Pub Date : 2014-11-01DOI: 10.1515/dialect-2014-0003
A. Mikić
Abstract The words denoting the most ancient European grain legumes, such as ‘pea’, ‘lentil’ or ‘faba bean’, in both extinct and living Baltic languages confirm that these crops were cultivated among the ancestors of the modern Lithuanians and Latvians. The words denoting ‘pea’, such as Lithuanian žirnis and Latvian zirņi, are derived from the Proto-Baltic *žir̂n-ia- and the Proto-Indo-European *g'er[a]n-, denoting grain. The Proto-Indo-European root denoting ‘lentil’, *lent-, gave the Proto-Baltic *leñšia- and the modern Lithuanian lęšis and the Latvian lēca. The linguistic evidence confirms that the Old Balts transferred both grain legume crops and their names to their Finno-Ugric neighbours.
{"title":"A note on the words in the Baltic languages for some of the most ancient European grain legume crops","authors":"A. Mikić","doi":"10.1515/dialect-2014-0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/dialect-2014-0003","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The words denoting the most ancient European grain legumes, such as ‘pea’, ‘lentil’ or ‘faba bean’, in both extinct and living Baltic languages confirm that these crops were cultivated among the ancestors of the modern Lithuanians and Latvians. The words denoting ‘pea’, such as Lithuanian žirnis and Latvian zirņi, are derived from the Proto-Baltic *žir̂n-ia- and the Proto-Indo-European *g'er[a]n-, denoting grain. The Proto-Indo-European root denoting ‘lentil’, *lent-, gave the Proto-Baltic *leñšia- and the modern Lithuanian lęšis and the Latvian lēca. The linguistic evidence confirms that the Old Balts transferred both grain legume crops and their names to their Finno-Ugric neighbours.","PeriodicalId":41369,"journal":{"name":"Dialectologia et Geolinguistica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/dialect-2014-0003","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67145632","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-01-01DOI: 10.1515/dialect-2014-0001
F. Krier
Abstract This paper deals with a morphological issue, the inflection in Luxemburgish family names. While in colloquial High German only the one inflective form -s is attested in the plural forms of family names, for instance Schmit-s, we discover in colloquial Luxemburgish, besides the different plural forms, the composition ‘family name + first name’, for instance Schmit’s Paul instead of Paul Schmit. First, we give precise details about the morphological complexity of this construction. Next, its numerous connotations are emphasized. Finally, we put the question, if the new attitude of the young generation towards the inflected composite form generates a linguistic development in this local specified field.
{"title":"Flektierte Familiennamen im Luxemburgischen","authors":"F. Krier","doi":"10.1515/dialect-2014-0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/dialect-2014-0001","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This paper deals with a morphological issue, the inflection in Luxemburgish family names. While in colloquial High German only the one inflective form -s is attested in the plural forms of family names, for instance Schmit-s, we discover in colloquial Luxemburgish, besides the different plural forms, the composition ‘family name + first name’, for instance Schmit’s Paul instead of Paul Schmit. First, we give precise details about the morphological complexity of this construction. Next, its numerous connotations are emphasized. Finally, we put the question, if the new attitude of the young generation towards the inflected composite form generates a linguistic development in this local specified field.","PeriodicalId":41369,"journal":{"name":"Dialectologia et Geolinguistica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/dialect-2014-0001","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67145594","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-01-01DOI: 10.1515/dialect-2014-0006
Laila Abdel-Aal Al-Ghalban
Abstract This study attempts a close investigation of areal variation in the major phonological features of the Egyptian Arabic spoken in the agrarian northern region of Kafrelsheikh (KEA): their contexts and patterns. Targeting old, rural speech, a survey of all the localities is conducted through recordings of natural speech and a questionnaire. The instrumentally investigated phonological variables in KEA include major allophonic variants, and some typical instances of assimilation, dissimilation, metathesis, sound addition and sound deletion. Most instances of variation in the present data prove to be linguistically conditioned. Analysis shows that the differences between the dialect areas do not involve all the previous variants. KEA roughly seems to have five speech areas, with each enjoying intra-variation and comprising many relic features. Finally, the findings are interpreted with reference to the phonological system of (Egyptian) Arabic as a whole and various models of language variation patterning.
{"title":"On phonological variations in Kafrelsheikh Egyptian Arabic","authors":"Laila Abdel-Aal Al-Ghalban","doi":"10.1515/dialect-2014-0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/dialect-2014-0006","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This study attempts a close investigation of areal variation in the major phonological features of the Egyptian Arabic spoken in the agrarian northern region of Kafrelsheikh (KEA): their contexts and patterns. Targeting old, rural speech, a survey of all the localities is conducted through recordings of natural speech and a questionnaire. The instrumentally investigated phonological variables in KEA include major allophonic variants, and some typical instances of assimilation, dissimilation, metathesis, sound addition and sound deletion. Most instances of variation in the present data prove to be linguistically conditioned. Analysis shows that the differences between the dialect areas do not involve all the previous variants. KEA roughly seems to have five speech areas, with each enjoying intra-variation and comprising many relic features. Finally, the findings are interpreted with reference to the phonological system of (Egyptian) Arabic as a whole and various models of language variation patterning.","PeriodicalId":41369,"journal":{"name":"Dialectologia et Geolinguistica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/dialect-2014-0006","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67145682","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-01-01DOI: 10.1515/dialect-2014-0002
Hiroto Ueda, M. Perea
Abstract For describing a particular area from a geolinguistic perspective, the basic procedure is to create a two-dimensional table with an axis showing forms or phenomena and another axis showing localities. In this table, observing the specific reaction in every cell will allow us to develop both co-occurrence and coefficient matrixes, as well as clustering and multivariate interpretation graphs. In this table, which is the starting point for multivariate analyses of geolinguistic data, certain convergences and divergences of the reaction points are revealed. Our interest is in a quantitative evaluation of the degree of convergence and divergence that takes the form of a rectangular linkage of the reacted points; that is to say, an analysis of the state of their continuity set out in rectangular plots. In order to evaluate properly the absolute values in numbers of unions (U) it is necessary to develop a mathematical function that will return the maximum number of unions (Umax) in a parameter with the number of reactions (n): Umax (n). Once the Umax function has been established, the desirable “Degree of Binding” will be formulated through the division of U by Umax(n). The aim of this paper is to put into practice this method with the data from La flexió verbal en els dialectes catalans (‘Verbal Flexion’) (1929-1932), by Antoni M. Alcover, previously analysed in Perea & Ueda (2010). The calculation of the Degree of Binding is applied to the data in both its forms: the original data and the patternized distribution of data (see Perea & Ueda 2010: 103-111). The result of our calculations gives rise to a new multivariate perspective of “isoglosses” for overcoming the problems of mismatched lines on the linguistic maps.
从地理语言学的角度描述一个特定的区域，基本步骤是创建一个二维表格，其中一条轴表示形式或现象，另一条轴表示位置。在这个表格中，通过观察每个细胞中的特定反应，我们可以得到共现矩阵和系数矩阵，以及聚类图和多元解释图。这个表是对地理语言学数据进行多变量分析的起点，它揭示了反应点的某些收敛和发散。我们感兴趣的是对收敛和发散程度的定量评估它采用了反应点的矩形连杆的形式;也就是说，在矩形图中对它们的连续性状态进行分析。为了正确地评估结合数(U)的绝对值，有必要开发一个数学函数，该函数将返回具有反应数(n)的参数中的最大结合数(Umax): Umax(n)。一旦建立了Umax函数，所需的“结合度”将通过U除以Umax(n)来制定。本文的目的是将这一方法付诸实践，使用Antoni M. Alcover的La flexió verbal en els dialectes catalans(“verbal Flexion”)(1929-1932)的数据，该数据先前在Perea & Ueda(2010)中进行了分析。绑定度的计算适用于两种形式的数据:原始数据和数据的模式分布(参见Perea & Ueda 2010: 103-111)。我们的计算结果为克服语言地图上线条不匹配的问题提供了一种新的多元“等距损失”视角。
{"title":"The degree of union resulting from reaction points expressed in a diatopic table. An application to a Catalan verb morphology database","authors":"Hiroto Ueda, M. Perea","doi":"10.1515/dialect-2014-0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/dialect-2014-0002","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract For describing a particular area from a geolinguistic perspective, the basic procedure is to create a two-dimensional table with an axis showing forms or phenomena and another axis showing localities. In this table, observing the specific reaction in every cell will allow us to develop both co-occurrence and coefficient matrixes, as well as clustering and multivariate interpretation graphs. In this table, which is the starting point for multivariate analyses of geolinguistic data, certain convergences and divergences of the reaction points are revealed. Our interest is in a quantitative evaluation of the degree of convergence and divergence that takes the form of a rectangular linkage of the reacted points; that is to say, an analysis of the state of their continuity set out in rectangular plots. In order to evaluate properly the absolute values in numbers of unions (U) it is necessary to develop a mathematical function that will return the maximum number of unions (Umax) in a parameter with the number of reactions (n): Umax (n). Once the Umax function has been established, the desirable “Degree of Binding” will be formulated through the division of U by Umax(n). The aim of this paper is to put into practice this method with the data from La flexió verbal en els dialectes catalans (‘Verbal Flexion’) (1929-1932), by Antoni M. Alcover, previously analysed in Perea & Ueda (2010). The calculation of the Degree of Binding is applied to the data in both its forms: the original data and the patternized distribution of data (see Perea & Ueda 2010: 103-111). The result of our calculations gives rise to a new multivariate perspective of “isoglosses” for overcoming the problems of mismatched lines on the linguistic maps.","PeriodicalId":41369,"journal":{"name":"Dialectologia et Geolinguistica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/dialect-2014-0002","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67145621","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-01-01DOI: 10.1515/dialect-2013-0003
Miguel Ángel Quesada Pacheco
Abstract The present article deals with the results of a field work within perceptual Dialectology in Costa Rica, with the aim of finding out to which extent the informants conceive the dialectological constellation of their country, and which dialectological, sociolinguistic or stylistic factors are responsible for this constellation. Furthermore, it will be analysed what concept of dialect as a part of a language (in this case, Spanish) the informants have; what kind of role the capital San José has had in the identification of the regional speech forms and what kind of influence this city has had in the constitution of an idea of normed Spanish
{"title":"División dialectal de Costa Rica según sus hablantes","authors":"Miguel Ángel Quesada Pacheco","doi":"10.1515/dialect-2013-0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/dialect-2013-0003","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The present article deals with the results of a field work within perceptual Dialectology in Costa Rica, with the aim of finding out to which extent the informants conceive the dialectological constellation of their country, and which dialectological, sociolinguistic or stylistic factors are responsible for this constellation. Furthermore, it will be analysed what concept of dialect as a part of a language (in this case, Spanish) the informants have; what kind of role the capital San José has had in the identification of the regional speech forms and what kind of influence this city has had in the constitution of an idea of normed Spanish","PeriodicalId":41369,"journal":{"name":"Dialectologia et Geolinguistica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/dialect-2013-0003","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67145584","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article discusses how language change and diffusion in Tarifit (Rif-Berber, North Morocco) can be explained by system-internal factors. The examined cases examined concern several innovation processes triggered by the vocalisation phe-nomenon of the liquids /r/ and /ṛ/ and involving both phonological and morpho-logical features and structures. The analyses presented analyses confirm that innovation can also be formally motivated, which refutes Croft's (2000: 38) claim that only functional factors can induce language change. Moreover, they show how functional properties may determine the success of the diffusion of variants. As such, they offer evidence against the claim that only social factors are accountable for variant selection (Milroy 1992: 201‒202; Croft 2000: 38, 54). The considered data considered in this contribution come from the Atlas Linguistique des varietes berberes du Rif (Lafkioui 2007), a geolinguistic study of the Berber varieties of North Morocco.
{"title":"How system-internal linguistic factors indicate language change and diffusion. A geolinguistic analysis of Berber data","authors":"M. Lafkioui","doi":"10.1515/dig.2011.003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/dig.2011.003","url":null,"abstract":"This article discusses how language change and diffusion in Tarifit (Rif-Berber, North Morocco) can be explained by system-internal factors. The examined cases examined concern several innovation processes triggered by the vocalisation phe-nomenon of the liquids /r/ and /ṛ/ and involving both phonological and morpho-logical features and structures. The analyses presented analyses confirm that innovation can also be formally motivated, which refutes Croft's (2000: 38) claim that only functional factors can induce language change. Moreover, they show how functional properties may determine the success of the diffusion of variants. As such, they offer evidence against the claim that only social factors are accountable for variant selection (Milroy 1992: 201‒202; Croft 2000: 38, 54). The considered data considered in this contribution come from the Atlas Linguistique des varietes berberes du Rif (Lafkioui 2007), a geolinguistic study of the Berber varieties of North Morocco.","PeriodicalId":41369,"journal":{"name":"Dialectologia et Geolinguistica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/dig.2011.003","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67146272","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article reports on a qualitative study of people‟s perceptions of dialect differences and similarities in part of North East England. Its main objective is to add to an understanding of the influence of geographical, social and cultural factors on the placing of subjective dialect boundaries. It does this in the context of a widely remarked upon inter-city rivalry within the region.
{"title":"Exploring a perceptual dialect boundary in North East England","authors":"M. Pearce","doi":"10.1515/dig.2011.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/dig.2011.001","url":null,"abstract":"This article reports on a qualitative study of people‟s perceptions of dialect differences and similarities in part of North East England. Its main objective is to add to an understanding of the influence of geographical, social and cultural factors on the placing of subjective dialect boundaries. It does this in the context of a widely remarked upon inter-city rivalry within the region.","PeriodicalId":41369,"journal":{"name":"Dialectologia et Geolinguistica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/dig.2011.001","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67146029","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this article, I will present the problems of elaborating a phonetic database for a dialectometrical study. I will show how (1) the abstractness which is necessary to create the database conditions the interpretation of the results, (2) the difficulties of classifying the data as phonetic, morphological or lexical from a synchronic point of view, (3) the problems created by variation inside the same locality, a lack of data in some points and a situation of language contact (in this case, Galician and Spanish). Finally, I will present a dialectometrical study of the Galician dialects, made from the elaborated phonetic database. In this regard, I will present and comment on ten maps that allow us to show the inner structure of the phonetic data of Galician.
{"title":"Developing a database for dialectometric studies: The ALGa phonetic data. Dialectometrical analysis of 230 working maps","authors":"Francisco Dubert","doi":"10.1515/dig.2011.002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/dig.2011.002","url":null,"abstract":"In this article, I will present the problems of elaborating a phonetic database for a dialectometrical study. I will show how (1) the abstractness which is necessary to create the database conditions the interpretation of the results, (2) the difficulties of classifying the data as phonetic, morphological or lexical from a synchronic point of view, (3) the problems created by variation inside the same locality, a lack of data in some points and a situation of language contact (in this case, Galician and Spanish). Finally, I will present a dialectometrical study of the Galician dialects, made from the elaborated phonetic database. In this regard, I will present and comment on ten maps that allow us to show the inner structure of the phonetic data of Galician.","PeriodicalId":41369,"journal":{"name":"Dialectologia et Geolinguistica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/dig.2011.002","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67146126","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article is based on field-work for a post-doc research project exploring the linguistic and cultural relations between Spain and Morocco in the Spanish enclaves of Ceuta and Melilla situated in Northern Morocco. Such academic interest in the enclaves is a novel addition to the traditional field of Hispano-Arabistics that mainly focuses on al-Andalus studies (Knoerrich 2007). In this paper, some general observations and an overview of the demography and culture of the enclaves are given and some examples of discourse are shown. After that, the linguistic choices as well as some examples of language contact from the corpus are presented. Finally, the conflicts and the actions taken in the realm of linguistic policy are outlined and solutions are suggested. 1. General observations Ceuta and Melilla are two Spanish urban enclaves situated in the North of Morocco. Ceuta is a peninsula that is surrounded by the Mediterranean to the North, East and South, and which shares an 8 km land border with Morocco to the East. Melilla faces the sea in the Northeast and East, whereas its land border with Morocco in the Northwest, West and in the South measures about 20 km. The land borders of the enclaves are fortified by a fence system that was reinforced after 2005 and that prevents illegal immigration to the enclaves. The land area of the enclaves is quite small. Ceuta originally had a surface area of 18.5 km that was extended to 23 km by land reclamation. The coast is about 20 km long (Ceuta Digital / Visitor information / Climate and Geography). Melilla, in contrast, has a surface area of 12.4 km, and a coast of approximately 8 km in length. Ceuta is a 45-minute-ship-journey from the port of Algeciras on the Spanish mainland, and, since there is not enough surface for an airport, only a regular helicopter line connects it to Malaga. Melilla is a 7-hour-ship-journey from the port of Malaga, but three different air companies serve its small airport from the Spanish mainland. The strength of the relations between the Spanish mainland, the enclave and theMoroccan hinterland is not the same in both places. Since the distance between Ceuta and the Spanish peninsula is very short, the inhabitants of the Isabel A. Knoerrich Aldabo 104 enclave travel frequently to the mainland, thus depending less on the Moroccan hinterland than their compatriots in Melilla do. The cities use to be named by the binom of Ceuta y Melilla, which creates the impression of twin cities. However, they have no direct connection by air and by sea, whileby land, they are 500 km from one another. The similarities thus refer to their political, legal and even economic status, but not to their linguistic and cultural conditions. Ceuta is mainly bilingual, whereas Melilla has to be considered trilingual. The Moroccan Berber population of Melilla seems to have a less conflictive relation with the Spanish population than the mainly Arab one of Ceuta does. According to my observations and questio
{"title":"When Spain meets Morocco: discourses, language choices and linguistic policy in Ceuta and Melilla","authors":"Isabel A. Knoerrich Aldabo,","doi":"10.1515/dig.2011.005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/dig.2011.005","url":null,"abstract":"This article is based on field-work for a post-doc research project exploring the linguistic and cultural relations between Spain and Morocco in the Spanish enclaves of Ceuta and Melilla situated in Northern Morocco. Such academic interest in the enclaves is a novel addition to the traditional field of Hispano-Arabistics that mainly focuses on al-Andalus studies (Knoerrich 2007). In this paper, some general observations and an overview of the demography and culture of the enclaves are given and some examples of discourse are shown. After that, the linguistic choices as well as some examples of language contact from the corpus are presented. Finally, the conflicts and the actions taken in the realm of linguistic policy are outlined and solutions are suggested. 1. General observations Ceuta and Melilla are two Spanish urban enclaves situated in the North of Morocco. Ceuta is a peninsula that is surrounded by the Mediterranean to the North, East and South, and which shares an 8 km land border with Morocco to the East. Melilla faces the sea in the Northeast and East, whereas its land border with Morocco in the Northwest, West and in the South measures about 20 km. The land borders of the enclaves are fortified by a fence system that was reinforced after 2005 and that prevents illegal immigration to the enclaves. The land area of the enclaves is quite small. Ceuta originally had a surface area of 18.5 km that was extended to 23 km by land reclamation. The coast is about 20 km long (Ceuta Digital / Visitor information / Climate and Geography). Melilla, in contrast, has a surface area of 12.4 km, and a coast of approximately 8 km in length. Ceuta is a 45-minute-ship-journey from the port of Algeciras on the Spanish mainland, and, since there is not enough surface for an airport, only a regular helicopter line connects it to Malaga. Melilla is a 7-hour-ship-journey from the port of Malaga, but three different air companies serve its small airport from the Spanish mainland. The strength of the relations between the Spanish mainland, the enclave and theMoroccan hinterland is not the same in both places. Since the distance between Ceuta and the Spanish peninsula is very short, the inhabitants of the Isabel A. Knoerrich Aldabo 104 enclave travel frequently to the mainland, thus depending less on the Moroccan hinterland than their compatriots in Melilla do. The cities use to be named by the binom of Ceuta y Melilla, which creates the impression of twin cities. However, they have no direct connection by air and by sea, whileby land, they are 500 km from one another. The similarities thus refer to their political, legal and even economic status, but not to their linguistic and cultural conditions. Ceuta is mainly bilingual, whereas Melilla has to be considered trilingual. The Moroccan Berber population of Melilla seems to have a less conflictive relation with the Spanish population than the mainly Arab one of Ceuta does. According to my observations and questio","PeriodicalId":41369,"journal":{"name":"Dialectologia et Geolinguistica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/dig.2011.005","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67146521","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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