Pub Date : 2022-09-29DOI: 10.22378/2313-6197.2022-10-3.715-727
O. D. Rustemov
Research objectives: The aim of this research is to study issues related to the legal status of slaves, as well as the terms and conditions of their release in the Crimean Khanate. Research materials: Individual research works on the topic of slavery in Ottoman Turkey and the texts of the Crimean Kadiasker books (sijils) in which slaves appear in connection with various legal proceedings related to them. Results and novelty of the research: Novelty lies in the fact that certain terms from the history of slavery in the Turkic Muslim states have been introduced into scientific circulation. For the first time in Russian historiography, the so-called guarantees (tedbir) of the liberation of slaves in the Crimean Khanate are described. The practice of announcing such “guarantees” to slaves finds its confirmation in court documents of the 17th century. The question of the existence of a limiting service life of slaves in the Crimean Khanate is considered. Also, for the first time, using historical evidence, the legal status of slaves has been studied, the relationship between slaves and masters has been examined, and other reasons for the release of slaves, not related to the end of their service, have been identified. As a result of this study, it is established that in the Crimea of the 16th-18th centuries, according to Muslim law, only prisoners of war captured in a war or on a campaign could become slaves. According to Sharia, Muslims could not be enslaved. This rule was strictly adhered to in the Crimea. We find confirmation of this fact in individual Crimean sijils where the fate of the Lipka Tatars who, being Muslims, were captured, brought to Crimea, and subsequently released. Such documents are examined here. The study has found that slaves were deprived of legal rights and had the status of mütekavvım mal – property permitted for use. They were part of the common property that could be sold, exchanged, donated, or used at the discretion of the owner. In yafts or lists of inherited property, slaves were listed, as a rule, among animals or other things. Sometimes slaves, at the request of their masters, received additional powers and became semi-free traders. A special category of slaves that stood out among others should be noted among the soldiers of the khan’s guard – kapy-kulu (literally – slave of the door/slave at the gate). This article determines that the normal life of a slave corresponded to a full six years. In addition to release on the grounds of seniority, other conditions for the release of a slave were also possible. Four types of tedbir and the conditions of kitabet, or an agreement on the independent redemption of oneself by a slave, are considered. Cases of the release of slaves on religious grounds are described, and the possibilities for them to go to court for legal assistance are described. All the facts of legal precedents given in the article are supported by information from the Crimean Cadi sijils. In conclusion, conc
{"title":"The rights of slaves in the Crimean Khanate and the conditions for their emancipation","authors":"O. D. Rustemov","doi":"10.22378/2313-6197.2022-10-3.715-727","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22378/2313-6197.2022-10-3.715-727","url":null,"abstract":"Research objectives: The aim of this research is to study issues related to the legal status of slaves, as well as the terms and conditions of their release in the Crimean Khanate. Research materials: Individual research works on the topic of slavery in Ottoman Turkey and the texts of the Crimean Kadiasker books (sijils) in which slaves appear in connection with various legal proceedings related to them. Results and novelty of the research: Novelty lies in the fact that certain terms from the history of slavery in the Turkic Muslim states have been introduced into scientific circulation. For the first time in Russian historiography, the so-called guarantees (tedbir) of the liberation of slaves in the Crimean Khanate are described. The practice of announcing such “guarantees” to slaves finds its confirmation in court documents of the 17th century. The question of the existence of a limiting service life of slaves in the Crimean Khanate is considered. Also, for the first time, using historical evidence, the legal status of slaves has been studied, the relationship between slaves and masters has been examined, and other reasons for the release of slaves, not related to the end of their service, have been identified. As a result of this study, it is established that in the Crimea of the 16th-18th centuries, according to Muslim law, only prisoners of war captured in a war or on a campaign could become slaves. According to Sharia, Muslims could not be enslaved. This rule was strictly adhered to in the Crimea. We find confirmation of this fact in individual Crimean sijils where the fate of the Lipka Tatars who, being Muslims, were captured, brought to Crimea, and subsequently released. Such documents are examined here. The study has found that slaves were deprived of legal rights and had the status of mütekavvım mal – property permitted for use. They were part of the common property that could be sold, exchanged, donated, or used at the discretion of the owner. In yafts or lists of inherited property, slaves were listed, as a rule, among animals or other things. Sometimes slaves, at the request of their masters, received additional powers and became semi-free traders. A special category of slaves that stood out among others should be noted among the soldiers of the khan’s guard – kapy-kulu (literally – slave of the door/slave at the gate). This article determines that the normal life of a slave corresponded to a full six years. In addition to release on the grounds of seniority, other conditions for the release of a slave were also possible. Four types of tedbir and the conditions of kitabet, or an agreement on the independent redemption of oneself by a slave, are considered. Cases of the release of slaves on religious grounds are described, and the possibilities for them to go to court for legal assistance are described. All the facts of legal precedents given in the article are supported by information from the Crimean Cadi sijils. In conclusion, conc","PeriodicalId":41481,"journal":{"name":"Zolotoordynskoe Obozrenie-Golden Horde Review","volume":"99 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85904729","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-29DOI: 10.22378/2313-6197.2022-10-3.653-671
N. Belov
Research objectives: An analysis of Russian narrative sources in the 16th–17th centuries about the Battle of Sudbishchi; the identification and explanation of different assessments of the results of the battle in chronicles, publications, and other historical works of the Moscow State in the era. Research materials: Official, regional, and private chronicles of the 16th–17th centuries, publications (works of Ivan the Terrible and Andrei Kurbsky), and later historical compilations of the Old Russian tradition. Results and novelty of the research: In the Russian narrative sources of the 16th–17th centuries, the results of the battle between the Crimean Khan Devlet Giray I and the Tsar’s voivode, Ivan Bolshoy Sheremetev, at Sudbishchi received different appraisals. In the second half of the 16th century, the official governmental discourse considered this event to be an total, though costly, victory of Russian arms. The unofficial compositions of this period, in contrast, contained information about significant human losses and in general about the defeat of the Russian army. This was due not so much to the activity of state propaganda as to the inability of regional scribes to assess the global strategic consequences of the battle that were known to court chroniclers. Predominantly, the compilative character of the 17th century chronicles contributed to the affirmation of the governmental view of the battle among the Russian scribes. The first Russian historians of 18th–19th centuries accepted it, and through their mediation, a number of our contemporary researchers likewise shared their view. The Appendix of the article contains publications of three previously unknown accounts about the Battle of Sudbishchi from unpublished chronicles.
{"title":"The Battle of Sudbishchi in June 1555 in the appraisals of Russian chroniclers and historians of the 16th–17th centuries","authors":"N. Belov","doi":"10.22378/2313-6197.2022-10-3.653-671","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22378/2313-6197.2022-10-3.653-671","url":null,"abstract":"Research objectives: An analysis of Russian narrative sources in the 16th–17th centuries about the Battle of Sudbishchi; the identification and explanation of different assessments of the results of the battle in chronicles, publications, and other historical works of the Moscow State in the era. Research materials: Official, regional, and private chronicles of the 16th–17th centuries, publications (works of Ivan the Terrible and Andrei Kurbsky), and later historical compilations of the Old Russian tradition. Results and novelty of the research: In the Russian narrative sources of the 16th–17th centuries, the results of the battle between the Crimean Khan Devlet Giray I and the Tsar’s voivode, Ivan Bolshoy Sheremetev, at Sudbishchi received different appraisals. In the second half of the 16th century, the official governmental discourse considered this event to be an total, though costly, victory of Russian arms. The unofficial compositions of this period, in contrast, contained information about significant human losses and in general about the defeat of the Russian army. This was due not so much to the activity of state propaganda as to the inability of regional scribes to assess the global strategic consequences of the battle that were known to court chroniclers. Predominantly, the compilative character of the 17th century chronicles contributed to the affirmation of the governmental view of the battle among the Russian scribes. The first Russian historians of 18th–19th centuries accepted it, and through their mediation, a number of our contemporary researchers likewise shared their view. The Appendix of the article contains publications of three previously unknown accounts about the Battle of Sudbishchi from unpublished chronicles.","PeriodicalId":41481,"journal":{"name":"Zolotoordynskoe Obozrenie-Golden Horde Review","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74652273","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-29DOI: 10.22378/2313-6197.2022-10-3.523-536
V. Trepavlov
Research objectives: To identify representatives of the Mongolian ruling elite of the 13th century whose names are mentioned in the “History of the Mongols” by the Papal legate, Franciscan John (Giovanni) de Plano Carpini, as well as several historical realities of the epoch of the Mongol conquests. Research materials: The Wolfenbüttel copy of the “History of the Mongols” and its new Russian translation, Persian Arabic and Russian chronicles, Mongolian medieval writings of the 13th–17th century, historiographical literature on the Mongol Empire of the first half of the 13th century. Results and novelty of the research: Based on the comparison of information from various sources, different proposals for the identification of some characters appearing in the “History of the Mongols” by Plano Carpini have been offered. Identification of names is complicated by the abundance of their discrepancies in various editions and handwritten versions of the work under study. The basis for the present analysis was the second, lengthy edition of Plano Carpini’s work, existing in two copies that independently go back to the common protograph – the Wolfenbüttel (the 14th century) and the Cambridge (the 13th century). This article suggests the identification of the Mongol governors in the southern Russian steppes, Mautsi and Karbon, with Noyon Mugedu and an anonymous Gurgan (i.e., Batu’s son–in-law) respectively; Batu’s court dignitary Eldegai can be associated with Eldeke from the Juryat tribe. Assumptions are also made regarding the discovery of prototypes of the Mongol military commander and governor Korentsa (Kuremsa), the Khorezm ruler Altisoldan, and the town Summerkent of the “Saxes” (Saxins) people.
研究目标:确定13世纪蒙古统治精英的代表人物，他们的名字被教皇公使弗朗西斯·约翰(乔瓦尼)·德·普莱诺·卡尔皮尼(Franciscan John (Giovanni) de Plano Carpini)在《蒙古人的历史》中提到，以及蒙古征服时代的几个历史现实。研究资料:wolfenbttel抄本《蒙古人的历史》及其新俄语译本、波斯阿拉伯语和俄语编年史、13 - 17世纪蒙古中世纪著作、13世纪上半叶蒙古帝国的史学文献。研究成果与新颖性:在对各种资料进行比较的基础上，对普莱诺·卡尔皮尼《蒙古人史》中出现的一些文字的鉴定提出了不同的建议。由于所研究的作品的各种版本和手写版本中存在大量差异，姓名的识别变得复杂。本分析的基础是普莱诺·卡皮尼著作的第二版，冗长的版本，存在于两个独立的副本，可以追溯到共同的原稿——wolfenbttel(14世纪)和剑桥(13世纪)。本文提出了俄罗斯南部草原蒙古统治者毛兹和卡本的身份鉴定，分别是努扬·穆格都和一位不知名的古尔干(即巴图的女婿);Batu的宫廷显贵Eldegai可以与来自Juryat部落的Eldeke联系在一起。关于蒙古军事指挥官和总督Korentsa (Kuremsa)， Khorezm统治者Altisoldan和“Saxes”(Saxins)人的城镇Summerkent的原型的发现也做出了假设。
{"title":"On the identification of some characters in Plano Carpini’s “History of the Mongols”","authors":"V. Trepavlov","doi":"10.22378/2313-6197.2022-10-3.523-536","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22378/2313-6197.2022-10-3.523-536","url":null,"abstract":"Research objectives: To identify representatives of the Mongolian ruling elite of the 13th century whose names are mentioned in the “History of the Mongols” by the Papal legate, Franciscan John (Giovanni) de Plano Carpini, as well as several historical realities of the epoch of the Mongol conquests. Research materials: The Wolfenbüttel copy of the “History of the Mongols” and its new Russian translation, Persian Arabic and Russian chronicles, Mongolian medieval writings of the 13th–17th century, historiographical literature on the Mongol Empire of the first half of the 13th century. Results and novelty of the research: Based on the comparison of information from various sources, different proposals for the identification of some characters appearing in the “History of the Mongols” by Plano Carpini have been offered. Identification of names is complicated by the abundance of their discrepancies in various editions and handwritten versions of the work under study. The basis for the present analysis was the second, lengthy edition of Plano Carpini’s work, existing in two copies that independently go back to the common protograph – the Wolfenbüttel (the 14th century) and the Cambridge (the 13th century). This article suggests the identification of the Mongol governors in the southern Russian steppes, Mautsi and Karbon, with Noyon Mugedu and an anonymous Gurgan (i.e., Batu’s son–in-law) respectively; Batu’s court dignitary Eldegai can be associated with Eldeke from the Juryat tribe. Assumptions are also made regarding the discovery of prototypes of the Mongol military commander and governor Korentsa (Kuremsa), the Khorezm ruler Altisoldan, and the town Summerkent of the “Saxes” (Saxins) people.","PeriodicalId":41481,"journal":{"name":"Zolotoordynskoe Obozrenie-Golden Horde Review","volume":"18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72746290","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-29DOI: 10.22378/2313-6197.2022-10-3.601-611
Liliya F. Baybulatova
Research objectives: Based on a medieval Turkic-language manuscript, the role of the religion of Islam in various situations related to the spread of Islam and its use to justify conquests will be demonstrated. Research materials: The London copy of the manuscript “Tavarih-i Guzida – Nusrat-name” was used. Results and novelty of the research: In this article, the reflection of the role and functions of Islam in “Tavarih-i Guzida – Nusrat-name” is considered for the first time. Islam is presented in the text from different angles: as an oppressed religion that could not make itself known in the conditions of being within the framework of a stronger religion; as a peace-loving religion that provided guarantees of peace to non-believers, etc. Later on, with the spread and growth of the influence of Islam, its role becomes that of providing a justification for military attacks and territorial seizures. Taking into account the peculiarity of the work “Tavarikh-i Guzida – Nurat-name” which rests in the fact that it was written at the behest of Muhammad Sheibani Khan, Islam is generally shown in it as an instrument for control of supreme power.
{"title":"Reflections of the role of Islam in the “Tawarikh-i guzida – Nusrat-name”","authors":"Liliya F. Baybulatova","doi":"10.22378/2313-6197.2022-10-3.601-611","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22378/2313-6197.2022-10-3.601-611","url":null,"abstract":"Research objectives: Based on a medieval Turkic-language manuscript, the role of the religion of Islam in various situations related to the spread of Islam and its use to justify conquests will be demonstrated. Research materials: The London copy of the manuscript “Tavarih-i Guzida – Nusrat-name” was used. Results and novelty of the research: In this article, the reflection of the role and functions of Islam in “Tavarih-i Guzida – Nusrat-name” is considered for the first time. Islam is presented in the text from different angles: as an oppressed religion that could not make itself known in the conditions of being within the framework of a stronger religion; as a peace-loving religion that provided guarantees of peace to non-believers, etc. Later on, with the spread and growth of the influence of Islam, its role becomes that of providing a justification for military attacks and territorial seizures. Taking into account the peculiarity of the work “Tavarikh-i Guzida – Nurat-name” which rests in the fact that it was written at the behest of Muhammad Sheibani Khan, Islam is generally shown in it as an instrument for control of supreme power.","PeriodicalId":41481,"journal":{"name":"Zolotoordynskoe Obozrenie-Golden Horde Review","volume":"51 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74868797","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-29DOI: 10.22378/2313-6197.2022-10-3.504-522
D. Iskhakov, I. G. Zakirova
Research objectives: To consider the problem of the Eastern Kipchak presence in the pre-Mongol period in Southern Siberia, Altai, and adjacent territories, including the identification of traces of specific Kipchak clan formations in this area. Research materials: Data from the Tatar dastan “Ak Kubek”, Arabic chronicles, and Russian chronicles containing information of an epic and historical nature were used. Previously published works, which in one way or another affect this issue but need a critical approach and addition, were also employed. Results and novelty of the research: This study of the content of the dastan “Ak Kubek” and the Arab chronicles of an-Nuwayri and Ibn Khaldun, in which epic information has been transmitted through the Mamluks from the Kipchaks, allows us to conclude that the Siberian-Tatar dastan recorded by V.V. Radlov contains important historical content dating back to the pre-Mongol period and related to the Durut (tert, durt) and Toksoba clans which had different ethnic origins and occupied different territories. It was possible to connect some epic heroes (Khan Kotyan / Kidana) with the leaders of specific Western Polovtsian groups, such as the Terterovichi Khan Kotyan who sought refuge in Hungary during the Mongol conquest. The second group, Toksoba (Toksobichi), which in the analyzed dastan is personified by its main character, the princely son Ak Kubek biy, belonged to the Eastern Kipchak clan formations that participated in the ethnogenesis of the Siberian Tatars, Bashkirs, Kazakhs, and Altaians. The time and reasons for the connection of the dastan “Ak Kubek” to the Altaians cannot be unambiguously resolved due to the migrations of Siberian Tatars to the region of the Northern Altai during the fall of the Siberian Khanate. However, the hypothesis of the pre-Mongol presence of eastern Kipchaks in Southern Siberia and Altai seems probable.
{"title":"On the question of the presence of traces of pre-Mongol Kipchaks in Western Siberia (based on the analysis of the dastan “Ak Kubek”)","authors":"D. Iskhakov, I. G. Zakirova","doi":"10.22378/2313-6197.2022-10-3.504-522","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22378/2313-6197.2022-10-3.504-522","url":null,"abstract":"Research objectives: To consider the problem of the Eastern Kipchak presence in the pre-Mongol period in Southern Siberia, Altai, and adjacent territories, including the identification of traces of specific Kipchak clan formations in this area. Research materials: Data from the Tatar dastan “Ak Kubek”, Arabic chronicles, and Russian chronicles containing information of an epic and historical nature were used. Previously published works, which in one way or another affect this issue but need a critical approach and addition, were also employed. Results and novelty of the research: This study of the content of the dastan “Ak Kubek” and the Arab chronicles of an-Nuwayri and Ibn Khaldun, in which epic information has been transmitted through the Mamluks from the Kipchaks, allows us to conclude that the Siberian-Tatar dastan recorded by V.V. Radlov contains important historical content dating back to the pre-Mongol period and related to the Durut (tert, durt) and Toksoba clans which had different ethnic origins and occupied different territories. It was possible to connect some epic heroes (Khan Kotyan / Kidana) with the leaders of specific Western Polovtsian groups, such as the Terterovichi Khan Kotyan who sought refuge in Hungary during the Mongol conquest. The second group, Toksoba (Toksobichi), which in the analyzed dastan is personified by its main character, the princely son Ak Kubek biy, belonged to the Eastern Kipchak clan formations that participated in the ethnogenesis of the Siberian Tatars, Bashkirs, Kazakhs, and Altaians. The time and reasons for the connection of the dastan “Ak Kubek” to the Altaians cannot be unambiguously resolved due to the migrations of Siberian Tatars to the region of the Northern Altai during the fall of the Siberian Khanate. However, the hypothesis of the pre-Mongol presence of eastern Kipchaks in Southern Siberia and Altai seems probable.","PeriodicalId":41481,"journal":{"name":"Zolotoordynskoe Obozrenie-Golden Horde Review","volume":"91 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84395601","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-29DOI: 10.22378/2313-6197.2022-10-3.629-652
V. V. Penskoy, T. M. Penskaya
Research objectives: The aim of the study is to trace the evolution of political relations in Eastern Europe in the late Middle Ages. It is intended to highlight the main stages of this process and the factors that influenced such relations’ speed and direction with their subsequent characterization in the course of the study. Research materials: Chronicles, statement materials, diplomatic documents, correspondence, literary traditions, historical research materials. Results and novelty of the research: For almost two hundred years, the Golden Horde dominated interstate relations in Eastern Europe. It played a role there similar to that played by the Holy Roman Empire in Western Europe. The Khan of the Horde acted as a “universal” regulator of society, the supreme overlord and arbiter within the “Horde world.” The dominance of the Horde in the region was determined by its military, financial, and economic superiority over neighboring states, as well as the “luck” of the khan. But the deep crisis that began in the middle of the 14th century undermined the Horde’s omnipotence, cast doubt on the Khan’s “luck,” and predetermined the collapse of the “Horde world” and its “monopolar” political system. By the end of the 14th century. this process had become irreversible. The “point of no return,” according to the authors, was Khan Tokhtamysh’s granting of a jarlyk to the Grand Duke of Lithuania Vitovt in 1397/1398. According to the jarlyk, Lithuania’s ruler became the “brother” of the khan and received control of most of the Russian lands that were part of the Horde, pledging in return to restore Tokhtamysh to power in the Horde and pay a “way out” from the transferred possessions. The jarlyk of 1397/1398 predetermined the general tenor of Lithuanian-Tatar relations and laid the foundations of Lithuania’s status as a great power. By the 1430s, Lithuania became de facto the dominant force in the region, subordinating both the Horde and Russia to its influence. However, this era did not last long, followed by the troubles of the same decade of 15th century that drew in the Horde, Lithuania and Russia, changing the alignment of political forces in Eastern Europe. The Horde in the 1450s broke up into semi-independent yurts which began a struggle for the Horde’s inheritance. The Grand Duchy of Lithuania held out but abandoned large-scale expansion. Moscow came out of the crisis stronger from the end of the 1440s, steadily pursuing a policy of collecting land and gaining sovereignty. In this situation, the process of reformatting the monopolar “Horde world” into the bipolar “post-Horde world” began.
{"title":"The evolution of political relations in Eastern Europe on the eve of the Early Modern Period: the “Horde World” from its rise to decline","authors":"V. V. Penskoy, T. M. Penskaya","doi":"10.22378/2313-6197.2022-10-3.629-652","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22378/2313-6197.2022-10-3.629-652","url":null,"abstract":"Research objectives: The aim of the study is to trace the evolution of political relations in Eastern Europe in the late Middle Ages. It is intended to highlight the main stages of this process and the factors that influenced such relations’ speed and direction with their subsequent characterization in the course of the study. Research materials: Chronicles, statement materials, diplomatic documents, correspondence, literary traditions, historical research materials. Results and novelty of the research: For almost two hundred years, the Golden Horde dominated interstate relations in Eastern Europe. It played a role there similar to that played by the Holy Roman Empire in Western Europe. The Khan of the Horde acted as a “universal” regulator of society, the supreme overlord and arbiter within the “Horde world.” The dominance of the Horde in the region was determined by its military, financial, and economic superiority over neighboring states, as well as the “luck” of the khan. But the deep crisis that began in the middle of the 14th century undermined the Horde’s omnipotence, cast doubt on the Khan’s “luck,” and predetermined the collapse of the “Horde world” and its “monopolar” political system. By the end of the 14th century. this process had become irreversible. The “point of no return,” according to the authors, was Khan Tokhtamysh’s granting of a jarlyk to the Grand Duke of Lithuania Vitovt in 1397/1398. According to the jarlyk, Lithuania’s ruler became the “brother” of the khan and received control of most of the Russian lands that were part of the Horde, pledging in return to restore Tokhtamysh to power in the Horde and pay a “way out” from the transferred possessions. The jarlyk of 1397/1398 predetermined the general tenor of Lithuanian-Tatar relations and laid the foundations of Lithuania’s status as a great power. By the 1430s, Lithuania became de facto the dominant force in the region, subordinating both the Horde and Russia to its influence. However, this era did not last long, followed by the troubles of the same decade of 15th century that drew in the Horde, Lithuania and Russia, changing the alignment of political forces in Eastern Europe. The Horde in the 1450s broke up into semi-independent yurts which began a struggle for the Horde’s inheritance. The Grand Duchy of Lithuania held out but abandoned large-scale expansion. Moscow came out of the crisis stronger from the end of the 1440s, steadily pursuing a policy of collecting land and gaining sovereignty. In this situation, the process of reformatting the monopolar “Horde world” into the bipolar “post-Horde world” began.","PeriodicalId":41481,"journal":{"name":"Zolotoordynskoe Obozrenie-Golden Horde Review","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89987160","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-29DOI: 10.22378/2313-6197.2022-10-3.537-564
Y. Drobyshev
Research objectives: This work is aimed at identifying in the works of pre-revolutionary Russian historians issues related to various aspects of the existence of the Mongol Empire from its prehistory to the collapse, with special attention to the presentation of the ideology of its leaders. Research materials: The main sources are the major works of fifteen famous Russian historians of the XIX – early XX centuries: N.A. Polevoy, M.P. Pogodin, N.G. Ustryalov, N.I. Kostomarov, S.M. Solovyov, K.N. Bestuzhev-Ryumin, D.I. Ilovaisky, E.E. Golubinsky, V.O. Klyuchevsky, A.V. Ekzemplyarsky, S.F. Platonov, M.K. Lyubavsky, M.S. Grushevsky, M.N. Pokrovsky, and A.E. Presnyakov. Additional information was drawn from historiographical and Oriental literature. Results and novelty of the research: An analytical review of the pre-revolutionary Russian historiography showed a very different depth of penetration of historians into issues related to the Mongol Empire. For a number of specialists, the empire did not seem to exist, and all historical Mongol-Russian conflicts were confined to the Jochid Ulus. Others, taking a contrary approach, demonstrate a good understanding of the internal structure of this colossal political organism and the processes that took place inside it. The amount of information about the Mongols and Mongol Empire in the works of Russian historians were not dependent on the number of available medieval eastern sources at one time or another, being determined rather naturally by the author’s position. Along with erroneous opinions, the Old Russian historiography gave rise to many insights and hypotheses that were ahead of their time.
{"title":"The Mongol Empire and its ideology in the coverage of pre-Revolutionary Russian historians: from Polevoy to Presnyakov","authors":"Y. Drobyshev","doi":"10.22378/2313-6197.2022-10-3.537-564","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22378/2313-6197.2022-10-3.537-564","url":null,"abstract":"Research objectives: This work is aimed at identifying in the works of pre-revolutionary Russian historians issues related to various aspects of the existence of the Mongol Empire from its prehistory to the collapse, with special attention to the presentation of the ideology of its leaders. Research materials: The main sources are the major works of fifteen famous Russian historians of the XIX – early XX centuries: N.A. Polevoy, M.P. Pogodin, N.G. Ustryalov, N.I. Kostomarov, S.M. Solovyov, K.N. Bestuzhev-Ryumin, D.I. Ilovaisky, E.E. Golubinsky, V.O. Klyuchevsky, A.V. Ekzemplyarsky, S.F. Platonov, M.K. Lyubavsky, M.S. Grushevsky, M.N. Pokrovsky, and A.E. Presnyakov. Additional information was drawn from historiographical and Oriental literature. Results and novelty of the research: An analytical review of the pre-revolutionary Russian historiography showed a very different depth of penetration of historians into issues related to the Mongol Empire. For a number of specialists, the empire did not seem to exist, and all historical Mongol-Russian conflicts were confined to the Jochid Ulus. Others, taking a contrary approach, demonstrate a good understanding of the internal structure of this colossal political organism and the processes that took place inside it. The amount of information about the Mongols and Mongol Empire in the works of Russian historians were not dependent on the number of available medieval eastern sources at one time or another, being determined rather naturally by the author’s position. Along with erroneous opinions, the Old Russian historiography gave rise to many insights and hypotheses that were ahead of their time.","PeriodicalId":41481,"journal":{"name":"Zolotoordynskoe Obozrenie-Golden Horde Review","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82373303","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-29DOI: 10.22378/2313-6197.2022-10-3.612-628
S. Polekhov, M. Moiseev
Research objectives: This article offers a source study and an edition of the missive of Khan Safa Giray of Kazan attached to the letter of King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania Sigismund the Old (Zygmunt Stary) which he composent to the Council of Lords of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania on November 8, 1538. The research aims to contextualize the khan’s missive and to establish its date. Research materials: The copies of the letters preserved in the collection of Ignacy Onacewicz in the Institute of Russian Literature (Pushkin House) in St. Petersburg, as well as published subsidiary materials from the archival and library collections of Warsaw and Cracow. Results and novelty of the research: It is established that Safa Giray’s missive to Sigismund the Old, once kept in the Radziwiłłs’ archive, and now in Ignacy Onacewicz’s collection, was sent in the spring or summer/early autumn of 1538. It was preceded by a series of the khan’s missives to the king written during the year 1537 (this dating is substantiated) in the larger context of wars of the Russian State with the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (the Starodub War) and the Kazan Khanate, as well as the internal struggle in the Crimean Khanate. These missives are now preserved in Warsaw and Cracow. The texts of both missives from Ignacy Onacewicz’s collection, the khan’s missive to the king, and the king’s missive to the Council of Lords, are published for the first time.
{"title":"Materials about the relations of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania with the Crimean and Kazan Khanates in the years 1537–1538 from the Radziwiłł archive","authors":"S. Polekhov, M. Moiseev","doi":"10.22378/2313-6197.2022-10-3.612-628","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22378/2313-6197.2022-10-3.612-628","url":null,"abstract":"Research objectives: This article offers a source study and an edition of the missive of Khan Safa Giray of Kazan attached to the letter of King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania Sigismund the Old (Zygmunt Stary) which he composent to the Council of Lords of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania on November 8, 1538. The research aims to contextualize the khan’s missive and to establish its date. Research materials: The copies of the letters preserved in the collection of Ignacy Onacewicz in the Institute of Russian Literature (Pushkin House) in St. Petersburg, as well as published subsidiary materials from the archival and library collections of Warsaw and Cracow. Results and novelty of the research: It is established that Safa Giray’s missive to Sigismund the Old, once kept in the Radziwiłłs’ archive, and now in Ignacy Onacewicz’s collection, was sent in the spring or summer/early autumn of 1538. It was preceded by a series of the khan’s missives to the king written during the year 1537 (this dating is substantiated) in the larger context of wars of the Russian State with the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (the Starodub War) and the Kazan Khanate, as well as the internal struggle in the Crimean Khanate. These missives are now preserved in Warsaw and Cracow. The texts of both missives from Ignacy Onacewicz’s collection, the khan’s missive to the king, and the king’s missive to the Council of Lords, are published for the first time.","PeriodicalId":41481,"journal":{"name":"Zolotoordynskoe Obozrenie-Golden Horde Review","volume":"2014 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86483094","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-29DOI: 10.22378/2313-6197.2022-10-2.344-354
Z. Sabitov
Research objectives: To analyze “Shu’ab-i Panjganah” as a historical source for the genealogies of the Chingisids. Research materials: Medieval manuscript in the Persian language “Shu’ab-i Panjganah”. The manuscript author is Fazlullah ibn Abulkhair Ali Hamadani Rashid al-Din. The article presents the author’s opinion of all the advantages and disadvantages of the translation of “Shu’ab-i Panjganah”. Results and novelty of the research: “Shu’ab-i Panjganah” is a work of Rashid al-Din, published in 2019. At the beginning of the sixteenth century, this manuscript was in the library of Sultan Qasim of Astrakhan (grandson of Akhmat). There are two versions how this manuscript appeared in Astrakhan. According to the first version (by A. Z. V. Togan), the manuscript was a gift from Muhammad Sheybani to another Astrakhan sultan Qasim (Akhmat’s nephew). According to the second version (by Ch.I. Khamidova) the manuscript appeared in the Golden Horde in the fourteenth century during the campaign of Janibek Khan in Iran. According to the third version (by Zh.M. Sabitov), proposed in this article, the manuscript came to Astrakhan from Herat in the last two decades of the fifteenth century. The children of Akhmat, khan of the Golden Horde, were nephews of Timurid Hussein Baykara (he was the brother of their mother) and for some time they lived in Herat, where they could get a copy of this manuscript. When copying, the scribe made a certain number of minor errors, which is clearly seen when comparing the names of the ancestors, relatives and descendants of Chingis Khan, as well as the Chinghisid emirs with similar names from Jami al-tawarikh and Muizz al Ansab. It is also noted that, without entering into scientific circulation the critical list of Muizz al Ansab on the basis of all five lists, it is not possible to analyze all errors and unique information from “Shu’ab-i Panjganah”.
研究目的:分析《舒阿卜-潘加那》作为中国族谱的历史资料。研究资料:中世纪波斯手稿“Shu 'ab-i - Panjganah”。手稿作者是Fazlullah ibn Abulkhair Ali Hamadani Rashid al-Din。本文就《舒阿卜-潘加那》翻译的利弊提出了自己的看法。研究成果和新颖性:《Shu’ab-i Panjganah》是拉希德·丁(Rashid al-Din)于2019年发表的作品。在16世纪初，这份手稿在阿斯特拉罕苏丹卡西姆(Akhmat的孙子)的图书馆里。这份手稿在阿斯特拉罕有两种版本。根据第一个版本(a . Z. V. Togan)，手稿是穆罕默德·谢巴尼送给另一位阿斯特拉罕苏丹卡西姆(Akhmat的侄子)的礼物。根据第二个版本(由中国。哈米多瓦)的手稿出现在14世纪的金帐汗国在伊朗的Janibek汗战役期间。根据第三个版本(由z.m。萨比托夫)，在这篇文章中提出，手稿从赫拉特来到阿斯特拉罕在15世纪的最后二十年。金帐汗国可汗艾哈迈特的孩子们是帖木儿·侯赛因·拜卡拉(他是他们母亲的兄弟)的侄子，他们在赫拉特住了一段时间，在那里他们可以得到这份手稿的副本。抄写时，抄写员犯了一些小错误，在比较成吉思汗的祖先、亲戚和后代的名字，以及从贾米·塔瓦里赫和穆伊兹·艾尔·安萨布等名字相似的成吉思汗埃米尔的名字时，这一点很明显。还指出，如果不根据所有五份清单将Muizz al Ansab的关键清单纳入科学流通，就不可能分析来自“Shu 'ab-i Panjganah”的所有错误和独特信息。
{"title":"“Shu’ab-i Panjganah” as a Historical Source on the Genealogies of the Chingisids","authors":"Z. Sabitov","doi":"10.22378/2313-6197.2022-10-2.344-354","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22378/2313-6197.2022-10-2.344-354","url":null,"abstract":"Research objectives: To analyze “Shu’ab-i Panjganah” as a historical source for the genealogies of the Chingisids. Research materials: Medieval manuscript in the Persian language “Shu’ab-i Panjganah”. The manuscript author is Fazlullah ibn Abulkhair Ali Hamadani Rashid al-Din. The article presents the author’s opinion of all the advantages and disadvantages of the translation of “Shu’ab-i Panjganah”. Results and novelty of the research: “Shu’ab-i Panjganah” is a work of Rashid al-Din, published in 2019. At the beginning of the sixteenth century, this manuscript was in the library of Sultan Qasim of Astrakhan (grandson of Akhmat). There are two versions how this manuscript appeared in Astrakhan. According to the first version (by A. Z. V. Togan), the manuscript was a gift from Muhammad Sheybani to another Astrakhan sultan Qasim (Akhmat’s nephew). According to the second version (by Ch.I. Khamidova) the manuscript appeared in the Golden Horde in the fourteenth century during the campaign of Janibek Khan in Iran. According to the third version (by Zh.M. Sabitov), proposed in this article, the manuscript came to Astrakhan from Herat in the last two decades of the fifteenth century. The children of Akhmat, khan of the Golden Horde, were nephews of Timurid Hussein Baykara (he was the brother of their mother) and for some time they lived in Herat, where they could get a copy of this manuscript. When copying, the scribe made a certain number of minor errors, which is clearly seen when comparing the names of the ancestors, relatives and descendants of Chingis Khan, as well as the Chinghisid emirs with similar names from Jami al-tawarikh and Muizz al Ansab. It is also noted that, without entering into scientific circulation the critical list of Muizz al Ansab on the basis of all five lists, it is not possible to analyze all errors and unique information from “Shu’ab-i Panjganah”.","PeriodicalId":41481,"journal":{"name":"Zolotoordynskoe Obozrenie-Golden Horde Review","volume":"108 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87604717","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-29DOI: 10.22378/2313-6197.2022-10-2.256-283
F. Veselov
Research objective: The idea has already been expressed that the eschatological image of the Mongols of Russian annalists, recorded in the Tale of the Battle on the Kalka River of 1223, after some time, through the reports of Dominican Julian and testimony of Archbishop Peter at the Council of Lyons in 1245, influenced the apocalyptic character of the Mongols’ Great Western Campaign in Latin Europe. However, it remains unstudied why the Russians turned to the terrifying eschatological apocrypha. In the presented study we are going to deal with this question. Research materials: The research is based on a wide range of published original and translated sources of the thirteenth–fourteenth centuries, written in Russian, Latin, French, Arabic, Persian, Syriac and Armenian, as well as the opinions of scholars expressed in literature on related fields. Results and the novelty of research: The appeal of Russian chroniclers to eschatological apocrypha is extremely rare. Before the Tale of the Battle on Kalka, the chronicler refers to the Revelations of Pseudo-Methodius only once, in a chronicle entry about the plundering of Kiev monasteries by the Cumans in 1096. Comparison of these messages, the historical background of the described events, evidence of literary texts, travel reports, chronicles and diplomatic material shows that the Russian writers took upon themselves the responsibility to make a comparison with the Last Times only when a complex of causes formed such a mosaic that it left no other explanation. At the same time, the most important role in the eschatological character of the Tale of the Battle on Kalka was not only caused by the bitterness of the defeat, the demise of many princes and warriors and the desolation of Novgorod Svyatopolchich, but also by the diplomatic rhetoric carried by the Mongol conquerors “from sea to sea”, the warlords of the khan and the people who came from the deep depths of Inner Asia to rule the whole world.
{"title":"Apocalypse of the Thirteenth Century: the First Russian Encounter with the Mongols through the Prism of the Medieval Mind","authors":"F. Veselov","doi":"10.22378/2313-6197.2022-10-2.256-283","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22378/2313-6197.2022-10-2.256-283","url":null,"abstract":"Research objective: The idea has already been expressed that the eschatological image of the Mongols of Russian annalists, recorded in the Tale of the Battle on the Kalka River of 1223, after some time, through the reports of Dominican Julian and testimony of Archbishop Peter at the Council of Lyons in 1245, influenced the apocalyptic character of the Mongols’ Great Western Campaign in Latin Europe. However, it remains unstudied why the Russians turned to the terrifying eschatological apocrypha. In the presented study we are going to deal with this question. Research materials: The research is based on a wide range of published original and translated sources of the thirteenth–fourteenth centuries, written in Russian, Latin, French, Arabic, Persian, Syriac and Armenian, as well as the opinions of scholars expressed in literature on related fields. Results and the novelty of research: The appeal of Russian chroniclers to eschatological apocrypha is extremely rare. Before the Tale of the Battle on Kalka, the chronicler refers to the Revelations of Pseudo-Methodius only once, in a chronicle entry about the plundering of Kiev monasteries by the Cumans in 1096. Comparison of these messages, the historical background of the described events, evidence of literary texts, travel reports, chronicles and diplomatic material shows that the Russian writers took upon themselves the responsibility to make a comparison with the Last Times only when a complex of causes formed such a mosaic that it left no other explanation. At the same time, the most important role in the eschatological character of the Tale of the Battle on Kalka was not only caused by the bitterness of the defeat, the demise of many princes and warriors and the desolation of Novgorod Svyatopolchich, but also by the diplomatic rhetoric carried by the Mongol conquerors “from sea to sea”, the warlords of the khan and the people who came from the deep depths of Inner Asia to rule the whole world.","PeriodicalId":41481,"journal":{"name":"Zolotoordynskoe Obozrenie-Golden Horde Review","volume":"64 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76964696","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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