Pub Date : 2023-06-29DOI: 10.22378/2313-6197.2023-11-2.266-273
Liliya F. Baybulatova
Research objectives: This article raises the question of the authorship of the work “Jami al-tawarikh”, written in Kasimov at the beginning of the 17th century. The author of this work is Kadyr Ali-bek, an associate of the Kasimov Khan Uraz-Muhammad. Research materials: The main source behind this study is the Kazan and St. Petersburg lists of “Jami al-tawarikh”, as well as a study dedicated to this work and the personality of Kadyr Ali-bek. Results and novelty of the research: An analysis of the text, “Jami al-tawarikh”, and scientific works about Uraz-Muhammad Khan, the Kasimov Khan, has led to the idea that the work’s author may not be Kadyr Ali-bek. This assumption is based on a different reading of the text in places where authorship is mentioned. In addition, the present version arose from the insertion of text in the work’s various parts. The language is heterogeneous, parts of the composition differ in terms of the presence of borrowings, and we see different levels of the Tatar language. As well, considering the personality of Kadyr Ali-bek, and his role under the Kasimov Khan, it can be assumed that the author of “Jami al-tawarikh” was another person, and Kadyr Ali-bek was a copyist.
{"title":"“Jami al-tawarikh” by Kadyr Ali-bek: raising the question of authorship","authors":"Liliya F. Baybulatova","doi":"10.22378/2313-6197.2023-11-2.266-273","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22378/2313-6197.2023-11-2.266-273","url":null,"abstract":"Research objectives: This article raises the question of the authorship of the work “Jami al-tawarikh”, written in Kasimov at the beginning of the 17th century. The author of this work is Kadyr Ali-bek, an associate of the Kasimov Khan Uraz-Muhammad. Research materials: The main source behind this study is the Kazan and St. Petersburg lists of “Jami al-tawarikh”, as well as a study dedicated to this work and the personality of Kadyr Ali-bek. Results and novelty of the research: An analysis of the text, “Jami al-tawarikh”, and scientific works about Uraz-Muhammad Khan, the Kasimov Khan, has led to the idea that the work’s author may not be Kadyr Ali-bek. This assumption is based on a different reading of the text in places where authorship is mentioned. In addition, the present version arose from the insertion of text in the work’s various parts. The language is heterogeneous, parts of the composition differ in terms of the presence of borrowings, and we see different levels of the Tatar language. As well, considering the personality of Kadyr Ali-bek, and his role under the Kasimov Khan, it can be assumed that the author of “Jami al-tawarikh” was another person, and Kadyr Ali-bek was a copyist.","PeriodicalId":41481,"journal":{"name":"Zolotoordynskoe Obozrenie-Golden Horde Review","volume":"62 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2023-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83153605","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-29DOI: 10.22378/2313-6197.2023-11-2.317-334
I. Izmailov
The aim of this study is to identify and determine elements of the social structure of the Ulus of Juchi and Tatar khanates in the 16thaand 17th centuries according to the materials of “Jami al-tawarikh” by Kadyr Ali-bek. Research materials: The article uses a new edition of “Jami al-tawarikh” by Kadyr Ali-bek – the latest academic translation of the “Compendium of chronicles”. Novelty and Results of the Study: “Jami al-tawarikh” is the most important source on the history of the Ulus of Jochi and Tatar khanates at the threshold of the modern era, but also an important testimony on the internal social structure of these states. Kadyr Ali-bek was not only a very high-ranking dignitary and aristocrat, but also a man who knew and recorded how this system functioned in practice. For him, the titulature and many important attributes of power were natural and full of meaning. Viewing this system through his eyes allows us to understand some points that have eluded researchers when analyzing it from other sources. Kadyr Ali-bek’s work mentions the most important elements in the social and class structure of Tatar society in the Ulus of Jochi and Tatar khanates, as well as the mechanisms behind their interaction, such as ruling clans, karachi-beks, atalyk, and emildyash (emildäš) foster-brothers.
{"title":"The social structure of Ulus of Jochi and Turkic-Tatar khanates according to materials of “Jami al-tawarikh” by Kadyr Ali-bek","authors":"I. Izmailov","doi":"10.22378/2313-6197.2023-11-2.317-334","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22378/2313-6197.2023-11-2.317-334","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this study is to identify and determine elements of the social structure of the Ulus of Juchi and Tatar khanates in the 16thaand 17th centuries according to the materials of “Jami al-tawarikh” by Kadyr Ali-bek. Research materials: The article uses a new edition of “Jami al-tawarikh” by Kadyr Ali-bek – the latest academic translation of the “Compendium of chronicles”. Novelty and Results of the Study: “Jami al-tawarikh” is the most important source on the history of the Ulus of Jochi and Tatar khanates at the threshold of the modern era, but also an important testimony on the internal social structure of these states. Kadyr Ali-bek was not only a very high-ranking dignitary and aristocrat, but also a man who knew and recorded how this system functioned in practice. For him, the titulature and many important attributes of power were natural and full of meaning. Viewing this system through his eyes allows us to understand some points that have eluded researchers when analyzing it from other sources. Kadyr Ali-bek’s work mentions the most important elements in the social and class structure of Tatar society in the Ulus of Jochi and Tatar khanates, as well as the mechanisms behind their interaction, such as ruling clans, karachi-beks, atalyk, and emildyash (emildäš) foster-brothers.","PeriodicalId":41481,"journal":{"name":"Zolotoordynskoe Obozrenie-Golden Horde Review","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2023-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88731487","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-29DOI: 10.22378/2313-6197.2023-11-2.380-396
Elena A. Ryabinina, D. Maslyuzhenko
Research objectives: To identify the features of the appearance and activity in the Siberian Khanate of the last Taibugid Prince Seidyak and the Kazakh tsarevich, Uraz-Muhammad. Research materials: This work was carried out on the basis of the analysis of published chronicles of various origins, the collection of chronicles of Utemish Hadji, dastans of Kadyr Ali-bek, and unpublished documents from the fund 127 (relations with Nogai Tatars) of the RGADA, the Siberian chronicle of Ivan Chereapanov, etc. Results and scientific novelty: In historical research, under the influence of various editions of the so-called “Siberian chronicles”, there has emerged a traditional concept of Prince Seidyak’s activity as that of one of the main opponents of the Siberian Khan Kuchum. However, the late nature and inconsistency of these chronicles in relation to each other and some documents that are contemporary to the events make it possible to construct a different concept of the events of 1585–1588 in Siberia. Brought up at the court of the sayyid most likely associated with the tariqa Naqshbanidiya, the descendant of the Siberian princes appeared in Siberia no earlier than the middle of 1585. It is doubtful that the Bukhara Sayyids and merchants who were associated with them, being interested in local furs and havkng invested a lot of effort in the Islamization of the khanate, could send a legitimate khan to the north. The theory about the need to expand support for Kuchum by various groups, including those loyal to the princely dynasty, looks more realistic. This explains the participation of Saydiak in the division of Ermak’s property, and the absence of direct conflicts with the khan, with the exception of taking Isker from his son, Ali, who had a rather strained relationship with his father and brother. At the same time, the Bukhara leaders could remind Kuchum that they had the option of a political alternative. Almost at the same time, the grandson of the Kazakh khan, Shigai Uraz-Muhammad, whose father Ondan died during another Kazakh-Kalmyk clash, could appear in Siberia. Ondan had supported his father and brother Tavvakul, including in the conclusion of a Kazakh-Bukhara union. Judging by indirect references, the ruling family was also associated with one of the Bukhara tariqas. The reasons for sending Uraz-Muhammad and his family to Siberia are presented inconsistently in the literature due to the lack of sources on this issue. They also ended up initially at the court of Khan Kuchum where part of Ondan’s family had settled. After the capture of Isker, the tsarevich, along with the Siberian carp who joined him, found themselves in Isker, where they strengthened the Seidyak. The attempt to build the concept of a real “triumvirate” made up of Prince Seidyak, Tsarevich Uraz-Muhammad, and Siberia’s Karachi as an alternative political center to Khan Kuchum and his sons at the moment looks groundless due to the lack of information about their activities betwe
{"title":"Seidyak and Uraz-Muhammad in siberian history","authors":"Elena A. Ryabinina, D. Maslyuzhenko","doi":"10.22378/2313-6197.2023-11-2.380-396","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22378/2313-6197.2023-11-2.380-396","url":null,"abstract":"Research objectives: To identify the features of the appearance and activity in the Siberian Khanate of the last Taibugid Prince Seidyak and the Kazakh tsarevich, Uraz-Muhammad. Research materials: This work was carried out on the basis of the analysis of published chronicles of various origins, the collection of chronicles of Utemish Hadji, dastans of Kadyr Ali-bek, and unpublished documents from the fund 127 (relations with Nogai Tatars) of the RGADA, the Siberian chronicle of Ivan Chereapanov, etc. Results and scientific novelty: In historical research, under the influence of various editions of the so-called “Siberian chronicles”, there has emerged a traditional concept of Prince Seidyak’s activity as that of one of the main opponents of the Siberian Khan Kuchum. However, the late nature and inconsistency of these chronicles in relation to each other and some documents that are contemporary to the events make it possible to construct a different concept of the events of 1585–1588 in Siberia. Brought up at the court of the sayyid most likely associated with the tariqa Naqshbanidiya, the descendant of the Siberian princes appeared in Siberia no earlier than the middle of 1585. It is doubtful that the Bukhara Sayyids and merchants who were associated with them, being interested in local furs and havkng invested a lot of effort in the Islamization of the khanate, could send a legitimate khan to the north. The theory about the need to expand support for Kuchum by various groups, including those loyal to the princely dynasty, looks more realistic. This explains the participation of Saydiak in the division of Ermak’s property, and the absence of direct conflicts with the khan, with the exception of taking Isker from his son, Ali, who had a rather strained relationship with his father and brother. At the same time, the Bukhara leaders could remind Kuchum that they had the option of a political alternative. Almost at the same time, the grandson of the Kazakh khan, Shigai Uraz-Muhammad, whose father Ondan died during another Kazakh-Kalmyk clash, could appear in Siberia. Ondan had supported his father and brother Tavvakul, including in the conclusion of a Kazakh-Bukhara union. Judging by indirect references, the ruling family was also associated with one of the Bukhara tariqas. The reasons for sending Uraz-Muhammad and his family to Siberia are presented inconsistently in the literature due to the lack of sources on this issue. They also ended up initially at the court of Khan Kuchum where part of Ondan’s family had settled. After the capture of Isker, the tsarevich, along with the Siberian carp who joined him, found themselves in Isker, where they strengthened the Seidyak. The attempt to build the concept of a real “triumvirate” made up of Prince Seidyak, Tsarevich Uraz-Muhammad, and Siberia’s Karachi as an alternative political center to Khan Kuchum and his sons at the moment looks groundless due to the lack of information about their activities betwe","PeriodicalId":41481,"journal":{"name":"Zolotoordynskoe Obozrenie-Golden Horde Review","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2023-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89849886","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-29DOI: 10.22378/2313-6197.2023-11-1.109-122
N. Khrapunov
Research objectives: The aim of this article is to explore a lesser-known source that provides information about the Crimean Khanate – a treatise called “Essays on the Geography, Politics, and History of the Turkish Empire in Europe,” written by the French “armchair” scholar Adrian-Marie-François de Verdy du Vernois, who collected and summarized various materials on the history of the region in his work. Research materials: The article is based on an extract dedicated to the Crimea from the aforementioned treatise, which was published twice, in 1784 and 1785. This text has not yet been studied in Russian historiography. Results and novelty of the research: The study sheds light on the biography of de Verdy du Vernois, demonstrating the diversity of his scholarly interests. It is shown that during his work on the analyzed treatise, the Frenchman used a wide variety of sources, including books written by French diplomats and writers, encyclopedic works of “armchair” researchers, maps of the Northern Black Sea region, and state documents. The article reveals the information potential of the French treatise, which describes the geographical location and history of the Crimean Khanate, its relations with the Ottoman Sultan and the circumstances under which the Crimea accepted the Turkish protectorate, the ethnic structure of the state, the urban centres subordinated to the khan, the cities under Turkish power, the Russian interests in the Black Sea Area, and the Russo-Ottoman war of 1768–1774. Additionally, the article shows the place of the analyzed book among contemporary Western intellectuals’ perceptions of the Crimea and reveals erroneous and stereotypical views.
研究目标:本文的目的是探索一个鲜为人知的来源，它提供了有关克里米亚汗国的信息——一篇名为《土耳其帝国在欧洲的地理、政治和历史论文》的论文，作者是法国“扶手椅”学者阿德里安-玛丽-弗朗帕拉索瓦·德·Verdy du Vernois，他在他的作品中收集并总结了有关该地区历史的各种材料。研究资料:这篇文章是基于上述论文中的克里米亚的摘录，该论文于1784年和1785年两次出版。这篇文章在俄罗斯史学中还没有被研究过。研究的结果和新颖性:该研究揭示了Verdy du Vernois的传记，展示了他学术兴趣的多样性。在分析论文的过程中，这位法国人使用了各种各样的资料来源，包括法国外交官和作家写的书、“扶手椅”研究人员的百科全书式著作、黑海北部地区的地图和国家文件。这篇文章揭示了法国论文的信息潜力，它描述了克里米亚汗国的地理位置和历史，它与奥斯曼苏丹的关系以及克里米亚接受土耳其保护国的情况，国家的民族结构，从属于汗的城市中心，土耳其权力下的城市，俄罗斯在黑海地区的利益，以及1768年至1774年的俄罗斯-奥斯曼战争。此外，文章还展示了所分析的书在当代西方知识分子对克里米亚的看法中的地位，并揭示了错误和刻板的观点。
{"title":"The Account of the Crimean Khanate in a Treatise by Adrian de Verdy du Vernois","authors":"N. Khrapunov","doi":"10.22378/2313-6197.2023-11-1.109-122","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22378/2313-6197.2023-11-1.109-122","url":null,"abstract":"Research objectives: The aim of this article is to explore a lesser-known source that provides information about the Crimean Khanate – a treatise called “Essays on the Geography, Politics, and History of the Turkish Empire in Europe,” written by the French “armchair” scholar Adrian-Marie-François de Verdy du Vernois, who collected and summarized various materials on the history of the region in his work. Research materials: The article is based on an extract dedicated to the Crimea from the aforementioned treatise, which was published twice, in 1784 and 1785. This text has not yet been studied in Russian historiography. Results and novelty of the research: The study sheds light on the biography of de Verdy du Vernois, demonstrating the diversity of his scholarly interests. It is shown that during his work on the analyzed treatise, the Frenchman used a wide variety of sources, including books written by French diplomats and writers, encyclopedic works of “armchair” researchers, maps of the Northern Black Sea region, and state documents. The article reveals the information potential of the French treatise, which describes the geographical location and history of the Crimean Khanate, its relations with the Ottoman Sultan and the circumstances under which the Crimea accepted the Turkish protectorate, the ethnic structure of the state, the urban centres subordinated to the khan, the cities under Turkish power, the Russian interests in the Black Sea Area, and the Russo-Ottoman war of 1768–1774. Additionally, the article shows the place of the analyzed book among contemporary Western intellectuals’ perceptions of the Crimea and reveals erroneous and stereotypical views.","PeriodicalId":41481,"journal":{"name":"Zolotoordynskoe Obozrenie-Golden Horde Review","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2023-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87332945","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-29DOI: 10.22378/2313-6197.2023-11-1.202-219
A. Galimzyanova, Alfiya G. Gallyamova
Research objectives: To contribute to the analysis of the conditions and factors, as well as the results of the activities of Tatar humanitarian specialists in the 1930s–1950s. The article deals with the actual aspects of studying the history of historical science in one of the major regions of Russia – the Republic of Tatarstan – during the Soviet period. It highlights the process of statization of the activities of historians and the dramatic conflicts associated with their subordination to the official Marxist-Leninist concept of periodization of human history. In connection with the restoration of historical science in the beginning of the 1930s, there arose a need to expand the network of research institutes designed to study the regional history and culture. In the Tatar ASSR, such a task was entrusted to the Institute of Language, Literature, and History (IYALI), established in 1939, and mainly to its history sector formed in 1941. Research materials: The article is based on the analysis of a vast array of unpublished sources, which made it possible to reveal the role of not only the August (1944) Decree of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union but also other directives and guidelines issued by the Soviet government over two decades (1940–1950s). Results and novelty of the research: The article describes in detail the process of the development of the two-volume “History of the Tatar ASSR”, whose writing was entrusted to the staff of the Institute of Language, Literature, and History (IYALI). The study showed that the content of the book changed many times and adjusted to the directives of the highest political and ideological authorities, which abounded in the period of late Stalinism. The August (1944) Decree of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union had the greatest influence on the scientific activities of Kazan historians. It became the main guide to the action of the Republic authorities, called upon to strictly monitor the moods and actions of the Tatar intelligentsia and instilling in them a sense of fear of being accused of nationalist survivals. A series of resolutions of the Tatar Regional Committee of the Communist Party, inspired from above by campaigns to expose the political myopia of Tatar historians, forced the authors of the manuscript “History of the Tatar ASSR” to return to the text again and again, to rewrite sections on the history of independent Tatar states in the past, their folklore and literary heritage, Jadidism, etc. It took two decades before readers saw a textbook on the history of the Tatar people.
{"title":"A Path two Decades long: how the First Collective Monograph of the Institute of Language, Literature and History on the “History of the Tatar ASSR” was created","authors":"A. Galimzyanova, Alfiya G. Gallyamova","doi":"10.22378/2313-6197.2023-11-1.202-219","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22378/2313-6197.2023-11-1.202-219","url":null,"abstract":"Research objectives: To contribute to the analysis of the conditions and factors, as well as the results of the activities of Tatar humanitarian specialists in the 1930s–1950s. The article deals with the actual aspects of studying the history of historical science in one of the major regions of Russia – the Republic of Tatarstan – during the Soviet period. It highlights the process of statization of the activities of historians and the dramatic conflicts associated with their subordination to the official Marxist-Leninist concept of periodization of human history. In connection with the restoration of historical science in the beginning of the 1930s, there arose a need to expand the network of research institutes designed to study the regional history and culture. In the Tatar ASSR, such a task was entrusted to the Institute of Language, Literature, and History (IYALI), established in 1939, and mainly to its history sector formed in 1941. Research materials: The article is based on the analysis of a vast array of unpublished sources, which made it possible to reveal the role of not only the August (1944) Decree of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union but also other directives and guidelines issued by the Soviet government over two decades (1940–1950s). Results and novelty of the research: The article describes in detail the process of the development of the two-volume “History of the Tatar ASSR”, whose writing was entrusted to the staff of the Institute of Language, Literature, and History (IYALI). The study showed that the content of the book changed many times and adjusted to the directives of the highest political and ideological authorities, which abounded in the period of late Stalinism. The August (1944) Decree of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union had the greatest influence on the scientific activities of Kazan historians. It became the main guide to the action of the Republic authorities, called upon to strictly monitor the moods and actions of the Tatar intelligentsia and instilling in them a sense of fear of being accused of nationalist survivals. A series of resolutions of the Tatar Regional Committee of the Communist Party, inspired from above by campaigns to expose the political myopia of Tatar historians, forced the authors of the manuscript “History of the Tatar ASSR” to return to the text again and again, to rewrite sections on the history of independent Tatar states in the past, their folklore and literary heritage, Jadidism, etc. It took two decades before readers saw a textbook on the history of the Tatar people.","PeriodicalId":41481,"journal":{"name":"Zolotoordynskoe Obozrenie-Golden Horde Review","volume":"120 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2023-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86848713","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-29DOI: 10.22378/2313-6197.2023-11-1.37-61
S. Meriç, Derya DERİN PAŞAOĞLU
Research objectives: To determine the structure, activities, staff, and fiscal sources of the postal organization in the Golden Horde, and to demonstrate the connections and differences between the centre and other Chingisid khanates. Research materials: The sources used for this research include the yarlıqs and payzas given by the khans of the Golden Horde and the Chingisid Empire, the sources of Chingisname that shed light on the history of the Golden Horde, travellers’ notes, and other relevant sources. Results and novelty of the research: The postal organization of the Golden Horde existed since the time of Chingis Khan’s first conquests, but it reached its full development only with the postal reforms of Ögedei. The Yam, the Mongol postal organization, spread through the lands of the Golden Horde with the Mongol conquests. The administrative hierarchy of the postal organization in the Golden Horde was similar to that of the Chingisid Khanate. There were darughas and basqaqs, chiefs of the tümen, the minngan, and the jaun, and under them, the station masters. Postal couriers, called ula’achin in the state of Chingis Khan, were sometimes called yam and sometimes yamchi in the Golden Horde. Decrees (yarlıqs) from the period after Möngke show that a different postal system operated in the territory of the Golden Horde from the reforms of Ögedei. Under this system, postal couriers still received their supplies from and were housed by the subject, although a station system existed. Postal organizations had to adapt to geographical conditions, and in the Golden Horde postal organization, sledges could be found, which were not present in other Mongolian postal organizations.
{"title":"Postal organisation (yam) in the Golden Horde","authors":"S. Meriç, Derya DERİN PAŞAOĞLU","doi":"10.22378/2313-6197.2023-11-1.37-61","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22378/2313-6197.2023-11-1.37-61","url":null,"abstract":"Research objectives: To determine the structure, activities, staff, and fiscal sources of the postal organization in the Golden Horde, and to demonstrate the connections and differences between the centre and other Chingisid khanates. Research materials: The sources used for this research include the yarlıqs and payzas given by the khans of the Golden Horde and the Chingisid Empire, the sources of Chingisname that shed light on the history of the Golden Horde, travellers’ notes, and other relevant sources. Results and novelty of the research: The postal organization of the Golden Horde existed since the time of Chingis Khan’s first conquests, but it reached its full development only with the postal reforms of Ögedei. The Yam, the Mongol postal organization, spread through the lands of the Golden Horde with the Mongol conquests. The administrative hierarchy of the postal organization in the Golden Horde was similar to that of the Chingisid Khanate. There were darughas and basqaqs, chiefs of the tümen, the minngan, and the jaun, and under them, the station masters. Postal couriers, called ula’achin in the state of Chingis Khan, were sometimes called yam and sometimes yamchi in the Golden Horde. Decrees (yarlıqs) from the period after Möngke show that a different postal system operated in the territory of the Golden Horde from the reforms of Ögedei. Under this system, postal couriers still received their supplies from and were housed by the subject, although a station system existed. Postal organizations had to adapt to geographical conditions, and in the Golden Horde postal organization, sledges could be found, which were not present in other Mongolian postal organizations.","PeriodicalId":41481,"journal":{"name":"Zolotoordynskoe Obozrenie-Golden Horde Review","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2023-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73399342","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-29DOI: 10.22378/2313-6197.2023-11-1.143-166
A. Malikov
Research objectives: The objective of this research is to analyze the culture and monumental architecture of Samarkand during the reign of the Shibanids, and to identify the origins of cultural traditions in architectural construction in Samarkand between 1512–1578. Research materials: The study mainly uses historical works by Central Asian, Persian, and Turkic authors from the sixteenth to eighteenth centuries, such as Khwandamir, Zayn ad-din Vasifi, Abdallah Nasrallahi, Mirza Muhammad Haydar, Nisari, Hafiz Tanysh Bukhari, Raqimi, as well as archive materials of L. Mankovskaya and M. Masson from the Central State Archive of the Republic of Uzbekistan. Additionally, publications of Russian, Soviet, and post-Soviet specialists on the history of Central Asia, including V. Bartold, A. Semenov, R. Mukminova, B. Akhmedov, R. McChesney, T. Sultanov, K. Baypakov, E. Smagulov, D. DeWeese, F. Schwartz, A. Muminov, K. Kattaev, B. Babajanov, V. Norik, etc. are also analyzed in detail. Results and novelty of the research: The Shibanids Kuchkunji Khan, Suyunchkhoja Khan, and their descendants combined Jochid and Timurid roots in their genealogy and used this to legitimize their rule. The political system of the state, characterized by strong regionalism in which Samarkand stood out, influenced the formation of local cultural identity, which was reflected in the monumental architecture in Samarkand. This architecture shows a synthesis of cultural traditions from the Syr Darya regions of Ulus Jochi and Khorezm and the Timurid heritage of Maverannahr. During the 16th century in Samarkand, three memorial places with different architectural styles and geographical locations were built, where representatives of the Shibanid dynasty were buried. Each of them reflected different ideological lines, followed by certain representatives of the Shibanids. According to the author, the Shibanids-Kuchkunjids built a madrasah in Samarkand that continued certain Timurid traditions, while simultaneously incorporating elements of Golden Horde architecture. The construction of the madrasah of Abu Said Khan in the historical centre of Samarkand, near the madrasah of Mirzo Ulugbek, had symbolic meaning. The first Shibanids supported the use of the Turkic language in Maverannahr due to both Timurid traditions and the Golden Horde heritage, in which the Turkic literary language occupied a significant place.
{"title":"The Shibanid rule in Samarkand: Legitimation, Culture and Monumental Architecture (1512–1578)","authors":"A. Malikov","doi":"10.22378/2313-6197.2023-11-1.143-166","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22378/2313-6197.2023-11-1.143-166","url":null,"abstract":"Research objectives: The objective of this research is to analyze the culture and monumental architecture of Samarkand during the reign of the Shibanids, and to identify the origins of cultural traditions in architectural construction in Samarkand between 1512–1578. Research materials: The study mainly uses historical works by Central Asian, Persian, and Turkic authors from the sixteenth to eighteenth centuries, such as Khwandamir, Zayn ad-din Vasifi, Abdallah Nasrallahi, Mirza Muhammad Haydar, Nisari, Hafiz Tanysh Bukhari, Raqimi, as well as archive materials of L. Mankovskaya and M. Masson from the Central State Archive of the Republic of Uzbekistan. Additionally, publications of Russian, Soviet, and post-Soviet specialists on the history of Central Asia, including V. Bartold, A. Semenov, R. Mukminova, B. Akhmedov, R. McChesney, T. Sultanov, K. Baypakov, E. Smagulov, D. DeWeese, F. Schwartz, A. Muminov, K. Kattaev, B. Babajanov, V. Norik, etc. are also analyzed in detail. Results and novelty of the research: The Shibanids Kuchkunji Khan, Suyunchkhoja Khan, and their descendants combined Jochid and Timurid roots in their genealogy and used this to legitimize their rule. The political system of the state, characterized by strong regionalism in which Samarkand stood out, influenced the formation of local cultural identity, which was reflected in the monumental architecture in Samarkand. This architecture shows a synthesis of cultural traditions from the Syr Darya regions of Ulus Jochi and Khorezm and the Timurid heritage of Maverannahr. During the 16th century in Samarkand, three memorial places with different architectural styles and geographical locations were built, where representatives of the Shibanid dynasty were buried. Each of them reflected different ideological lines, followed by certain representatives of the Shibanids. According to the author, the Shibanids-Kuchkunjids built a madrasah in Samarkand that continued certain Timurid traditions, while simultaneously incorporating elements of Golden Horde architecture. The construction of the madrasah of Abu Said Khan in the historical centre of Samarkand, near the madrasah of Mirzo Ulugbek, had symbolic meaning. The first Shibanids supported the use of the Turkic language in Maverannahr due to both Timurid traditions and the Golden Horde heritage, in which the Turkic literary language occupied a significant place.","PeriodicalId":41481,"journal":{"name":"Zolotoordynskoe Obozrenie-Golden Horde Review","volume":"47 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2023-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80148540","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-29DOI: 10.22378/2313-6197.2023-11-1.8-23
V. Trepavlov
Research objectives: To determine the principles of Chingis Khan’s giving of an appanage to his son Jochi after the submission of the peoples of Southern Siberia in 1207 and to correlate the criteria for the territorial division of the ulus with information from the epic folklore of Southern Siberia and Central Asia. Research materials: “The Secret History of the Mongols,” the court chronicles of the Mongol Empire of the 13th–14th centuries, the heroic epos of the peoples of Southern Siberia and Central Asia, and the historiography of the Mongol Empire of the first half of the 13th century. Results and novelty of the research: As a result of comparisons of the realities of the early Mongol Empire with the patriarchal foundations of the Turkic-Mongolian nomadic society reflected in epic tales, a projection of the traditional norms of the organization of the nomadic ulus on the situation with the endowment of Jochi in the conquered lands of Southern Siberia can be discerned. Just as in heroic tales, the son, on the orders of his father, conquers neighbouring tribes living in the north and west of their native nomadic lands and receives them in governing. In this situation, not only the paradigm of relations between the indigenous and annexed population of the ulus bequeathed by the ancestors but also the archaic scheme of descending sacrality from the North to the South and from the East to the West played its role.
{"title":"The Siberian Ulus of Jochi: Nomadic Traditions on the eve of Imperial Innovations","authors":"V. Trepavlov","doi":"10.22378/2313-6197.2023-11-1.8-23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22378/2313-6197.2023-11-1.8-23","url":null,"abstract":"Research objectives: To determine the principles of Chingis Khan’s giving of an appanage to his son Jochi after the submission of the peoples of Southern Siberia in 1207 and to correlate the criteria for the territorial division of the ulus with information from the epic folklore of Southern Siberia and Central Asia. Research materials: “The Secret History of the Mongols,” the court chronicles of the Mongol Empire of the 13th–14th centuries, the heroic epos of the peoples of Southern Siberia and Central Asia, and the historiography of the Mongol Empire of the first half of the 13th century. Results and novelty of the research: As a result of comparisons of the realities of the early Mongol Empire with the patriarchal foundations of the Turkic-Mongolian nomadic society reflected in epic tales, a projection of the traditional norms of the organization of the nomadic ulus on the situation with the endowment of Jochi in the conquered lands of Southern Siberia can be discerned. Just as in heroic tales, the son, on the orders of his father, conquers neighbouring tribes living in the north and west of their native nomadic lands and receives them in governing. In this situation, not only the paradigm of relations between the indigenous and annexed population of the ulus bequeathed by the ancestors but also the archaic scheme of descending sacrality from the North to the South and from the East to the West played its role.","PeriodicalId":41481,"journal":{"name":"Zolotoordynskoe Obozrenie-Golden Horde Review","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2023-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88853816","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-29DOI: 10.22378/2313-6197.2023-11-1.167-180
S. A. Chernyshov
Research objectives: Systematization and factor analysis of evolving ideas about the conquest of Siberia in the local historical memory of the Perm region from the end of the 16th century to the present. Research materials: The research draws upon archival materials, materials from local historians, journalists, historians, teachers, and intellectuals, folklore materials, media materials from different eras, local history works, and local teaching aids from the Perm region. Novelty of the research: Based on the introduction of previously unpublished local history and personal materials, the study examines local historical memory about the annexation of Siberia, which has been perceived as an insignificant topic in historical science. The regional dimension of the “collective memory” of the “Conquest of Siberia” explored in this research can be applied to other regions significant for this process. Results of the research: Although the Perm region served as a “springboard” for the conquest of Siberia and is a symbolic border between the “Russian World” and the “Trans-Urals,” the research does not confirm the hypothesis about the system-forming significance of the myth of the “Siberian capture” for the construction of local identity. The study identifies several interdependent discourses in the local historical memory of the Perm region regarding the annexation of Siberia. The first discourse is the glorification of Yermak, initially influenced by the government’s struggle with the “Cossack freemen,” but by the beginning of the 20th century, Yermak was endowed with the features of a local folk hero, and his campaign was a common cause of local residents. The second discourse is the role of the Stroganovs, which was developed in the 1830s by F.A. Volegov, survived the Soviet ideologization, and experienced a slight surge in the 1990s, but is not dominant overall. The third discourse emerged in the late 19th century and is a representation of the conquest of Siberia in the works of the local intelligentsia. They note Moscow’s insignificant attention to the role of the Perm region in the conquest of Siberia, which can be considered a typical colonial discourse, but they themselves do not regard the “Siberian conquest” as a significant factor in regional history. In general, the discourses of the local historical memory of the Perm region about the conquest of Siberia shift the focus of attention from events to specific heroes, and the retrospective interpretation of their exploits is more of a “folk” rather than a statist character.
{"title":"Evolution of Discourses on the Conquest of Siberia in Local Historical Memory","authors":"S. A. Chernyshov","doi":"10.22378/2313-6197.2023-11-1.167-180","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22378/2313-6197.2023-11-1.167-180","url":null,"abstract":"Research objectives: Systematization and factor analysis of evolving ideas about the conquest of Siberia in the local historical memory of the Perm region from the end of the 16th century to the present. Research materials: The research draws upon archival materials, materials from local historians, journalists, historians, teachers, and intellectuals, folklore materials, media materials from different eras, local history works, and local teaching aids from the Perm region. Novelty of the research: Based on the introduction of previously unpublished local history and personal materials, the study examines local historical memory about the annexation of Siberia, which has been perceived as an insignificant topic in historical science. The regional dimension of the “collective memory” of the “Conquest of Siberia” explored in this research can be applied to other regions significant for this process. Results of the research: Although the Perm region served as a “springboard” for the conquest of Siberia and is a symbolic border between the “Russian World” and the “Trans-Urals,” the research does not confirm the hypothesis about the system-forming significance of the myth of the “Siberian capture” for the construction of local identity. The study identifies several interdependent discourses in the local historical memory of the Perm region regarding the annexation of Siberia. The first discourse is the glorification of Yermak, initially influenced by the government’s struggle with the “Cossack freemen,” but by the beginning of the 20th century, Yermak was endowed with the features of a local folk hero, and his campaign was a common cause of local residents. The second discourse is the role of the Stroganovs, which was developed in the 1830s by F.A. Volegov, survived the Soviet ideologization, and experienced a slight surge in the 1990s, but is not dominant overall. The third discourse emerged in the late 19th century and is a representation of the conquest of Siberia in the works of the local intelligentsia. They note Moscow’s insignificant attention to the role of the Perm region in the conquest of Siberia, which can be considered a typical colonial discourse, but they themselves do not regard the “Siberian conquest” as a significant factor in regional history. In general, the discourses of the local historical memory of the Perm region about the conquest of Siberia shift the focus of attention from events to specific heroes, and the retrospective interpretation of their exploits is more of a “folk” rather than a statist character.","PeriodicalId":41481,"journal":{"name":"Zolotoordynskoe Obozrenie-Golden Horde Review","volume":"99 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2023-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73842126","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-29DOI: 10.22378/2313-6197.2023-11-1.220-241
Aisaule S. Shakiyevа
Research objectives: to study the description of the Ulus of Jochi in the academic publication “History of the Kazakh SSR” since 1943, analyze and compare changes in subsequent reprints of the book. Research materials: The research is based on archival materials from the central archives of Kazakhstan, including documents from the Archive of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the Central State Archive of the Republic of Kazakhstan, and the archive of the Academy of Sciences of the Kazakh SSR. Results and novelty of the research: This article focuses on the history of the study of the Golden Horde in Soviet Kazakhstan and the analysis of political considerations in historiography, particularly in the scientific publication “History of the Kazakh SSR” edited by M. Abdykalykov and A. Pankratova (1943). The main emphasis is on the discussions that took place at special editorial meetings organized by the Propaganda and Agitation Department of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Kazakhstan in the 1940s and 1950s. The propaganda activities of historians, writers, poets, and philologists who popularized the positive image of the Golden Horde and Edige in their works are also analyzed. Additionally, the research examines the August 9, 1944 Decree “On the state and measures to improve mass-political and ideological work in the Tatar party organization.” Archival documents, such as minutes of the meetings of the Bureau of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Kazakhstan, transcripts of the meetings of the sector of the History of the USSR until the 19th century, and discussions in the Institute of History of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR on the chapters “History of the Kazakh SSR” are also considered.
{"title":"Features of Coverage of the Ulus Jochi History in the “Histories of the Kazakh SSR” in the 1940s–1950s","authors":"Aisaule S. Shakiyevа","doi":"10.22378/2313-6197.2023-11-1.220-241","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22378/2313-6197.2023-11-1.220-241","url":null,"abstract":"Research objectives: to study the description of the Ulus of Jochi in the academic publication “History of the Kazakh SSR” since 1943, analyze and compare changes in subsequent reprints of the book. Research materials: The research is based on archival materials from the central archives of Kazakhstan, including documents from the Archive of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the Central State Archive of the Republic of Kazakhstan, and the archive of the Academy of Sciences of the Kazakh SSR. Results and novelty of the research: This article focuses on the history of the study of the Golden Horde in Soviet Kazakhstan and the analysis of political considerations in historiography, particularly in the scientific publication “History of the Kazakh SSR” edited by M. Abdykalykov and A. Pankratova (1943). The main emphasis is on the discussions that took place at special editorial meetings organized by the Propaganda and Agitation Department of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Kazakhstan in the 1940s and 1950s. The propaganda activities of historians, writers, poets, and philologists who popularized the positive image of the Golden Horde and Edige in their works are also analyzed. Additionally, the research examines the August 9, 1944 Decree “On the state and measures to improve mass-political and ideological work in the Tatar party organization.” Archival documents, such as minutes of the meetings of the Bureau of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Kazakhstan, transcripts of the meetings of the sector of the History of the USSR until the 19th century, and discussions in the Institute of History of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR on the chapters “History of the Kazakh SSR” are also considered.","PeriodicalId":41481,"journal":{"name":"Zolotoordynskoe Obozrenie-Golden Horde Review","volume":"172 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2023-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79468648","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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