The results of years-long scientific research on the formation of a unified approach that establishes the driving forces of the development of production systems of various directions are presented. Recommendations on the use of the creative potential of the system as the main driving force, invariant with respect to the conditions of the consumer environment, are formed. A comprehensive analysis of the various areas of production development that are currently the most popular in the discussion showed that a unified approach to evaluating efficiency is based on the main internal factor of developing production — the creative potential of the production system. This factor is stable under any changes in the external environment, it is a direct or indirect source of production efficiency and is also the main «engine» of production transformation. The mystery of intuitive thinking, which is the basis of creativity, makes it related to the phenomena of «synergy» in living nature and explains its insufficient coverage in science and technology. The modern development of production in the new directions covered in this publication will force both practitioners and production theorists to boldly and persistently promote new models and methods of study that include creativity and its applied links in the decision-making chain in production management as the main, central element and driving force of the development. English version of the article is available at URL: https://panor.ru/articles/creative-potential-of-the-production-system-as-a-driving-force-of-its-development/65095.html
{"title":"The creative potential of the production system as the driving force of its development","authors":"A. Mukhin, G. Ganina, Yu.A. Ostrovskii","doi":"10.33920/pro-2-2105-01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33920/pro-2-2105-01","url":null,"abstract":"The results of years-long scientific research on the formation of a unified approach that establishes the driving forces of the development of production systems of various directions are presented. Recommendations on the use of the creative potential of the system as the main driving force, invariant with respect to the conditions of the consumer environment, are formed. A comprehensive analysis of the various areas of production development that are currently the most popular in the discussion showed that a unified approach to evaluating efficiency is based on the main internal factor of developing production — the creative potential of the production system. This factor is stable under any changes in the external environment, it is a direct or indirect source of production efficiency and is also the main «engine» of production transformation. The mystery of intuitive thinking, which is the basis of creativity, makes it related to the phenomena of «synergy» in living nature and explains its insufficient coverage in science and technology. The modern development of production in the new directions covered in this publication will force both practitioners and production theorists to boldly and persistently promote new models and methods of study that include creativity and its applied links in the decision-making chain in production management as the main, central element and driving force of the development.\u0000\u0000English version of the article is available at URL: https://panor.ru/articles/creative-potential-of-the-production-system-as-a-driving-force-of-its-development/65095.html","PeriodicalId":415140,"journal":{"name":"Glavnyj mekhanik (Chief Mechanic)","volume":"81 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128566426","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article deals with the issue of increasing the productivity of automated technological complexes of mechanical processing by reducing off-cycle time losses. The time for adjustment of tools, jigs and fixtures is considered the most significant type of losses for flexible machining cells. The most effective solution for reducing the adjustment time to increase the productivity of technological complexes of mechanical processing is the use of multipiece devices. Multipiece devices refer to machine retaining devices that allow installing workpieces of different standard sizes without readjustment or with minimal readjustment. The effectiveness of such devices depends on the number of installed parts of different standard sizes, and the greater this number is, the higher the effectiveness of the device is. The article proposes to divide the total time of adjustment of a multipiece device into components that take into account the time for installation and adjustment of the device and the time for changing the adjustment of the device when switching to the production of the next batch of parts. The division of the total adjustment time allows taking into account the loss of adjustment time for each part in the conditions of using a multipiece device. The time for changing the adjustment before making a new batch of parts is divided into the entire batch or several batches, if several batches of parts are made during the same adjustment. The time of installation and adjustment of the device is divided into all the batches processed on this device. With a strict schedule for the operation of an automated technological complex within a certain period of time, such a calculation shows an accurate result. However, for technological complexes with a flexible schedule, analytical calculation becomes impossible. Therefore, the task is to obtain the value of the adjustment time of the device, which falls on one processed part by conducting simulation modeling on an automated technological complex. A simulation experiment is conducted to determine the performance of the complex, depending on the device used.
{"title":"Increasing the productivity of automated technological complexes by using multipiece devices","authors":"A. S. Krasko, M. A. Filin","doi":"10.33920/pro-2-2105-03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33920/pro-2-2105-03","url":null,"abstract":"This article deals with the issue of increasing the productivity of automated technological complexes of mechanical processing by reducing off-cycle time losses. The time for adjustment of tools, jigs and fixtures is considered the most significant type of losses for flexible machining cells. The most effective solution for reducing the adjustment time to increase the productivity of technological complexes of mechanical processing is the use of multipiece devices. Multipiece devices refer to machine retaining devices that allow installing workpieces of different standard sizes without readjustment or with minimal readjustment. The effectiveness of such devices depends on the number of installed parts of different standard sizes, and the greater this number is, the higher the effectiveness of the device is. The article proposes to divide the total time of adjustment of a multipiece device into components that take into account the time for installation and adjustment of the device and the time for changing the adjustment of the device when switching to the production of the next batch of parts. The division of the total adjustment time allows taking into account the loss of adjustment time for each part in the conditions of using a multipiece device. The time for changing the adjustment before making a new batch of parts is divided into the entire batch or several batches, if several batches of parts are made during the same adjustment. The time of installation and adjustment of the device is divided into all the batches processed on this device. With a strict schedule for the operation of an automated technological complex within a certain period of time, such a calculation shows an accurate result. However, for technological complexes with a flexible schedule, analytical calculation becomes impossible. Therefore, the task is to obtain the value of the adjustment time of the device, which falls on one processed part by conducting simulation modeling on an automated technological complex. A simulation experiment is conducted to determine the performance of the complex, depending on the device used.","PeriodicalId":415140,"journal":{"name":"Glavnyj mekhanik (Chief Mechanic)","volume":"250 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133665729","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The paper shows the historical prerequisites and principles of the formation of the methodology for the training of mechanical engineers-metallurgists at the Department of Mechanical Equipment of Ferrous Metallurgy Plants of the Donetsk National Technical University, which is celebrating its 90th anniversary this year. The main events are described, the main directions in the work and achievements of teachers and employees of the department, who made a contribution to the training of mechanical engineers for the metallurgical industry, are presented. The combination of the "theory" and "practice" approaches has proven to be effective in training mechanical engineers in two specializations: design engineers and field engineers. The article presents brief information about the founder of the department – N.S. Shchirenko and his followers – M.Z. Levin, V.Ya. Sedush and G.V. Sopilkin, who determined the activities of the department related to the study of the actual loads acting on the parts of metallurgical machines, physical modeling and design of machines, preparation and carrying out repairs based on technical diagnostics data, failure analysis and determination of the causes of breakdowns, research in the field of management and automation of repair services. Traditionally, for many years, the department has been giving lectures to employees of metallurgical plants and conducting diagnostic schools, seminars, workshops and training courses.
{"title":"History of training of mechanical engineers for repair services of metallurgical enterprises at the Department of Mechanical Equipment of Ferrous Metallurgy Plants","authors":"V. Sidorov, N. A. Chentsov, E. V. Oshovskaya","doi":"10.33920/pro-2-2105-07","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33920/pro-2-2105-07","url":null,"abstract":"The paper shows the historical prerequisites and principles of the formation of the methodology for the training of mechanical engineers-metallurgists at the Department of Mechanical Equipment of Ferrous Metallurgy Plants of the Donetsk National Technical University, which is celebrating its 90th anniversary this year. The main events are described, the main directions in the work and achievements of teachers and employees of the department, who made a contribution to the training of mechanical engineers for the metallurgical industry, are presented. The combination of the \"theory\" and \"practice\" approaches has proven to be effective in training mechanical engineers in two specializations: design engineers and field engineers. The article presents brief information about the founder of the department – N.S. Shchirenko and his followers – M.Z. Levin, V.Ya. Sedush and G.V. Sopilkin, who determined the activities of the department related to the study of the actual loads acting on the parts of metallurgical machines, physical modeling and design of machines, preparation and carrying out repairs based on technical diagnostics data, failure analysis and determination of the causes of breakdowns, research in the field of management and automation of repair services. Traditionally, for many years, the department has been giving lectures to employees of metallurgical plants and conducting diagnostic schools, seminars, workshops and training courses.","PeriodicalId":415140,"journal":{"name":"Glavnyj mekhanik (Chief Mechanic)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114380880","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The paper describes the improvement of the technology of manufacturing parts and components of aerospace production using computer-aided design and technological process control. The theoretical foundations and algorithms for constructing the technological process of manufacturing parts and components of the aerospace industry using various methods of joining heat-resistant materials, for example, by diffusion welding, are designed on the basis of theoretical and experimental studies proposed by the author of the patented connection method «Method for joining a heat-resistant cobalt-based alloy with silicon nitride-based ceramics» and technological equipment «Installation for obtaining metal-ceramic products», as well as «Attribute database for creating technological processes for obtaining parts of aerospace production by diffusion welding» and «Attribute database of technological equipment, tools and devices for mechanical processing of aerospace production parts», registered in the register of databases of the Russian Federation. The research is conducted at the Department of Mechanical Engineering Technology of the Institute of Mechanical Engineering and Mechatronics of the Siberian State University of Science and Technology named after academician M.F. Reshetnev.
{"title":"Automation of the technology of connecting parts in the manufacture of aerospace products","authors":"S. I. Ponomarev","doi":"10.33920/pro-2-2105-02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33920/pro-2-2105-02","url":null,"abstract":"The paper describes the improvement of the technology of manufacturing parts and components of aerospace production using computer-aided design and technological process control. The theoretical foundations and algorithms for constructing the technological process of manufacturing parts and components of the aerospace industry using various methods of joining heat-resistant materials, for example, by diffusion welding, are designed on the basis of theoretical and experimental studies proposed by the author of the patented connection method «Method for joining a heat-resistant cobalt-based alloy with silicon nitride-based ceramics» and technological equipment «Installation for obtaining metal-ceramic products», as well as «Attribute database for creating technological processes for obtaining parts of aerospace production by diffusion welding» and «Attribute database of technological equipment, tools and devices for mechanical processing of aerospace production parts», registered in the register of databases of the Russian Federation. The research is conducted at the Department of Mechanical Engineering Technology of the Institute of Mechanical Engineering and Mechatronics of the Siberian State University of Science and Technology named after academician M.F. Reshetnev.","PeriodicalId":415140,"journal":{"name":"Glavnyj mekhanik (Chief Mechanic)","volume":"53 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120965589","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper presents the analysis and results of the study of a two-stage shaft fixed in dead centers and a rest device. Cutting forces act on the shaft, causing a bending moment. The analysis of the curvature of the axis of the workpiece, processed on a lathe when based in the centers, using a rest device, is carried out. The formula of elastic displacement of the workpiece axis at the place of the resulting cutting force is obtained. Diagrams of the stresses of the shaft axis displacements are constructed and a conclusion is made. The analysis showed that the greatest deflection is at the point of the cutting forces acting on the shaft. The quality of the part obtained after processing is characterized by accuracy. The parts mating in the product and, as a result, the overall reliability depends on how accurately the size and shape of the part will be maintained during processing. Parts with length of 10 to 12 times larger than the diameter are bent under the action of their own weight and cutting forces, as a result of which they get a barrel-like shape. It is possible to eliminate this by applying special devices for the machine. When processing long nonrigid workpieces, the tools, jigs and fixtures must evenly distribute the clamping force over the surface of the part. These conditions are well provided by technological equipment with pneumatic, hydraulic clamping devices, as well as with various collet clamps, split bushings, diaphragm or cartridges. When processing long non-rigid shafts, rest devices are used. The rest device plays the role of the main or secondary support when working with workpieces; it creates support for large, long parts during processing. It helps to avoid the risk of damage and deformation of the workpiece or the cutting elements of the machine, by giving the workpiece additional stability
{"title":"The study of the curvature of the axis of the processed shaft when based in the centers using a steady rest","authors":"A. Brylev, S. S. Mikheev","doi":"10.33920/pro-2-2105-05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33920/pro-2-2105-05","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents the analysis and results of the study of a two-stage shaft fixed in dead centers and a rest device. Cutting forces act on the shaft, causing a bending moment. The analysis of the curvature of the axis of the workpiece, processed on a lathe when based in the centers, using a rest device, is carried out. The formula of elastic displacement of the workpiece axis at the place of the resulting cutting force is obtained. Diagrams of the stresses of the shaft axis displacements are constructed and a conclusion is made. The analysis showed that the greatest deflection is at the point of the cutting forces acting on the shaft. The quality of the part obtained after processing is characterized by accuracy. The parts mating in the product and, as a result, the overall reliability depends on how accurately the size and shape of the part will be maintained during processing. Parts with length of 10 to 12 times larger than the diameter are bent under the action of their own weight and cutting forces, as a result of which they get a barrel-like shape. It is possible to eliminate this by applying special devices for the machine. When processing long nonrigid workpieces, the tools, jigs and fixtures must evenly distribute the clamping force over the surface of the part. These conditions are well provided by technological equipment with pneumatic, hydraulic clamping devices, as well as with various collet clamps, split bushings, diaphragm or cartridges. When processing long non-rigid shafts, rest devices are used. The rest device plays the role of the main or secondary support when working with workpieces; it creates support for large, long parts during processing. It helps to avoid the risk of damage and deformation of the workpiece or the cutting elements of the machine, by giving the workpiece additional stability","PeriodicalId":415140,"journal":{"name":"Glavnyj mekhanik (Chief Mechanic)","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122385626","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The increase in the total number of machines in the middle of the 20th century led to a rise in the number of repair services and served as an impetus for the start of work to improve the reliability of mechanical equipment based on the statistical probabilistic approach, the provisions of terotechnology and methods of technical diagnostics. Maintaining machines and mechanisms in working condition has become quite expensive. On the other hand, reducing the cost of maintenance and repairs leads to a violation of the continuity of the technological cycle. Existing trends in mechanical engineering and in the general paradigm of the development of civilization indicate a tendency to reduce the durability of parts and units. The manufacture of products with a long service life becomes economically unviable, which is the essence of the paradox. The article considers the examples of implementation of various approaches to the operation of equipment during maintenance and repair. The prerequisites for the necessity of conducting repairs are analyzed. It is recommended to try to reach a compromise between the manufacturer and the consumer on the basis of long-term contracts for the supply of spare parts or the provision of equipment maintenance services. The urgency of the problem is further justified by the high rate of robotization, since robots also need to be repaired. In this regard, the authors express the hope that this article will be useful in solving the problem of the repair.
{"title":"The necessity of conducting repairs, or the Economic paradox","authors":"V. Sidorov, A. V. Sidorov, N. V. Gichun","doi":"10.33920/pro-2-2104-01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33920/pro-2-2104-01","url":null,"abstract":"The increase in the total number of machines in the middle of the 20th century led to a rise in the number of repair services and served as an impetus for the start of work to improve the reliability of mechanical equipment based on the statistical probabilistic approach, the provisions of terotechnology and methods of technical diagnostics. Maintaining machines and mechanisms in working condition has become quite expensive. On the other hand, reducing the cost of maintenance and repairs leads to a violation of the continuity of the technological cycle. Existing trends in mechanical engineering and in the general paradigm of the development of civilization indicate a tendency to reduce the durability of parts and units. The manufacture of products with a long service life becomes economically unviable, which is the essence of the paradox. The article considers the examples of implementation of various approaches to the operation of equipment during maintenance and repair. The prerequisites for the necessity of conducting repairs are analyzed. It is recommended to try to reach a compromise between the manufacturer and the consumer on the basis of long-term contracts for the supply of spare parts or the provision of equipment maintenance services. The urgency of the problem is further justified by the high rate of robotization, since robots also need to be repaired. In this regard, the authors express the hope that this article will be useful in solving the problem of the repair.","PeriodicalId":415140,"journal":{"name":"Glavnyj mekhanik (Chief Mechanic)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116737862","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The article considers the components of the total error of mechanical processing that occur when positioning the working units of the machine: ball screw drive elements. The reasons for the loss of positioning accuracy of the machine drives are described. The accuracy of the positioning of the machine spindle in determining the axes of the holes to be processed is analyzed. The numerical estimation of the values of the errors of the temperature deformations of the lead screw is carried out on the example of drilling holes in the workpiece. The causes of heating of the ball screw drive of the machine are identified. The dependence of the unit heating on the speed of movement of the operating elements of the machine is described. The optimal trajectory of the tool movement when processing holes in the workpiece is presented. The criterion of optimality of this trajectory is described. The values of the deviations of each hole in the workpiece from the specified accuracy of their location are obtained. The scheme of accumulation of errors of linear displacements resulting from the temperature deformation of the lead screw of the CNC machine drive is presented. The value of the accumulated total error of the temperature deformations of the ball screw pair is obtained. The error associated with the movement of the machine drive carriage is considered. The geometric characteristics of the carriage orientation are given. The schemes of occurrence of the error caused by the change of the roll angle and the carriage tilt angle are presented. The maximum axial load of the lead screw at translational acceleration is calculated. The scheme of possible carriage deflection under the action of the maximum translational force of a ball screw pair is presented. The numerical estimation of the maximum possible roll angle of the carriage, as well as the maximum deviation from the specified accuracy of the carriage, at the maximum load on the lead screw, is carried out. As a result, it is concluded that the total error of the machine drives positioning can go beyond the tolerances of the linear dimensions of the processed holes, which significantly affects the accuracy of the part manufacturing.
{"title":"The influence of ball screw drive positioning errors on the accuracy of part manufacturing","authors":"L. V. Ibaeva, Yu. M. Orlov","doi":"10.33920/pro-2-2104-04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33920/pro-2-2104-04","url":null,"abstract":"The article considers the components of the total error of mechanical processing that occur when positioning the working units of the machine: ball screw drive elements. The reasons for the loss of positioning accuracy of the machine drives are described. The accuracy of the positioning of the machine spindle in determining the axes of the holes to be processed is analyzed. The numerical estimation of the values of the errors of the temperature deformations of the lead screw is carried out on the example of drilling holes in the workpiece. The causes of heating of the ball screw drive of the machine are identified. The dependence of the unit heating on the speed of movement of the operating elements of the machine is described. The optimal trajectory of the tool movement when processing holes in the workpiece is presented. The criterion of optimality of this trajectory is described. The values of the deviations of each hole in the workpiece from the specified accuracy of their location are obtained. The scheme of accumulation of errors of linear displacements resulting from the temperature deformation of the lead screw of the CNC machine drive is presented. The value of the accumulated total error of the temperature deformations of the ball screw pair is obtained. The error associated with the movement of the machine drive carriage is considered. The geometric characteristics of the carriage orientation are given. The schemes of occurrence of the error caused by the change of the roll angle and the carriage tilt angle are presented. The maximum axial load of the lead screw at translational acceleration is calculated. The scheme of possible carriage deflection under the action of the maximum translational force of a ball screw pair is presented. The numerical estimation of the maximum possible roll angle of the carriage, as well as the maximum deviation from the specified accuracy of the carriage, at the maximum load on the lead screw, is carried out. As a result, it is concluded that the total error of the machine drives positioning can go beyond the tolerances of the linear dimensions of the processed holes, which significantly affects the accuracy of the part manufacturing.","PeriodicalId":415140,"journal":{"name":"Glavnyj mekhanik (Chief Mechanic)","volume":"57 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126080133","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The article provides examples of how the device known as the «angle reflector» a few decades ago has been increasingly used in various fields of science and technology in recent years. Angle reflectors are designed to change (reflect) optical and radar rays in the direction, opposite to the original direction. At present, angle reflectors are widely used to ensure the safety of road transport on dangerous road sections. Radio wave reflectors have the same design as optical ones; therefore, in radio detection and location, angle reflectors are used to send warning signals to ship radars on bridge supports, beacons and buoys. Modern angle reflectors attached to meteorological probes allow determining the direction and speed of the wind at high altitude, which is especially important in the study of the outer space. In recent years, devices have been developed to improve the accuracy of radar stations calibration. The examples of graphical calculation of angle reflectors presented in the article clearly demonstrate the primary role of geometry in the design activity of an engineer. The graphical calculation is based on the theoretical positions of projective geometry. The design and calculation of optical systems is carried out by the graphoanalytic method, since only with a combination of graphical and analytical methods it is possible to accurately calculate the course of a light beam, laser, or radio wave and thereby determine the design parameters of the devices. The article focuses on a graphical method for calculating two types of angle reflectors using orthogonal projection, due to which modern engineers will be able to create more up-to-date designs of optical systems with a wide range of applications.
{"title":"Application areas of the angle reflector","authors":"L. Yurenkova, O. A. Yakovuk, I. Morozov","doi":"10.33920/pro-2-2104-05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33920/pro-2-2104-05","url":null,"abstract":"The article provides examples of how the device known as the «angle reflector» a few decades ago has been increasingly used in various fields of science and technology in recent years. Angle reflectors are designed to change (reflect) optical and radar rays in the direction, opposite to the original direction. At present, angle reflectors are widely used to ensure the safety of road transport on dangerous road sections. Radio wave reflectors have the same design as optical ones; therefore, in radio detection and location, angle reflectors are used to send warning signals to ship radars on bridge supports, beacons and buoys. Modern angle reflectors attached to meteorological probes allow determining the direction and speed of the wind at high altitude, which is especially important in the study of the outer space. In recent years, devices have been developed to improve the accuracy of radar stations calibration. The examples of graphical calculation of angle reflectors presented in the article clearly demonstrate the primary role of geometry in the design activity of an engineer. The graphical calculation is based on the theoretical positions of projective geometry. The design and calculation of optical systems is carried out by the graphoanalytic method, since only with a combination of graphical and analytical methods it is possible to accurately calculate the course of a light beam, laser, or radio wave and thereby determine the design parameters of the devices. The article focuses on a graphical method for calculating two types of angle reflectors using orthogonal projection, due to which modern engineers will be able to create more up-to-date designs of optical systems with a wide range of applications.","PeriodicalId":415140,"journal":{"name":"Glavnyj mekhanik (Chief Mechanic)","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114152351","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper considers the problem of uneven loading of the enterprise's production areas, when in the first half of the year they were significantly underutilized, and in the second — considerably overloaded. The result of solving this problem is to create a flexible approach to the planning of production areas, for which a mathematical model of the assembly site has been developed. This model is a linear programming problem. Four options were considered. The cost-effective option is to fulfill all orders in one shift and gradually rent the premises throughout the year. It can be noted that in general, it is more profitable to make absolutely all orders than not to make them — this is due to the high cost of equipment, so it is not possible to sacrifice it. The only exception when it is more profitable not to make part of the orders is if the rental of production areas occurs only at the beginning of the year. In the conditions that are now in the enterprise (one cannot rent areas per year, work in one shift), it is most profitable not to make part of the orders, and this option will be the second in total costs. As a result, a mathematical model of the enterprise was obtained, which can be used on tape transport system to assess the capabilities of the enterprise. This model can be used to obtain forecast values for costs. Further, this model can be extended to all other types of products.
{"title":"On the issue of rational use of production areas in the enterprise","authors":"A. N. Ovchinnikov, G. Ganina","doi":"10.33920/pro-2-2104-02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33920/pro-2-2104-02","url":null,"abstract":"This paper considers the problem of uneven loading of the enterprise's production areas, when in the first half of the year they were significantly underutilized, and in the second — considerably overloaded. The result of solving this problem is to create a flexible approach to the planning of production areas, for which a mathematical model of the assembly site has been developed. This model is a linear programming problem. Four options were considered. The cost-effective option is to fulfill all orders in one shift and gradually rent the premises throughout the year. It can be noted that in general, it is more profitable to make absolutely all orders than not to make them — this is due to the high cost of equipment, so it is not possible to sacrifice it. The only exception when it is more profitable not to make part of the orders is if the rental of production areas occurs only at the beginning of the year. In the conditions that are now in the enterprise (one cannot rent areas per year, work in one shift), it is most profitable not to make part of the orders, and this option will be the second in total costs. As a result, a mathematical model of the enterprise was obtained, which can be used on tape transport system to assess the capabilities of the enterprise. This model can be used to obtain forecast values for costs. Further, this model can be extended to all other types of products.","PeriodicalId":415140,"journal":{"name":"Glavnyj mekhanik (Chief Mechanic)","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122714207","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The history of the engineering profession includes many events and achievements that raise doubts about their reality in modern people. These are the pyramids of Mexico and Egypt, megalithic structures in Peru, the Baalbek temple, etc. Aqueducts and viaducts, highways and bridges, fortifications and ships, the Greek fire and the Church of Hagia Sophia in Constantinople — all this gives an idea of the capabilities and skills of ancient engineers. The questions of who and how built these objects and why modern technologies cannot repeat it will always excite the inquisitive mind of the researcher. The admiration of many architectural structures of the 18th-19th centuries raises the question of how this was possible to be done at that time, in the absence of knowledge about the power of steam and electricity. The objects built after the middle of the 19th century do not cause such questions — there were already many lifting mechanisms, photography documented the construction process, and the dug Suez Canal testified to the increased capabilities of mankind and strengthened engineering skills. No one doubts that the Eiffel Tower was built without the use of helicopters and the achievements of an antediluvian civilization. However, in relation to the unique creation of O. Montferrand — the Alexander Column in St. Petersburg, there is a clear distrust in the reality of the achieved result: the column that is more than 27 meters high, more than 3 meters in diameter and weighs more than 600 tons stands vertically on the end surface without additional supporting structures. This article, presented in three reports, is devoted to the attempt to mathematically justify the possibility of what was achieved at the level of knowledge, skills, mechanisms and technologies of the beginning of the 19th century. The first report is devoted to the formulation of the initial data for each stage of production, transportation and installation of the Alexander Column from the standpoint of the possibility of performing rigging work. The basis for the answers is an album of illustrations of the rise of the Alexander Column, made by the great architect O. Montferrand, who is also reproached for the lack of engineering training.
{"title":"Mathematical reconstruction of the rise of the Alexander Column","authors":"A. Y. Dyatlov, E. V. Oshovskaya, V. Sidorov","doi":"10.33920/pro-2-2104-07","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33920/pro-2-2104-07","url":null,"abstract":"The history of the engineering profession includes many events and achievements that raise doubts about their reality in modern people. These are the pyramids of Mexico and Egypt, megalithic structures in Peru, the Baalbek temple, etc. Aqueducts and viaducts, highways and bridges, fortifications and ships, the Greek fire and the Church of Hagia Sophia in Constantinople — all this gives an idea of the capabilities and skills of ancient engineers. The questions of who and how built these objects and why modern technologies cannot repeat it will always excite the inquisitive mind of the researcher. The admiration of many architectural structures of the 18th-19th centuries raises the question of how this was possible to be done at that time, in the absence of knowledge about the power of steam and electricity. The objects built after the middle of the 19th century do not cause such questions — there were already many lifting mechanisms, photography documented the construction process, and the dug Suez Canal testified to the increased capabilities of mankind and strengthened engineering skills. No one doubts that the Eiffel Tower was built without the use of helicopters and the achievements of an antediluvian civilization. However, in relation to the unique creation of O. Montferrand — the Alexander Column in St. Petersburg, there is a clear distrust in the reality of the achieved result: the column that is more than 27 meters high, more than 3 meters in diameter and weighs more than 600 tons stands vertically on the end surface without additional supporting structures. This article, presented in three reports, is devoted to the attempt to mathematically justify the possibility of what was achieved at the level of knowledge, skills, mechanisms and technologies of the beginning of the 19th century. The first report is devoted to the formulation of the initial data for each stage of production, transportation and installation of the Alexander Column from the standpoint of the possibility of performing rigging work. The basis for the answers is an album of illustrations of the rise of the Alexander Column, made by the great architect O. Montferrand, who is also reproached for the lack of engineering training.","PeriodicalId":415140,"journal":{"name":"Glavnyj mekhanik (Chief Mechanic)","volume":"2019 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127581471","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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