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Time frame as a determinant of accessibility of anaphoric demonstratives in Classical Arabic 时间框架对古典阿拉伯语回指指示语可及性的影响
IF 0.4 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2018-12-01 DOI: 10.2478/topling-2018-0010
Samer Jarbou
Abstract The aim of this paper is to investigate the determinants for choosing nominal anaphoric demonstratives in Classical Arabic (CA) by examining their usage in a corpus of CA texts. The study makes use of Ariel’s (1990; 2001) concept of ‘unity’ as a theoretical framework from which to study the relationship between an anaphoric demonstrative, its antecedent and their shared referent. This study builds on Jarbou and Migdady’s (2012) findings that ‘anaphoric distance’ (Ariel, 1990; 2001) has not been found to be a primary determinant of cognitive accessibility concerning the use of anaphoric demonstratives in CA. The results of this study show that the choice of proximal/distal anaphoric demonstratives in CA depends primarily on the ‘time frame’ of the referent. Anaphoric demonstratives are temporally anchored in the present time of interaction; if a referent existed within a past time frame or is expected to exist within a future time frame (in relation to the interlocutors’ present time), that referent has low accessibility because of non-sharedness of time frame; if a referent existed or is experienced within a present time frame, it has high accessibility due to sharedness of time frame. Temporal distance replaces physical distance as a determinant of accessibility. In the corpus, proximal anaphoric demonstratives have been used in contexts of high accessibility while distal anaphors have been used in those of low accessibility. Findings of this study contribute to the dynamic view of demonstratives that textual/physical distance is not the primary or sole determinant of accessibility concerning demonstratives.
摘要本文旨在通过考察古典阿拉伯语语料库中名义回指指示语的使用情况,探讨其选择的决定因素。该研究利用了Ariel (1990;2001)“统一”的概念作为一个理论框架,从中研究回指指示物、先行词和它们的共同指称物之间的关系。本研究基于Jarbou和Migdady(2012)的发现,即“回指距离”(Ariel, 1990;(2001)并没有被发现是在CA中使用回指指示语的认知可及性的主要决定因素。本研究的结果表明,CA中近端/远端回指指示语的选择主要取决于指称物的“时间框架”。回指指示语在时间上锚定在互动的当下;如果一个指称物在过去的时间范围内存在,或者预计在未来的时间范围内存在(相对于对话者现在的时间),由于时间范围的非共享性,该指称物的可及性较低;如果在当前时间框架内存在或经历过一个参照,则由于时间框架的共享性,它具有高可访问性。时间距离取代物理距离作为可达性的决定因素。在语料库中,近端回指指用于高可及性语境,远端回指用于低可及性语境。本研究的结果支持指示语的动态观点,即文本/物理距离不是指示语可及性的主要或唯一决定因素。
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引用次数: 2
Morphological taxonomy in the present-day generative framework: A case study of English and Czech nominalization 现代生成框架中的形态分类学:英语和捷克语名词化的个案研究
IF 0.4 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2018-12-01 DOI: 10.2478/topling-2018-0007
Ludmila Veselovská
Abstract This paper addresses the classification of morphemes in a generative framework. Referring to existing theoretical models of generative morphosyntax (e.g. Distributed Morphology), it demonstrates that a traditional long-standing taxonomic distinction reflects formal, i.e. structural (and derivational) distinctions. Using the well-known examples of the English multi-functional nominalizer -ing and some parallel data in Czech, the study reinterprets morphological taxonomy in terms of three levels, namely the (i) lexical, (ii) syntactic and (iii) post-syntactic insertion of grammatical formatives. It shows that the level of insertion in a syntactic derivation results in predictable (and attested) diagnostics for the multi-morpheme exponents.
摘要本文讨论了生成框架中语素的分类问题。参考现有的生成形态句法的理论模型(如分布式形态学),它证明了传统的长期分类区分反映了形式,即结构(和派生)的区别。本研究以英语多功能名词化器-ing为例,从三个层面对形态分类学进行了重新解释,即(1)词汇、(2)句法和(3)句法后插入语法构词物。它表明,语法派生中的插入水平导致多语素指数的可预测(和可证实的)诊断。
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引用次数: 0
Semantic representation of similes (based on the Ukrainian, English and Polish languages). 明喻的语义表示(基于乌克兰语、英语和波兰语)。
IF 0.4 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2018-06-01 DOI: 10.2478/topling-2018-0002
M. Oleniak
Abstract Since simile in this paper is understood as a figure of speech in which two essentially unlike things are compared and not only as a construction corresponding to the formula X is like Y, the borderline between the semasiological (from form to content) and onomasiological (from content to form) approaches in respect to the analysis of simile is considered to be crucial. The article is devoted to the analysis of the existing formulas for simile that enumerate the elements in the surface structures of most similes and to the elaboration of a formula that would reflect the essence of the relationship of simile elements regardless of their formal expression. Taking into account existing linguistic studies of similes as well as the author’s own understanding of the problem, simile components are described which also have a symbolic reflection in the aforementioned universal formula for similes. Employing the method of conceptual analysis as well as the methods of description and interpretation, modelling and coding, the author devises a new formula for simile, representing all four of its constituents (a tenor, a vehicle, a comparison marker and a commonly shared salient feature). The devised formula is further subjected to analysis for the possibility of being applied to all formal types of simile. The presented formula of a universal character is essential to identify and analyse different types of similes without limiting research to the formations of a certain model. The formula is labelled universal because it characterizes similes regardless of their forms and languages in which they are used.
由于本文中的明喻被理解为一种修辞手法,其中两个本质上不同的事物被比较,而不仅仅是与公式“X像Y”相对应的结构,因此在分析明喻时,符号学(从形式到内容)和象形学(从内容到形式)方法之间的界限被认为是至关重要的。本文分析了现有的明喻公式,列举了大多数明喻的表面结构中的元素,并阐述了一个公式,该公式反映了明喻元素之间关系的本质,而不考虑它们的形式表达。结合现有的明喻语言学研究以及作者对问题的理解,对明喻成分进行了描述,这些成分在上述明喻通用公式中也有象征性的反映。作者采用概念分析的方法以及描述和解释、建模和编码的方法,设计了一个新的明喻公式,代表了它的所有四个组成部分(一个男高音、一个媒介、一个比较标记和一个共同的显著特征)。所设计的公式被进一步分析为适用于所有形式类型的明喻的可能性。所提出的普遍特征公式对于识别和分析不同类型的明喻而不将研究局限于某一模式的形成是必不可少的。这个公式被称为通用公式,因为它描述了各种形式和语言的比喻。
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引用次数: 4
The development of verbal morphology and word order in an Indonesian-German bilingual child: A case study 印尼-德国双语儿童言语词法和语序的发展:个案研究
IF 0.4 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2018-06-01 DOI: 10.2478/topling-2018-0003
N. L. P. S. Adnyani, N. L. S. Beratha, I. W. Pastika, I. N. Suparwa
Abstract The contexts and circumstances of the occurrence of cross-linguistic influence in bilingual children’s language development are still a matter of debate. The present study argues that in the early development of a bilingual child exposed to two typologically distinct languages (Indonesian and German), the child developed two separate linguistic systems. The child, raised in Indonesia, was exposed to Indonesian by her Indonesian mother and to German by her German father. The study focuses on the early stages of verbal morphology and word order, from ages 1;3 to 2;2. The corpus took the form of conversational text or speech based on spontaneous interactions in natural settings. The data was collected using diary records, supplemented by weekly video recordings. In analysing the data, two software systems were used: ELAN and Toolbox. The speech was segmented based on utterances. All verbal morphology and word order was coded. The results show that verbal morphology in Indonesian and German was acquired by the child at different times, with the development of German verbs occurring later than Indonesian verb acquisition. In addition, there is evidence of interaction between the two developing systems. Cross-linguistic interference was identified when the child used the Indonesian vocatives-predicate combination in German utterances while, at the same time, the child also applied the German verb-final clause structure in Indonesian utterances when she should have produced German utterances. Thus, the results from this case study suggest that both language external and internal factors account for the occurrence of cross-linguistic influence.
双语儿童语言发展中出现跨语言影响的背景和环境一直是一个有争议的问题。目前的研究认为,在双语儿童接触两种不同类型的语言(印尼语和德语)的早期发展中,儿童发展了两种独立的语言系统。这个在印度尼西亚长大的孩子,由她的印度尼西亚母亲接触印尼语,由她的德国父亲接触德语。本研究的重点是1、3岁到2、2岁幼儿的词法和语序。语料库采用基于自然环境中自发互动的会话文本或语音的形式。数据收集采用日记记录,辅以每周录像。在分析数据时,使用了两个软件系统:ELAN和Toolbox。演讲是根据话语进行分割的。所有的词法和词序都被编码。结果表明,幼儿习得印尼语和德语动词形态的时间不同,德语动词的发展晚于印尼语动词的习得。此外,有证据表明两个发展中的系统之间存在相互作用。当儿童在德语话语中使用印尼语的动词-谓语组合时,发现了跨语言干扰,同时,儿童在应该产生德语话语的情况下,也在印尼语话语中使用了德语动词-末句结构。因此,本案例研究的结果表明,语言外部和内部因素都是跨语言影响发生的原因。
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引用次数: 11
Conceptualization and representation of the passing of time in Spanish phraseology: A gender study 西班牙语短语中时间流逝的概念化和表征:性别研究
IF 0.4 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2018-06-01 DOI: 10.2478/topling-2018-0001
Enrique Gutiérrez Rubio
Abstract According to the cognitive linguistics approach to phraseology, the majority of idioms are not linguistic but conceptual in nature. Moreover, they have to be seen mainly as a cultural product and, consequently, they are a splendid device for revealing the values of a given society. The aim of this study is to reveal the notion of the passing of time, as it is differently conceptualized for women and men in Spanish phraseology. Additionally, their dissimilar representations via linear structures based on the TIME IS SPACE conceptual metaphor will be proposed. The main conclusion of the study is that, according to Spanish idioms, men’s lives can be represented by a single-line structure divided into two opposite, isolated periods – childhood and maturity. On the contrary, women’s linear representation looks more like a continuous line that becomes a “forked” path a short time after women leave childhood behind. Finally, the relationship between the contemporary functioning of PUs and the endurance of the etymological stereotypes underlying these expressions will be considered.
从认知语言学的角度来看,大多数习语不是语言的,而是概念的。此外,它们必须主要被视为一种文化产品,因此,它们是揭示特定社会价值观的绝佳工具。这项研究的目的是揭示时间流逝的概念,因为在西班牙语短语中,女性和男性对时间流逝的概念不同。此外,本文还提出了基于时间即空间概念隐喻的线性结构对二者的不同表征。这项研究的主要结论是,根据西班牙成语,男人的生活可以用单线结构来表示,分为两个相反的、孤立的时期——童年和成熟。相反,女性的线性表现更像是一条连续的线,在女性离开童年后的短时间内变成了一条“分叉”的路径。最后,将考虑这些表达背后的词源学刻板印象与pu的当代功能之间的关系。
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引用次数: 1
Metaphorical modelling in the case of cosmetic companies’ image development 化妆品企业形象发展中的隐喻建模
IF 0.4 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2018-06-01 DOI: 10.2478/topling-2018-0006
O. Ivantsiv
Abstract The article focuses on metaphorical modelling as a means of corporate image development. The research data includes an electronic corpus of 185 press releases issued by five international cosmetic companies. A methodology of analysing metaphorical models based on the consideration of the model’s frame-slot structure was applied. The study resulted in the singling out of two major metaphorical clusters within the corporate discourse of image-making – BUSINESS IS A HUMAN BEING and BUSINESS IS ART. Although these models do not embrace the whole range of sources of metaphorical expansion, they nevertheless essentially contribute to creating a relatively holistic image of a cosmetic company as a perfect organism that produces masterpieces to meet the needs and expectations of the target audience.
摘要本文着重探讨隐喻造型作为企业形象塑造的一种手段。研究数据包括五家国际化妆品公司发布的185份新闻稿的电子语料库。在考虑隐喻模型的框架槽结构的基础上,应用了一种分析隐喻模型的方法。这项研究在图像制作的企业话语中挑选出了两个主要的隐喻集群——商业是人和商业是艺术。尽管这些模型并没有涵盖隐喻扩展的全部来源,然而,它们本质上有助于塑造一个相对整体的形象,将化妆品公司视为一个完美的有机体,生产出满足目标受众需求和期望的杰作。
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引用次数: 1
The framing of climate change discourse by Statoil 挪威国家石油公司气候变化话语框架
IF 0.4 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2018-06-01 DOI: 10.2478/topling-2018-0004
Oleksandr (Alexander) Kapranov
Abstract This article involves a qualitative framing analysis of climate change discourse by Statoil, a Norwegian-based energy corporation, which is considered to be a major actor in the Norwegian fossil fuels market. The corpus of the present framing analysis consists of Statoil’s annual sustainability reports from 2001 until 2015 available online at the official Statoil website www.statoil.com. The framing analysis is based upon the methodological approach to framing described by Dahl (2015). The specific research aim of the present investigation is twofold: i) to identify Statoil’s framing of climate change discourse and ii) to compare how the framing changed diachronically from the time of the first sustainability report published in 2001 until the 2015 Sustainability Report. The results of the framing analysis indicate that Statoil’s climate change discourse in 2001-2015 is framed by a number of qualitatively different frames that are unequally distributed in diachrony, e.g. “Anthropogenic Cause”, “Battle”, “Corporate Responsibility”, “Emissions Reduction” etc. These frames are further presented and discussed in the article.
摘要本文涉及挪威国家石油公司对气候变化话语的定性框架分析,该公司是一家总部位于挪威的能源公司,被认为是挪威化石燃料市场的主要参与者。本框架分析的语料库包括挪威国家石油公司2001年至2015年的年度可持续发展报告,可在线访问挪威国家石油局官方网站www.Statoil.com。框架分析基于达尔(2015)描述的框架方法。本调查的具体研究目的有两个:i)确定挪威国家石油公司对气候变化话语的框架;ii)比较从2001年发布第一份可持续发展报告到2015年可持续发展报告,框架是如何发生历时性变化的。框架分析的结果表明,挪威国家石油公司2001-2015年的气候变化话语是由许多质的不同框架构成的,这些框架在时间上分布不均,如“人为原因”、“战斗”、“企业责任”、“减排”等。文中对这些框架进行了进一步的介绍和讨论。
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引用次数: 7
Acquisition of meaning in bilingual children: Interference, translation and errors 双语儿童意义的习得:干扰、翻译与错误
IF 0.4 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2018-06-01 DOI: 10.2478/topling-2018-0005
E. Klapicova
Abstract Even though the process of the acquisition of phonology and syntax in bilingual children resembles that of monolinguals, vocabulary acquisition in bilingual children heavily depends on the input in each language. Bialystok (2004, p. 66) holds that “it may be that the acquisition of syntax and phonology is adequately triggered by exposure to the language, but vocabulary needs to be learned”. Children appear to have the capacity for acquiring more than the basic volume of vocabulary necessary for one language system. The aim of the present paper is to examine the following aspects: the processes of the acquisition of meaning; the manifestation of interference, transfer and borrowing; the task of finding translation equivalents; errors in vocabulary usage in bilingual children.
摘要尽管双语儿童的音韵学和句法习得过程与单语儿童相似,但双语儿童的词汇习得在很大程度上取决于每种语言的输入。Bialystok(2004,第66页)认为,“语法和音韵学的习得可能是通过接触语言而充分触发的,但词汇需要学习”。儿童似乎有能力获得一种语言系统所需的基本词汇量之外的更多词汇。本文的目的是考察以下几个方面:意义的获取过程;干扰、转移和借用的表现形式;寻找翻译对等物的任务;双语儿童词汇使用中的错误。
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引用次数: 3
Metaphorical profile of distress in English media discourse 英语媒介话语中痛苦的隐喻特征
IF 0.4 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2017-12-20 DOI: 10.1515/topling-2017-0010
Anna Verbytska
Abstract The current research is directed towards the transition of distress studies in the English speaking culture from the prototype towards the conceptual metaphor approach. It enables the enlightenment of mental images, which underlie distress language usage in modern mass communication. The analysis involves identification of conceptual distress metaphors and metonymies within the image-schematic structure. The study includes a cognitive semantic analysis of linguistic units of the distress lexicon retrieved from the GloWbE, BNC, COCA, English newspapers and media platforms. Figurative language reveals conventional beliefs about distress represented in English media discourse, such as strong associations of emotion with darkness and coldness. Metaphorical mappings contain views about the reasons for distress experience which lie in the loss of balance or inner equilibrium, loss of control, and convictions about the reaction characterizing a person as being weak and brittle. The findings of data analysis are summed up in a metaphorical profile of distress (MPD) which discloses the behavioural patterns (communicative behaviour, adequacy/inadequacy of behaviour, ability to socialize) and physical effects including health issues.
摘要当前的研究方向是英语文化中的痛苦研究从原型研究向概念隐喻研究的转变。它使心理意象的启蒙成为现代大众传播中痛苦语言使用的基础。分析包括识别意象图式结构中的概念痛苦隐喻和转喻。本研究包括对从GloWbE、BNC、COCA、英语报纸和媒体平台中检索到的遇难词汇的语言单位进行认知语义分析。比喻语言揭示了英语媒体话语中关于痛苦的传统观念,例如情感与黑暗和寒冷的强烈联系。隐喻映射包含了关于痛苦经历的原因的观点,这些原因在于失去平衡或内在平衡,失去控制,以及关于将一个人描述为脆弱和脆弱的反应的信念。数据分析的结果总结为一份痛苦的隐喻概况(MPD),其中揭示了行为模式(沟通行为、行为适当/不适当、社交能力)和包括健康问题在内的身体影响。
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引用次数: 2
“And this is the view from outside my window”: On text and image interplay in university website blogs “这是我窗外的景色”:论大学网站博客中的文本和图像相互作用
IF 0.4 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2017-12-20 DOI: 10.1515/topling-2017-0012
Renáta Tomášková
Abstract The paper focuses on the institutional website as a complex genre with a relatively discontinuous inner structure, which is, however, coherent and cohesive, and unified by a common communication goal(s). The website is viewed as a discourse colony consisting of independent but related components realized in an array of subgenres, some of which are typical of the academic/institutional environment while others come from different discourse domains and are employed as embedded genres. The paper focuses on the blog as an embedded genre, its forms and functions within university websites, and particularly on its potentially multimodal character, i.e. the interplay of the verbal content of the blog and the non-verbal elements, esp. photographs, which co-create the producer’s message to the addressee. Drawing upon the recently developed field of multimodal discourse analysis within Hallidayan Systemic Functional Linguistics, particularly Martinec and Salway’s model, the paper explores the level to which the modes are integrated and the ways they contribute to meaningmaking in the genre.
摘要本文将机构网站作为一种复杂的类型,其内部结构相对不连续,但具有连贯性和凝聚力,并通过一个共同的传播目标来统一。该网站被视为一个话语群体,由一系列子类别中独立但相关的组成部分组成,其中一些子类别是典型的学术/制度环境,而另一些则来自不同的话语领域,并被用作嵌入的流派。本文重点研究了博客作为一种嵌入的类型,它在大学网站中的形式和功能,特别是它潜在的多模式特征,即博客的语言内容和非语言元素(尤其是照片)的相互作用,这些元素共同创造了制作者向收件人传达的信息。本文借鉴韩礼达系统功能语言学中近年来发展起来的多模态语篇分析领域,特别是Martinec和Salway的模式,探讨了这些模式的整合程度以及它们对该类型意义形成的贡献。
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引用次数: 4
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Topics in Linguistics
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