurosurgical Interest in Adult and Pediatric Patients with Tethered Cord Syndrome","authors":"Usame Rakip, Ihsan Canbek, Serhat Yıldızhan, M. Boyacı, Akın Cengiz, Adem Aslan","doi":"10.1055/s-0042-1757142","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0042-1757142","url":null,"abstract":"Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can be used to examine tethered cord syndrome (TCS) and terminal syringomyelia (TS). Additionally, there is increasing evidence of an association between congenital anomalies and TCS. We aimed to identify the clinical and radiological characteristics of syringomyelia and other anomalies in pediatric and adult patients with TCS. This study included 54 TCS patients (mean age, 17.37 ± 15.83 years; 31 females) admitted to our department between 2010 and 2019. The patients were divided into two age groups: pediatric (<18 years; 63%) and adult (>18 years). Clinical findings, direct vertebrae radiographs, lower extremity radiographs, and spinal/cranial MRI findings were used to evaluate all patients. Computed tomography (CT) was performed to reveal the structure of the septum in patients with Diastematomyelia. Cranial ultrasonography or CT was performed if the fontanel was open or closed, respectively, in pediatric hydrocephalus cases. Pelvic ultrasonography and urodynamic tests were performed to evaluate other comorbid anomalies and urinary system pathologies. A thick filum terminale (73.3%) and diastematomyelia (44.4%) were found to cause spinal tension. The most common accompanying pathology was syringomyelia (78%). The common symptoms were urinary incontinence and bowel problems (71%), scoliosis (68%), and progressive lower extremity weakness (64.4%). It is difficult to distinguish the exact cause of symptoms in patients with TCS and TS. Due to the greater occurrence of other congenital spinal anomalies accompanying TCS, both preoperative symptoms and clinical findings are more severe in the pediatric group than in the adult group, and postoperative results may be more negative.","PeriodicalId":41283,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Child Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46587582","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The association of sentence imitation with other language domains has been of interest to researchers and clinicians for decades. Sentence imitation taps both working memory and linguistic competence. Working memory refers to the ability to recall and manipulate linguistic information making sentence imitation a clinical marker for language ability. Meanwhile, research on the application of sentence imitation with bilingual language pairs is still emerging. This article reports a study on a large sample of Maltese children brought up in an early bilingual language acquisition context. It analyses correlations between a sentence imitation task, verbal comprehension, narrative (story retelling), phonological awareness, and two measures of a phonology test: percentage consonants correct and the inconsistency score. Data were collected from a total of 241 children, aged 24 to 72 months, who were selected randomly from the public birth register. The subtests administered were part of a test battery, namely, the Maltese–English Speech Assessment (MESA) and the Language Assessment for Maltese Children (LAMC). Correlations were calculated for the sentence imitation scores with specific language subtest scores; significant correlations were identified as well as with chronological age. Regression analysis indicated that the sentence imitation subtest of LAMC is a predictor for verbal comprehension and even stronger predictor for phonological awareness. It was concluded that performance on a sentence imitation task is a valid and reliable indication of Maltese bilingual children's language ability.
{"title":"The Association of Sentence Imitation with Other Language Domains in Bilingual Children","authors":"H. Grech","doi":"10.1055/s-0042-1743528","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0042-1743528","url":null,"abstract":"The association of sentence imitation with other language domains has been of interest to researchers and clinicians for decades. Sentence imitation taps both working memory and linguistic competence. Working memory refers to the ability to recall and manipulate linguistic information making sentence imitation a clinical marker for language ability. Meanwhile, research on the application of sentence imitation with bilingual language pairs is still emerging. This article reports a study on a large sample of Maltese children brought up in an early bilingual language acquisition context. It analyses correlations between a sentence imitation task, verbal comprehension, narrative (story retelling), phonological awareness, and two measures of a phonology test: percentage consonants correct and the inconsistency score. Data were collected from a total of 241 children, aged 24 to 72 months, who were selected randomly from the public birth register. The subtests administered were part of a test battery, namely, the Maltese–English Speech Assessment (MESA) and the Language Assessment for Maltese Children (LAMC). Correlations were calculated for the sentence imitation scores with specific language subtest scores; significant correlations were identified as well as with chronological age. Regression analysis indicated that the sentence imitation subtest of LAMC is a predictor for verbal comprehension and even stronger predictor for phonological awareness. It was concluded that performance on a sentence imitation task is a valid and reliable indication of Maltese bilingual children's language ability.","PeriodicalId":41283,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Child Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43027303","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
F. Alatas, Aldisa Ayu Pratiwi, A. Kurniawan, A. Pudjiadi
Soil-transmitted helminth infection is endemic in Indonesia, with cases of reinfection despite individualized therapy and a mass treatment program. Three cases of multiple helminth infections were described that might be associated with chronic bloody diarrhea and stunted growth. These case series alert pediatricians that untreated helminthic infections are part of the differential diagnosis in children with gastrointestinal bleeding. Environmental surveillance should be performed in high-risk areas to prevent reinfection and growth alteration. In endemic areas, bloody diarrhea warns for an early routine fecal analysis. Correct diagnosis, prompt treatment, and source control are crucial to prevent long-term complications.
{"title":"Emerging Multiple Parasite Reinfection as Neglected Tropical Disease: A Case Series","authors":"F. Alatas, Aldisa Ayu Pratiwi, A. Kurniawan, A. Pudjiadi","doi":"10.1055/s-0042-1743196","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0042-1743196","url":null,"abstract":"Soil-transmitted helminth infection is endemic in Indonesia, with cases of reinfection despite individualized therapy and a mass treatment program. Three cases of multiple helminth infections were described that might be associated with chronic bloody diarrhea and stunted growth. These case series alert pediatricians that untreated helminthic infections are part of the differential diagnosis in children with gastrointestinal bleeding. Environmental surveillance should be performed in high-risk areas to prevent reinfection and growth alteration. In endemic areas, bloody diarrhea warns for an early routine fecal analysis. Correct diagnosis, prompt treatment, and source control are crucial to prevent long-term complications.","PeriodicalId":41283,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Child Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44566225","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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