Pub Date : 2016-06-01DOI: 10.1515/topling-2016-0005
Ljubica Leone
Abstract The present study focuses on the description of the semantic features of phrasal verbs (PVs) containing the particle on and specifically aims at analysing the historical development of aspectual and idiomatic combinations in Late Modern Spoken English. From a historical perspective, the “figurative usage” (Kennedy, 1920) of PVs is a very interesting feature because it is the product of historical processes resulting in the PVs as they are known in Present Day English (PDE). This study is a corpus-based investigation conducted on the Late Modern English-Old Bailey Corpus (LModE-OBC), a corpus that has been compiled by using texts from the Proceedings of the Old Bailey and annotated with the Visual Interactive Syntax Learning interface (VISL). The findings reveal that there was a general shift from spatial to aspectual meaning and a relative stability in the frequency of PVs in the time span 1750-1850. It can be assumed that PVs “have undergone a lexical development from compositional to noncompositional” (Thim, 2012, p. 12), a process that led PVs from being literal to figurative in meaning (Denison, 1981, p. 108; Claridge, 2000, p. 47) due to the semantic shift of particles from a directional to an aspectual connotation (Brinton and Akimoto, 1999, p. 8).
摘要本研究着重描述了含有on小品的动词短语的语义特征，并着重分析了近现代英语口语中体例组合和习语组合的历史发展。从历史的角度来看，pv的“比喻用法”(Kennedy, 1920)是一个非常有趣的特征，因为它是历史进程的产物，导致了pv在现代英语(PDE)中被称为pv。本研究是基于语料库的调查，对晚期现代英语-老贝利语料库(LModE-OBC)进行了调查，该语料库是使用《英国老贝利院刊》的文本编译而成，并使用视觉交互式语法学习界面(VISL)进行注释的。研究结果表明，在1750-1850年的时间跨度内，pv的频率总体上从空间意义向方面意义转变，并且相对稳定。可以假设pv“经历了从构成到非构成的词汇发展”(Thim, 2012, p. 12)，这一过程导致pv从字面意义到比喻意义(Denison, 1981, p. 108;Claridge, 2000，第47页)，这是由于粒子的语义从方向性内涵转变为方面性内涵(Brinton and Akimoto, 1999，第8页)。
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Pub Date : 2016-06-01DOI: 10.1515/topling-2016-0004
Renata Povolná
Abstract The role of English as a global lingua franca of academia has become indisputable in the on-going process of internationalization of all scholarship, even though the majority of writers and readers of academic texts are non-native speakers of English. Thus it is questionable whether there is any justification for imposing on international academic communication written in English the style conventions typical of the dominant Anglophone discourse community. Recommendations usually comprise qualities such as clarity, economy, linearity and precision in communication (cf. Bennett, 2015), which can be achieved, among other means, by certain overt guiding signals including conjuncts (Quirk et al., 1985). Accordingly, the aim of this paper is to reveal cross-cultural variation in the use of these important text-organizing means as it is believed that conjuncts can enhance the interaction and negotiation of meaning between the author and prospective readers of academic texts. The paper explores which semantic relations holding between parts of a text tend to be expressed overtly by conjuncts and which semantic classes, such as appositive, contrastive/concessive, listing and resultive conjuncts, contribute most to the interactive and dialogic nature of written academic discourse. The data are taken from research articles (RAs) selected from two journals, one representing academic discourse written by native speakers of English (Applied Linguistics) and the other representing academic texts written in English by Czech and Slovak scholars (Discourse and Interaction).
在所有学术正在进行的国际化进程中，英语作为全球学术通用语的作用已成为不争的事实，尽管大多数学术文章的作者和读者并非以英语为母语。因此，是否有任何理由将英语写作的国际学术交流强加于占主导地位的英语语篇社区的典型风格惯例是值得怀疑的。建议通常包括沟通中的清晰、经济、线性和精确等品质(参见Bennett, 2015)，这些品质可以通过某些公开的引导信号(包括连词)来实现(Quirk et al.， 1985)。因此，本文的目的是揭示在使用这些重要的文本组织手段时的跨文化差异，因为我们认为连词可以加强作者和学术文本的潜在读者之间的互动和意义协商。本文探讨了语篇各部分之间的哪些语义关系倾向于通过连词来表达，哪些语义类，如同位语、对比/让步连词、并列连词和结果连词，对书面学术话语的互动性和对话性质贡献最大。数据来自两份期刊的研究文章(RAs)，一份代表以英语为母语的人写的学术论文(应用语言学)，另一份代表捷克和斯洛伐克学者用英语写的学术论文(话语和互动)。
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Pub Date : 2016-01-01DOI: 10.1515/topling-2016-0009
S. Nishiguchi
Abstract This article asserts that the Japanese wide-scope mo ‘even’ in simple sentences are bipolar items (BPIs) antilicensed or forbidden by negation and licensed in a non-monotonic (NM) environment. BPIs share the features of negative polarity items (NPIs) as well as positive polarity items (PPIs). The Dutch ooit ‘ever’, the Serbo-Croatian i-series ‘and/even’, and the Hungarian is-series ‘and/even’ are antilicensed by clausemate negation and licensed by extraclausal negation (van der Wouden, 1997; Progovac, 1994; Szabolcsi, 2002) or non-monotonic negative (and positive, for Serbo-Croatian) emotive predicates. Adding an NPI rescues BPIs in uncomfortable clausemate negation.
摘要本文认为，日语简单句中的大范围“偶”是在非单调(NM)环境中被否定或禁止许可的双极性项(bpi)。bpi既有负极性项目(npi)的特征，也有正极性项目(ppi)的特征。荷兰语的“ever”，塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语的“i”系列的“and/even”，匈牙利语的“is”系列的“and/even”都是反条款否定和法外否定的(van der Wouden, 1997;Progovac, 1994;Szabolcsi, 2002)或非单调的消极(和积极，对于塞尔维亚-克罗地亚)情感谓词。添加一个新产品导入者可以使bpi摆脱不舒服的条款否定。
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Pub Date : 2015-12-01DOI: 10.2478/topling-2015-0007
Oleksandr (Alexander) Kapranov
Abstract This qualitative study is aimed at elucidating conceptual metaphors associated with renewable energy sources (further referred to as ‘renewables’) in Ukrainian prime ministers’ (PMs) political discourse. The material derives from a corpus of Ukrainian PMs’ political texts on renewables in Ukraine within the timeframe 2005-2014. The corpus is examined for the presence of conceptual metaphors pertaining to the topic of renewables. Data analysis indicates that from 2005 to 2013 conceptual metaphors involving renewables are embedded in the issues of Ukraine’s adherence to the Kyoto Protocol, the EU directives on renewables, the monetary value of renewables and the role of renewables in Ukraine’s energy security, thus instantiating the conceptual metaphors Renewables as Ukraine’s European Choice, Renewables as a Path to the EU, Renewables as Money and Renewables as Independence respectively. However, the novel metaphor Renewables as Survival is identified in PM Yatsenjuk’s political discourse in 2014. This metaphor is embedded in the context of another conceptual metaphor, Gas as a Weapon, which is present in political discourse involving Russian natural gas export to third countries. Data analysis indicates that the conceptual metaphors Renewables as Survival and Renewables as Independence are in a polyphonic relationship of synergy and contrast with Gas as a Weapon.
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Pub Date : 2015-12-01DOI: 10.2478/topling-2015-0011
D. McIntyre
Abstract Over recent years, the use of corpora in stylistic analysis has grown in popularity. However, questions still remain over the remit of corpus stylistics, its distinction from corpus linguistics generally and its capacity to explain complex stylistic effects. This article argues in favour of an integrated corpus stylistics; that is, an approach to corpus stylistics that integrates it with other stylistic methods and analytical frameworks. I suggest that this approach is needed for two main reasons: (i) it is analytically necessary in order to fully explain stylistic effects in texts, and (ii) integrating corpus methods with other stylistic tools is what will distinguish corpus stylistics from corpus linguistics. My argument is supported by reference to examples from Mark Haddon’s no vel The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night-time and the HBO TV series Deadwood. Both these examples rely for their explanation on a combination of corpus stylistic analytical techniques and other stylistic methods of analysis.
近年来，语料库在文体分析中的应用越来越受欢迎。然而，语料库文体学的研究范围、它与一般语料库语言学的区别以及它解释复杂文体效应的能力仍然存在问题。本文主张建立一个完整的语料库文体学;这是一种将语料库文体学与其他文体学方法和分析框架相结合的方法。我认为需要这种方法有两个主要原因:(I)为了充分解释文本中的文体效果，它在分析上是必要的;(ii)将语料库方法与其他语料库工具相结合是语料库文体学与语料库语言学的区别。马克·哈登(Mark Haddon)的小说《深夜狗的离奇事件》(The Curious Incident of The Dog in The night)和HBO电视剧《朽木》(Deadwood)的例子支持了我的观点。这两个例子都依赖于语料库文体分析技术和其他文体分析方法的结合来解释。
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Pub Date : 2015-12-01DOI: 10.2478/topling-2015-0009
Dita Trčková
Abstract Combining critical discourse analysis and the cognitive theory of metaphor, the study analyses hard news on Ebola from two American newspapers of a liberal political orientation, The New York Times and The New York Daily News, to investigate metaphoric representations of the disease and portrayals of its victims. It is revealed that both newspapers heavily rely on a single conceptual metaphor of EBOLA AS WAR, with only two alternative metaphors of EBOLA AS AN ANIMATE/HUMAN BEING and EBOLA AS A NATURAL CATASTROPHE employed. All three metaphoric themes assign the role of a culprit solely to the virus, which stands in contrast to non-metaphoric discursive allocations of blame for the situation in Africa, assigning responsibility mainly to man-made factors. African victims tend to be impersonalized and portrayed as voiceless and agentless, rarely occupying the role of a “fighter” in the military metaphoric representation of the disease, which runs counter to the findings of recent studies detecting a change towards a more positive image of Africa in the media. Both newspapers fail to represent infected ordinary Africans as sovereign agents, hindering readers from reflexively identifying with them.
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Pub Date : 2015-12-01DOI: 10.2478/topling-2015-0010
Milan Ferenčík
Abstract Almost immediately after the Charlie Hebdo shootings of 7 January 2015, some print media made room for alternative opinions of what had happened. The articles and the discussions they inspired are replete with evaluations which lend themselves to analysis using methods and procedures of Politeness Theory. The paper examines an example of a metadiscourse of (im)politeness which questions the “moral orders” underlying the cartoonists’ as well as other participants’ social practices vis-à-vis their ideological foundations, esp. freedom of speech as one of the principal liberties of our society. To that end, the approach to politeness as “social practice” is employed which, while insisting on multiple understandings of politeness, places participants’ evaluations at the centre of politeness research.
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Pub Date : 2015-12-01DOI: 10.2478/TOPLING-2015-0008
Enrique Gutiérrez Rubio
{"title":"Stereotypes in Czech phraseology. Nations and ethnic groups","authors":"Enrique Gutiérrez Rubio","doi":"10.2478/TOPLING-2015-0008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/TOPLING-2015-0008","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":41377,"journal":{"name":"Topics in Linguistics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2015-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68923458","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-06-01DOI: 10.2478/topling-2015-0005
D. Machová
Abstract The paper studies the degree of grammaticalization of the structures gotta, gonna, wanna and better. The study presumes that the semantics of these structures – more precisely their modal polyfunctionality (i.e. the ability to express deontic and epistemic meaning at the same time) – has an impact on their morphosyntactic properties. Using corpora (predominantly the British National Corpus and the Corpus of Contemporary American English) and web forums, the paper studies in detail the level of independence of gotta, gonna, wanna and better from their respective auxiliaries (have and be) and the development of the operator properties of these structures typical for central modals (i.e. inversion in questions, compatibility with clausal negation and occurrence in elliptical contexts). It demonstrates that gonna and gotta are partially grammaticalized, especially with respect to the independence of their auxiliaries, but they do not syntactically behave as modals. The verb wanna behaves as a modal morphologically but not syntactically. On the other hand, better is grammaticalized to a high degree, and it does demonstrate both the morphology and syntax of central modal verbs.
{"title":"The degree of grammaticalization of gotta, gonna, wanna and better: A corpus study","authors":"D. Machová","doi":"10.2478/topling-2015-0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/topling-2015-0005","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The paper studies the degree of grammaticalization of the structures gotta, gonna, wanna and better. The study presumes that the semantics of these structures – more precisely their modal polyfunctionality (i.e. the ability to express deontic and epistemic meaning at the same time) – has an impact on their morphosyntactic properties. Using corpora (predominantly the British National Corpus and the Corpus of Contemporary American English) and web forums, the paper studies in detail the level of independence of gotta, gonna, wanna and better from their respective auxiliaries (have and be) and the development of the operator properties of these structures typical for central modals (i.e. inversion in questions, compatibility with clausal negation and occurrence in elliptical contexts). It demonstrates that gonna and gotta are partially grammaticalized, especially with respect to the independence of their auxiliaries, but they do not syntactically behave as modals. The verb wanna behaves as a modal morphologically but not syntactically. On the other hand, better is grammaticalized to a high degree, and it does demonstrate both the morphology and syntax of central modal verbs.","PeriodicalId":41377,"journal":{"name":"Topics in Linguistics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2015-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2478/topling-2015-0005","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68923390","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-06-01DOI: 10.2478/topling-2015-0004
S. Gandin
Abstract This paper will present a corpus-based study on the translated language of tourism, focusing in particular on the stylistics of tourist landscapes. Through a comparative analysis of a specifically designed corpus of travel articles originally written in English (namely the TourEC-Tourism English Corpus) and a corpus of tourist texts translated from a variety of languages into English (namely the T-TourEC – Translational Tourism English Corpus), the study will investigate a selection of collocates, concordances and keywords related to the description and representation of tourist settings in both corpora. The aim will be that of identifying differences, aspects or practices to be potentially improved that characterize the translated language of tourism with respect to tourist texts originally written in English. Results will show that the discursive patterns of translated texts differ from the stylistic strategies typically employed in native English for the linguistic representation of landscape and settings due to phenomena of translation universals, and that these differences may affect the relating communicative functions, properties and persuasive effects of tourist promotional discourse.
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