Pub Date : 2022-12-29DOI: 10.22378/2313-6197.2022-10-4.935-938
L. Giniyatullina
On November 1–2, 2022, the International Scientific Congress “XVIII Faizkhanov Readings: Islam in Russia: Past, Present, Future” was held in Moscow. The congress was timed to coincide with the 1100th anniversary of the official adoption of Islam by the peoples of the Volga Bulgaria, the Year of the Cultural Heritage of the Peoples of Russia and the 15th anniversary of the Medina Publishing House. The participants of the XVIII Faizkhanov readings were religious figures, representatives of research institutes, statesmen and public figures from Belarus, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan, Russia. The organizers were: Spiritual Board of Muslims of the Russian Federation, Moscow Islamic Institute, Center for Islamic Studies of St. Petersburg State University, Press Service of the Spiritual Muslim Board of the Russian Federation. Marjani Institute of History of the Tatarstan Academy of Sciences was one of the co-organizers of the Congress. Issues of the history of the material culture of Islam, written monuments of Islam, the history of Islam in archival sources were discussed within the framework of the Congress. The participants shared the results of their research on the history of Islam in Russia, discussed a wide range of issues on the history of Islam in international relations, the current situation and prospects for the development of the Muslim community in Russia. Employees of the Marjani Institute of History of the Tatarstan Academy of Sciences made presentations at seven sections. In the section “Islam from the Bulgar State to the Russian Empire” the staff of the Usmanov Center for Research on the Golden Horde and Tatar Khanates also made reports.
{"title":"International Scientific Congress “XVIII Faizkhanov Readings” on the topic “Islam in Russia: past, present, future”","authors":"L. Giniyatullina","doi":"10.22378/2313-6197.2022-10-4.935-938","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22378/2313-6197.2022-10-4.935-938","url":null,"abstract":"On November 1–2, 2022, the International Scientific Congress “XVIII Faizkhanov Readings: Islam in Russia: Past, Present, Future” was held in Moscow. The congress was timed to coincide with the 1100th anniversary of the official adoption of Islam by the peoples of the Volga Bulgaria, the Year of the Cultural Heritage of the Peoples of Russia and the 15th anniversary of the Medina Publishing House. The participants of the XVIII Faizkhanov readings were religious figures, representatives of research institutes, statesmen and public figures from Belarus, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan, Russia. The organizers were: Spiritual Board of Muslims of the Russian Federation, Moscow Islamic Institute, Center for Islamic Studies of St. Petersburg State University, Press Service of the Spiritual Muslim Board of the Russian Federation. Marjani Institute of History of the Tatarstan Academy of Sciences was one of the co-organizers of the Congress. Issues of the history of the material culture of Islam, written monuments of Islam, the history of Islam in archival sources were discussed within the framework of the Congress. The participants shared the results of their research on the history of Islam in Russia, discussed a wide range of issues on the history of Islam in international relations, the current situation and prospects for the development of the Muslim community in Russia. Employees of the Marjani Institute of History of the Tatarstan Academy of Sciences made presentations at seven sections. In the section “Islam from the Bulgar State to the Russian Empire” the staff of the Usmanov Center for Research on the Golden Horde and Tatar Khanates also made reports.","PeriodicalId":41481,"journal":{"name":"Zolotoordynskoe Obozrenie-Golden Horde Review","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84371060","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-29DOI: 10.22378/2313-6197.2022-10-4.868-898
V. V. Penskoy, T. M. Penskaya
The purpose of the study: To trace the evolution of interstate relations in Eastern Europe at the beginning of the “long 16th century” as a political system, to characterize its main trends, stages, and the factors that influenced its course of development. Research materials: Messages recorded in chronicles, embassy reports and diplomatic correspondence, legal act materials, and secondary historical literature. Results and scientific novelty of the study: The study of sources allows us to conclude that the great turmoil that engulfed in North-Eastern Rus’, Lithuania, and the Horde in the 1430s–1440s led to the final disintegration of the “Horde world,” launching the process of the formation of the “post-Horde” reality although, at first, this process was not obvious. The Tatar elite believed that the “Three Kingdoms” that had developed in the former Horde would bring around another round of strife, after which the status quo would be restored. In Vilnius, they considered it possible to return to a situation in which Lithuania was the dominant force in the region. The first step towards the restoration of “antiquity” was made by the “king” of the Horde, Sidi-Akhmet, who unleashed a huge war against the Crimea, Lithuania and Moscow in the 1440s. However, he overestimated his strength and was defeated. Coinciding with his departure from the political scene, the Horde world also became a thing of the past. The formation of a new political reality in the region turned out to be connected with the struggle between Lithuania and Moscow for Novgorod. During this confrontation, the former allies in the coalition against Sidi Akhmet disengaged. The Moscow-Crimean Union became the axis of a new “post-Horde” system. A counter to it would have been the alliance of the Great Horde and Lithuania, but Vilnius, in an effort to maintain a free hand, made a fatal mistake by refusing any close alliance with the Horde. The Horde came into conflict with Moscow and Kyrkor, counting on Lithuanian support and did not receive it. As a result, it broke up at the beginning of the 16th century. The formation of the “bipolar” post-Horde political system was not accomplished and a new stage of transformation began.
{"title":"The post-Horde world and the union of Ivan III and Mengli-Girey I: An attempt to create a “bipolar” political system","authors":"V. V. Penskoy, T. M. Penskaya","doi":"10.22378/2313-6197.2022-10-4.868-898","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22378/2313-6197.2022-10-4.868-898","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of the study: To trace the evolution of interstate relations in Eastern Europe at the beginning of the “long 16th century” as a political system, to characterize its main trends, stages, and the factors that influenced its course of development. Research materials: Messages recorded in chronicles, embassy reports and diplomatic correspondence, legal act materials, and secondary historical literature. Results and scientific novelty of the study: The study of sources allows us to conclude that the great turmoil that engulfed in North-Eastern Rus’, Lithuania, and the Horde in the 1430s–1440s led to the final disintegration of the “Horde world,” launching the process of the formation of the “post-Horde” reality although, at first, this process was not obvious. The Tatar elite believed that the “Three Kingdoms” that had developed in the former Horde would bring around another round of strife, after which the status quo would be restored. In Vilnius, they considered it possible to return to a situation in which Lithuania was the dominant force in the region. The first step towards the restoration of “antiquity” was made by the “king” of the Horde, Sidi-Akhmet, who unleashed a huge war against the Crimea, Lithuania and Moscow in the 1440s. However, he overestimated his strength and was defeated. Coinciding with his departure from the political scene, the Horde world also became a thing of the past. The formation of a new political reality in the region turned out to be connected with the struggle between Lithuania and Moscow for Novgorod. During this confrontation, the former allies in the coalition against Sidi Akhmet disengaged. The Moscow-Crimean Union became the axis of a new “post-Horde” system. A counter to it would have been the alliance of the Great Horde and Lithuania, but Vilnius, in an effort to maintain a free hand, made a fatal mistake by refusing any close alliance with the Horde. The Horde came into conflict with Moscow and Kyrkor, counting on Lithuanian support and did not receive it. As a result, it broke up at the beginning of the 16th century. The formation of the “bipolar” post-Horde political system was not accomplished and a new stage of transformation began.","PeriodicalId":41481,"journal":{"name":"Zolotoordynskoe Obozrenie-Golden Horde Review","volume":"155 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79812952","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-29DOI: 10.22378/2313-6197.2022-10-4.819-839
Kh. Urangua
This review article discusses a new scientific publication of the Institute of Mongolian Studies and the Department of History of the Mongolian State University. In 2019, Steppe Publishing published a collective monograph entitled «History of the Mongol Empire» in 5 volumes. The titles of the volumes correspond to the names of the states that made up the Mongol Empire in the XIII–XIV centuries: «Mongol Empire», «Yuan Empire», «Ulus Jochi», «Ulus Ilkhanate», and «Chagatai ulus». The third volume of the monograph covers the history of the Mongols in the 13th–16th centuries. It is about the state founded by Jochi, the eldest son of Genghis Khan. This book «Ulus Jochi» is the 6th book to be published on the history of the «Golden Horde» in Mongolia, being a new fundamental work of young historians of the country. The оbjective of the study was to highlight the content of the monograph and to reveal the novelty of the recent work by Mongolia’s historians. Research materials: In the course of writing a review, the author sought to find comparative historiographic works on the topic, including those that touch on controversial issues in the history of Ulus Jochi. Results and novelty of the research from the point of view of research methodology, the collective monograph “Ulus Jochi” is written with novelty, namely in regard to its conceptual apparatus. The author of this work agrees with the main provisions and conclusions of the book under review and believes that this work has made many steps forward in studying the history of the Ulus Jochi [Golden Horde].
{"title":"Mongolian page of the Ulus Jochi’ history","authors":"Kh. Urangua","doi":"10.22378/2313-6197.2022-10-4.819-839","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22378/2313-6197.2022-10-4.819-839","url":null,"abstract":"This review article discusses a new scientific publication of the Institute of Mongolian Studies and the Department of History of the Mongolian State University. In 2019, Steppe Publishing published a collective monograph entitled «History of the Mongol Empire» in 5 volumes. The titles of the volumes correspond to the names of the states that made up the Mongol Empire in the XIII–XIV centuries: «Mongol Empire», «Yuan Empire», «Ulus Jochi», «Ulus Ilkhanate», and «Chagatai ulus». The third volume of the monograph covers the history of the Mongols in the 13th–16th centuries. It is about the state founded by Jochi, the eldest son of Genghis Khan. This book «Ulus Jochi» is the 6th book to be published on the history of the «Golden Horde» in Mongolia, being a new fundamental work of young historians of the country. The оbjective of the study was to highlight the content of the monograph and to reveal the novelty of the recent work by Mongolia’s historians. Research materials: In the course of writing a review, the author sought to find comparative historiographic works on the topic, including those that touch on controversial issues in the history of Ulus Jochi. Results and novelty of the research from the point of view of research methodology, the collective monograph “Ulus Jochi” is written with novelty, namely in regard to its conceptual apparatus. The author of this work agrees with the main provisions and conclusions of the book under review and believes that this work has made many steps forward in studying the history of the Ulus Jochi [Golden Horde].","PeriodicalId":41481,"journal":{"name":"Zolotoordynskoe Obozrenie-Golden Horde Review","volume":"227 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77149635","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-29DOI: 10.22378/2313-6197.2022-10-4.744-757
I. Izmailov
Research objectives: To analyze the processes behind the formation and development of the Tatar ethnopolitical community in the Ulus of Jochi in the XIII–XV centuries. Research materials: The author of the article examines a variety of sources that reflect the progressive development of the Tatar ethnopolitical community in the Ulus of Jochi during the XIII–XV centuries. Results and novelty of the research: The Tatars of the Jochid Ulus during the XIII–XV centuries were usually studied from a socio-political point of view, with little attention being paid to the study of mental structures. Nevertheless, the formation of the ethnopolitical community of the Tatars – something which determines the mental universe of the population of the Ulus of Jochi – deserves and receives here more intensive study. The Mongol invasion brought not only destruction to the countries of Eurasia, but also led to the formation of a new Mongol Empire, and at the end of the XIII century, the successor Chingisid states. In all these khanates, there was a process of formation of their statehood and ethnopolitical consolidation. In the Ulus of Jochi, this process was associated with the formation of the Tatar ethnopolitical community. It turns out that during the conquests of Chingis Khan and his heirs in different countries of Eurasia from the Near and Middle East to Central Asia and Eastern Europe, Tatars were present among the troops of the Khans, playing the role of a military aristocracy. Due to these objective and other subjective reasons, the Tatar identity became the leading one in the Jochid Ulus, manifesting itself in the ideas that the Jochid Ulus was a country of the Tatars, the term itself becoming synonymous with the military service aristocracy. Tatars were also understood as Turkic nomadic people with their own clan structure.
{"title":"Tatars of the Jochid Ulus: the formation and development of an ethnopolitical identity in the 13th–15th centuries","authors":"I. Izmailov","doi":"10.22378/2313-6197.2022-10-4.744-757","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22378/2313-6197.2022-10-4.744-757","url":null,"abstract":"Research objectives: To analyze the processes behind the formation and development of the Tatar ethnopolitical community in the Ulus of Jochi in the XIII–XV centuries. Research materials: The author of the article examines a variety of sources that reflect the progressive development of the Tatar ethnopolitical community in the Ulus of Jochi during the XIII–XV centuries. Results and novelty of the research: The Tatars of the Jochid Ulus during the XIII–XV centuries were usually studied from a socio-political point of view, with little attention being paid to the study of mental structures. Nevertheless, the formation of the ethnopolitical community of the Tatars – something which determines the mental universe of the population of the Ulus of Jochi – deserves and receives here more intensive study. The Mongol invasion brought not only destruction to the countries of Eurasia, but also led to the formation of a new Mongol Empire, and at the end of the XIII century, the successor Chingisid states. In all these khanates, there was a process of formation of their statehood and ethnopolitical consolidation. In the Ulus of Jochi, this process was associated with the formation of the Tatar ethnopolitical community. It turns out that during the conquests of Chingis Khan and his heirs in different countries of Eurasia from the Near and Middle East to Central Asia and Eastern Europe, Tatars were present among the troops of the Khans, playing the role of a military aristocracy. Due to these objective and other subjective reasons, the Tatar identity became the leading one in the Jochid Ulus, manifesting itself in the ideas that the Jochid Ulus was a country of the Tatars, the term itself becoming synonymous with the military service aristocracy. Tatars were also understood as Turkic nomadic people with their own clan structure.","PeriodicalId":41481,"journal":{"name":"Zolotoordynskoe Obozrenie-Golden Horde Review","volume":"98 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85332536","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-29DOI: 10.22378/2313-6197.2022-10-4.770-798
Lenar F. Abzalov, Marat S. Gatin, Ilias A. Mustakimov, R. Pochekaev
Research objectives: To use historical monuments of Persian origin from the 14th c. as a possible source for the political, legal, and chancellery history in the Jochid Ulus and for specific features of the status of “emir of ulus”, a type of high official in Chinggisid states. Materials and methods of research: The basic materials are yarlighs included into the “Dastur al-katib” of Muhammad b. Hindushah Nakhchivani in its Persian original as well as in German translation by J. von Hammer-Purgstall. The present work also employs other medieval sources on history of the Golden Horde and Iran in the Hulaguid and Jalayir epochs. The methods of research are historical, diplomatic, historical, legal, and comparative historical analysis which amount to an interdisciplinary approach which allows to study historical documents with the highest effectiveness. Scientific novelty: This represents the first Russian translation of the first yarligh on the appointment of the emir of ulus from the “Dastur al-katib” which is studied as a historical source, an example of Mongol chancellery practices, and as a legal monument. Results of the research: The analysis of this document allows one to reconstruct the legal status of the emir of ulus as a high official in Chinggisid states, the requirements for candidates of this position, the rights and obligations of this official, while drawing parallels between similar positions in Iran and the Golden Horde. Comparative diplomatic analysis allows one to clarify similarities in the official paper work in uluses of Hulaguids and Jochids and to confirm the common roots of chancellery traditions in these states that were heirs of the Mongol Empire.
{"title":"“Dastur al-katib” as a source on history of state, law and chancellery culture of the Golden Horde (by the example of yarlighs on the appointment of emirs of the ulus)","authors":"Lenar F. Abzalov, Marat S. Gatin, Ilias A. Mustakimov, R. Pochekaev","doi":"10.22378/2313-6197.2022-10-4.770-798","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22378/2313-6197.2022-10-4.770-798","url":null,"abstract":"Research objectives: To use historical monuments of Persian origin from the 14th c. as a possible source for the political, legal, and chancellery history in the Jochid Ulus and for specific features of the status of “emir of ulus”, a type of high official in Chinggisid states. Materials and methods of research: The basic materials are yarlighs included into the “Dastur al-katib” of Muhammad b. Hindushah Nakhchivani in its Persian original as well as in German translation by J. von Hammer-Purgstall. The present work also employs other medieval sources on history of the Golden Horde and Iran in the Hulaguid and Jalayir epochs. The methods of research are historical, diplomatic, historical, legal, and comparative historical analysis which amount to an interdisciplinary approach which allows to study historical documents with the highest effectiveness. Scientific novelty: This represents the first Russian translation of the first yarligh on the appointment of the emir of ulus from the “Dastur al-katib” which is studied as a historical source, an example of Mongol chancellery practices, and as a legal monument. Results of the research: The analysis of this document allows one to reconstruct the legal status of the emir of ulus as a high official in Chinggisid states, the requirements for candidates of this position, the rights and obligations of this official, while drawing parallels between similar positions in Iran and the Golden Horde. Comparative diplomatic analysis allows one to clarify similarities in the official paper work in uluses of Hulaguids and Jochids and to confirm the common roots of chancellery traditions in these states that were heirs of the Mongol Empire.","PeriodicalId":41481,"journal":{"name":"Zolotoordynskoe Obozrenie-Golden Horde Review","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79773528","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-29DOI: 10.22378/2313-6197.2022-10-3.728-734
A. Belyakov, D. Timokhin
This article is a brief overview of the activities of the Moscow discussion club of the International Public Organization “Association of Researchers of the Golden Horde”. The Moscow discussion club began its work only in the spring of 2021. Within its framework, more than a dozen different events were held in online and offline formats, from thematic reports to presentations of new publications on the theme of the Golden Horde. Within the framework of this article, we will not only provide a list of such scientific events over the entire existence of the Moscow discussion club of the International Public Organization “Association of Researchers of the Golden Horde”, but also offer a report about the content of certain reports, and identify the features of research that were represented during the activities of the department. We will also propose a work plan for the Moscow discussion club up to the end of 2022, accepting, of course, that there may be some changes. We hope with this article to attract the interest of a wide range of researchers of the history of the Golden Horde to, first of all, the very fact of the existence of the “Association of Researchers of the Golden Horde”. Secondly, we hope to intensify joint cooperation in popularizing the study of the history of the Golden Horde and its heritage, building contacts between researchers and holding various future scientific events, including within the framework of work by the Moscow discussion club of the “Association of Researchers of the Golden Horde”.
{"title":"Review of the activities of the Moscow discussion club of the International Public Organization “Association of Researchers of the Golden Horde”","authors":"A. Belyakov, D. Timokhin","doi":"10.22378/2313-6197.2022-10-3.728-734","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22378/2313-6197.2022-10-3.728-734","url":null,"abstract":"This article is a brief overview of the activities of the Moscow discussion club of the International Public Organization “Association of Researchers of the Golden Horde”. The Moscow discussion club began its work only in the spring of 2021. Within its framework, more than a dozen different events were held in online and offline formats, from thematic reports to presentations of new publications on the theme of the Golden Horde. Within the framework of this article, we will not only provide a list of such scientific events over the entire existence of the Moscow discussion club of the International Public Organization “Association of Researchers of the Golden Horde”, but also offer a report about the content of certain reports, and identify the features of research that were represented during the activities of the department. We will also propose a work plan for the Moscow discussion club up to the end of 2022, accepting, of course, that there may be some changes. We hope with this article to attract the interest of a wide range of researchers of the history of the Golden Horde to, first of all, the very fact of the existence of the “Association of Researchers of the Golden Horde”. Secondly, we hope to intensify joint cooperation in popularizing the study of the history of the Golden Horde and its heritage, building contacts between researchers and holding various future scientific events, including within the framework of work by the Moscow discussion club of the “Association of Researchers of the Golden Horde”.","PeriodicalId":41481,"journal":{"name":"Zolotoordynskoe Obozrenie-Golden Horde Review","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80703462","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-29DOI: 10.22378/2313-6197.2022-10-3.584-600
R. Khramchenkova, Jamil G. Mukhametshin, A. Sitdikov, Pavel V. Fedan
Research objectives: The present work is devoted to the study of the temporal features of the collection of copper coins found at the Bolgar settlement. Research materials: 88 coins of various rulers and minted households of the wide time span of the XI–XV centuries were used for a comparative analysis. The chemical composition of the metal was taken as the main determining element. Results and novelty of the research: According to this research, ten groups with characteristic elemental ratios were identified. Interdisciplinary research, including historical-numismatic and chemical analysis, allows one to make a number of assumptions and conclusions regarding the copper raw materials which served as material for minting coins, as well as regarding the monetary policy of the state of the Golden Horde. The presented scientific research is pioneering in this area since a study of the chemical composition of the coins circulating in the Volga region has heretofore not been carried out.
{"title":"Copper coins from the Bolgar settlement as a historical source","authors":"R. Khramchenkova, Jamil G. Mukhametshin, A. Sitdikov, Pavel V. Fedan","doi":"10.22378/2313-6197.2022-10-3.584-600","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22378/2313-6197.2022-10-3.584-600","url":null,"abstract":"Research objectives: The present work is devoted to the study of the temporal features of the collection of copper coins found at the Bolgar settlement. Research materials: 88 coins of various rulers and minted households of the wide time span of the XI–XV centuries were used for a comparative analysis. The chemical composition of the metal was taken as the main determining element. Results and novelty of the research: According to this research, ten groups with characteristic elemental ratios were identified. Interdisciplinary research, including historical-numismatic and chemical analysis, allows one to make a number of assumptions and conclusions regarding the copper raw materials which served as material for minting coins, as well as regarding the monetary policy of the state of the Golden Horde. The presented scientific research is pioneering in this area since a study of the chemical composition of the coins circulating in the Volga region has heretofore not been carried out.","PeriodicalId":41481,"journal":{"name":"Zolotoordynskoe Obozrenie-Golden Horde Review","volume":"151 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73460003","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-29DOI: 10.22378/2313-6197.2022-10-3.565-583
Pavel N. Petrov, P. Rykin, V. Belyaev
Research objectives: An introduction to the scientific circulation of the coins of Khorasan with legends written in Preclassical Mongol, containing the names of Qaidu (c. 1235/36-1301), the grandson of Ögödei Qa’an, as well as Qaidu’s son, Oros. Research materials: Five silver dirhams are studied. One coin is clearly dated to 690/1291, while three other specimens are specifically related to the production of the Marw mint. The fifth specimen bears the mint name of Marw and Qaidu’s tamgha. Results and novelty of the research: The conclusion is made that the appearance of these coins at the mint belonging to the Hülegüids is associated with the rebellion of the Ilkhanid amir Nawruz and the invasion of Qaidu and his ally, the Chaghatayid khan, Duwa, into Khorasan in 690 A.H. (1291). The legends provide additional information to supplement written records on this invasion and the subsequent short-term occupation of Khorasan by Qaidu’s troops.
{"title":"Dirhams struck in the name of Qaidu in Khorasan: a new source on the history of monetary circulation in Central Asia in the late thirteenth century","authors":"Pavel N. Petrov, P. Rykin, V. Belyaev","doi":"10.22378/2313-6197.2022-10-3.565-583","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22378/2313-6197.2022-10-3.565-583","url":null,"abstract":"Research objectives: An introduction to the scientific circulation of the coins of Khorasan with legends written in Preclassical Mongol, containing the names of Qaidu (c. 1235/36-1301), the grandson of Ögödei Qa’an, as well as Qaidu’s son, Oros. Research materials: Five silver dirhams are studied. One coin is clearly dated to 690/1291, while three other specimens are specifically related to the production of the Marw mint. The fifth specimen bears the mint name of Marw and Qaidu’s tamgha. Results and novelty of the research: The conclusion is made that the appearance of these coins at the mint belonging to the Hülegüids is associated with the rebellion of the Ilkhanid amir Nawruz and the invasion of Qaidu and his ally, the Chaghatayid khan, Duwa, into Khorasan in 690 A.H. (1291). The legends provide additional information to supplement written records on this invasion and the subsequent short-term occupation of Khorasan by Qaidu’s troops.","PeriodicalId":41481,"journal":{"name":"Zolotoordynskoe Obozrenie-Golden Horde Review","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86063775","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-29DOI: 10.22378/2313-6197.2022-10-3.672-692
Alper Başer
Research objectives: This study aims to analyze the reasons, development, and consequences of Şahin Giray Sultan’s Rebellion in the history of the Crimean Khanate, based on data retrieved from Ottoman archival sources. Research materials: The main sources of data for this research are documents held in the Archive of the Topkapı Palace Museum and the Department of Ottoman Archives of the Presidency of the Republic of Turkey Directorate of State. These documents have been compared with the Ottoman-Tatar chronicles of the period (İzzi Tarihi, Çelebî Akay Tarihi, Tarih-i Said Giray Sultan). Results and novelty of the research: The most detailed evaluation of the rebellion of Şahin Giray Sultan can be found in Smirnov’s book on the Crimean Khanate which echoes the information given in the Ottoman chronicle, İzzi Tarihi. In the present study, Topkapı Palace Museum Archive documents numbered TSMA-E 408-55, TSMA-E 569-58, and TSMA-E 751-49, as well as the Mühimme Defters and Kalebend Defters held by the Department of Ottoman Archives of the Presidency of the Republic of Turkey Directorate of State Archives, are compared with statements in different sources. In the light of these documents, the rise and progress of the rebellion headed by Şahin Giray Sultan are subjected to a new evaluation. Documents considered important and providing details of the life of Şahin Giray Sultan and the course of the rebellion have been transliterated and presented for the use of researchers. The Noghays residing in the Bucak region constituted the social base of the Şahin Giray rebellion. The rebellion broke out due to the Porte’s desire to deploy Tatar forces on the Iranian front, the increasing centralization efforts of the Ottoman Empire on the Russian-Polish and Ukrainian borders, and the pressure put on Tatar society for the return of Russian captives of 1736-39 War. The rebellion broke out prematurely after the Porte and Selim Giray Khan conspired to neutralize Şahin Giray Sultan. The extreme measures taken by the Ottoman Empire and the Crimean Khanate prevented the revolt from spreading, and the rebels led by the Şahin Giray Sultan were easily defeated, thus causing the suppression of the rebellion.
{"title":"The rebellion of Şahin Giray Sultan (1746–1747)","authors":"Alper Başer","doi":"10.22378/2313-6197.2022-10-3.672-692","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22378/2313-6197.2022-10-3.672-692","url":null,"abstract":"Research objectives: This study aims to analyze the reasons, development, and consequences of Şahin Giray Sultan’s Rebellion in the history of the Crimean Khanate, based on data retrieved from Ottoman archival sources. Research materials: The main sources of data for this research are documents held in the Archive of the Topkapı Palace Museum and the Department of Ottoman Archives of the Presidency of the Republic of Turkey Directorate of State. These documents have been compared with the Ottoman-Tatar chronicles of the period (İzzi Tarihi, Çelebî Akay Tarihi, Tarih-i Said Giray Sultan). Results and novelty of the research: The most detailed evaluation of the rebellion of Şahin Giray Sultan can be found in Smirnov’s book on the Crimean Khanate which echoes the information given in the Ottoman chronicle, İzzi Tarihi. In the present study, Topkapı Palace Museum Archive documents numbered TSMA-E 408-55, TSMA-E 569-58, and TSMA-E 751-49, as well as the Mühimme Defters and Kalebend Defters held by the Department of Ottoman Archives of the Presidency of the Republic of Turkey Directorate of State Archives, are compared with statements in different sources. In the light of these documents, the rise and progress of the rebellion headed by Şahin Giray Sultan are subjected to a new evaluation. Documents considered important and providing details of the life of Şahin Giray Sultan and the course of the rebellion have been transliterated and presented for the use of researchers. The Noghays residing in the Bucak region constituted the social base of the Şahin Giray rebellion. The rebellion broke out due to the Porte’s desire to deploy Tatar forces on the Iranian front, the increasing centralization efforts of the Ottoman Empire on the Russian-Polish and Ukrainian borders, and the pressure put on Tatar society for the return of Russian captives of 1736-39 War. The rebellion broke out prematurely after the Porte and Selim Giray Khan conspired to neutralize Şahin Giray Sultan. The extreme measures taken by the Ottoman Empire and the Crimean Khanate prevented the revolt from spreading, and the rebels led by the Şahin Giray Sultan were easily defeated, thus causing the suppression of the rebellion.","PeriodicalId":41481,"journal":{"name":"Zolotoordynskoe Obozrenie-Golden Horde Review","volume":"67 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87227586","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-29DOI: 10.22378/2313-6197.2022-10-3.693-714
B. A. Ilyushin
Research objectives: The purpose of our research is to consider the participation of Russian serving Tatars in the military activities of the Russian Kingdom in 1618–1634, a period dating from Deulin armistice to the end of the Smolensk War (1632–1634). Research materials: The study is based on the data found in “Razr’ad” books and various documentary material. Results and novelty of the research: The participation of serving Tatars in the mobilization activities and military actions of this period allows us to determine their place in the armed forces of the Russian state during years that saw the slow restoration of military potential that had decreased during the Time of Troubles. Serving Tatars, like other categories of serving peoples, served mainly in “halves,” moving in shifts among frontier cities and districts cities where troops were stationed in case of an attack by the Crimean Tatars, Nogais, or Poles. The analysis of the sources here allows us to determine the approximate number of serving Tatars, the range of their combat missions, and the list of Tatar serving corporations. According to such documents,strengths ranging from 2204 to 2947 Tatars appear in military service at the same time, and their number increases over time. By the Smolensk War of 1632–1634, the consequences of the Time of Troubles had not yet been surmounted. For this reason, many serving peoples could not go into service because of poverty, or they deserted because of it. Owing to this, it is difficult to determine the exact number of serving Tatars who took part in the war; apparently, some city corporations of Tatars did not participate in it although they were listed in the military estimates. Military operations were reduced mainly to the siege of Smolensk by the Russian army, followed by the Polish attack on the city. The serving Tatars, like the boyar children, were engaged in the searching out and capture of “tongues” (prisoners of war). The Tatars who remained in their district cities and at home, like other serving peoples, were mobilized into a new army in the autumn of 1633. However, it did not have time to help the siege contingent at Smolensk which capitulated in February 1634, suffering significant losses. The scientific novelty of our research is that it for the first time in historiography, this work examines in detail the participation of the serving Tatars in the military activities of the Russian Kingdom in 1618–1634 and makes a number of conclusions about their contribution to the defense of the Moscow state.
{"title":"The Serving Tatars in the military activities of Russia in 1618–1634","authors":"B. A. Ilyushin","doi":"10.22378/2313-6197.2022-10-3.693-714","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22378/2313-6197.2022-10-3.693-714","url":null,"abstract":"Research objectives: The purpose of our research is to consider the participation of Russian serving Tatars in the military activities of the Russian Kingdom in 1618–1634, a period dating from Deulin armistice to the end of the Smolensk War (1632–1634). Research materials: The study is based on the data found in “Razr’ad” books and various documentary material. Results and novelty of the research: The participation of serving Tatars in the mobilization activities and military actions of this period allows us to determine their place in the armed forces of the Russian state during years that saw the slow restoration of military potential that had decreased during the Time of Troubles. Serving Tatars, like other categories of serving peoples, served mainly in “halves,” moving in shifts among frontier cities and districts cities where troops were stationed in case of an attack by the Crimean Tatars, Nogais, or Poles. The analysis of the sources here allows us to determine the approximate number of serving Tatars, the range of their combat missions, and the list of Tatar serving corporations. According to such documents,strengths ranging from 2204 to 2947 Tatars appear in military service at the same time, and their number increases over time. By the Smolensk War of 1632–1634, the consequences of the Time of Troubles had not yet been surmounted. For this reason, many serving peoples could not go into service because of poverty, or they deserted because of it. Owing to this, it is difficult to determine the exact number of serving Tatars who took part in the war; apparently, some city corporations of Tatars did not participate in it although they were listed in the military estimates. Military operations were reduced mainly to the siege of Smolensk by the Russian army, followed by the Polish attack on the city. The serving Tatars, like the boyar children, were engaged in the searching out and capture of “tongues” (prisoners of war). The Tatars who remained in their district cities and at home, like other serving peoples, were mobilized into a new army in the autumn of 1633. However, it did not have time to help the siege contingent at Smolensk which capitulated in February 1634, suffering significant losses. The scientific novelty of our research is that it for the first time in historiography, this work examines in detail the participation of the serving Tatars in the military activities of the Russian Kingdom in 1618–1634 and makes a number of conclusions about their contribution to the defense of the Moscow state.","PeriodicalId":41481,"journal":{"name":"Zolotoordynskoe Obozrenie-Golden Horde Review","volume":"377 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84947918","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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