The article gives tips on how to achieve real savings in electricity costs during the operation of an oxygen station, determined by the speed of performance regulation and the launch of cryogenic and adsorption technologies. A comparative analysis of obtaining 40,000 Nm³ /hr of oxygen with a purity of at least 93% and a pressure of 0.5 MPa at the output of the oxygen station with round-the-clock and year-round operation was carried out. The optimal solution to the problem under consideration is the use of cryogenic technology. The advantage of adsorption technology, compared to cryogenic one, is the ability to quickly stop and enter the mode. However, this advantage can manifest itself only in cases when there is no constant oxygen consumption at the enterprise, the periods of equipment downtime are long and unpredictable, the power supply system is unstable, and the required peak costs are very significant, which does not allow the use of a liquid product storage park. The practical value of the article is that the customer's service can determine how much savings will be comparable to the excess of the present cost of capital and operating costs for adsorption technologies, ranging from $ 25 million (without adsorbent replacement) to $ 40 million (with adsorbent replacement) over 20 years.
{"title":"Comparative analysis of operational indicators of air separation plants","authors":"A. Voronetskiy","doi":"10.33920/pro-2-2203-03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33920/pro-2-2203-03","url":null,"abstract":"The article gives tips on how to achieve real savings in electricity costs during the operation of an oxygen station, determined by the speed of performance regulation and the launch of cryogenic and adsorption technologies. A comparative analysis of obtaining 40,000 Nm³ /hr of oxygen with a purity of at least 93% and a pressure of 0.5 MPa at the output of the oxygen station with round-the-clock and year-round operation was carried out. The optimal solution to the problem under consideration is the use of cryogenic technology. The advantage of adsorption technology, compared to cryogenic one, is the ability to quickly stop and enter the mode. However, this advantage can manifest itself only in cases when there is no constant oxygen consumption at the enterprise, the periods of equipment downtime are long and unpredictable, the power supply system is unstable, and the required peak costs are very significant, which does not allow the use of a liquid product storage park. The practical value of the article is that the customer's service can determine how much savings will be comparable to the excess of the present cost of capital and operating costs for adsorption technologies, ranging from $ 25 million (without adsorbent replacement) to $ 40 million (with adsorbent replacement) over 20 years.","PeriodicalId":415140,"journal":{"name":"Glavnyj mekhanik (Chief Mechanic)","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116742295","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The purpose of the work is to develop a multistage gearbox for quadcopters with an additional mass of approximately 700 g, for example: a topographic camera, a small parcel, or, as in the case under consideration, anti-radiation protection and a sensor for measuring radiation levels. We will develop such an electric drive that will ensure the preservation of maximum speed and maximum speeds of climb and descent, as well as select a new battery to preserve such characteristics as maximum range and altitude, maximum flight time and maximum hover time. The article discusses the main stages of selecting the components of an electric drive, taking into account their mass in the required thrust, to ensure the functioning of an average quadcopter upgraded for the study of a radiation-contaminated area. An example of solving the problem of insufficient traction of electric drives is considered. Comparing the use of a multistage drive with the traditional use of an engine without a gearbox on quadcopters, it is worth noting that a multistage drive is more technologically expensive, as well as has a large mass, but at the same time it provides higher useful thrust than most engines used on modern quadcopters. Also, the advantage of the developed drive is the protection of the motor board from radiation by the housing and gearbox, which increases the service life of the quadcopter in the conditions under consideration.
{"title":"The use of a multistage gearbox in an electric drive on quadcopters","authors":"A. Nikolaev, A. Petrunicheva","doi":"10.33920/pro-2-2202-05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33920/pro-2-2202-05","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of the work is to develop a multistage gearbox for quadcopters with an additional mass of approximately 700 g, for example: a topographic camera, a small parcel, or, as in the case under consideration, anti-radiation protection and a sensor for measuring radiation levels. We will develop such an electric drive that will ensure the preservation of maximum speed and maximum speeds of climb and descent, as well as select a new battery to preserve such characteristics as maximum range and altitude, maximum flight time and maximum hover time. The article discusses the main stages of selecting the components of an electric drive, taking into account their mass in the required thrust, to ensure the functioning of an average quadcopter upgraded for the study of a radiation-contaminated area. An example of solving the problem of insufficient traction of electric drives is considered. Comparing the use of a multistage drive with the traditional use of an engine without a gearbox on quadcopters, it is worth noting that a multistage drive is more technologically expensive, as well as has a large mass, but at the same time it provides higher useful thrust than most engines used on modern quadcopters. Also, the advantage of the developed drive is the protection of the motor board from radiation by the housing and gearbox, which increases the service life of the quadcopter in the conditions under consideration.","PeriodicalId":415140,"journal":{"name":"Glavnyj mekhanik (Chief Mechanic)","volume":"79 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125058930","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The analysis of emergency situations is a determining factor for all safety work, and its results largely determine the subsequent technical solutions in the development of emergency rescue equipment. When analyzing emergency situations, experts consider their distribution by location (by on-board and ground systems) and by the time of occurrence, determine the causes and probability of their occurrence, the nature of their development by time, as well as consequences and significance for the subsequent flight. It is necessary to highlight situations caused by on-board system failures among the emergency situations, the occurrence probability of which is the highest. Such emergencies, as a rule, are subject to the most thorough analysis. As the results of flight tests of rocket and space equipment show, failures are distributed unevenly across the systems: the greatest probability of failures is in on-board launch vehicle systems, less - in PTK systems, and even less - in ground systems. This is due to the fact that on-board PTK systems operate mainly in the standby (less stressful compared to the working) mode at the launch site, and it is much easier to ensure high reliability and timely monitoring in ground systems. In the article, a model of an upgraded cosmonaut landing and evacuation unit for the Soyuz-5 launch vehicle with the PTK Orel, which is designed on the basis of the existing CLEU (unit 11T187) for the Zenit launch vehicle at the Baikonur Cosmodrome, is designed and analyzed for strength. English version of the article is available at URL: https://panor.ru/articles/structural-mechanics-of-the-supporting-structure-of-the-astronaut-landing-and-evacuation-unit/78209.html
{"title":"Construction mechanics of the load bearing structure of the cosmonaut landing and evacuation unit","authors":"A. Petrunicheva, A. Nikolaev","doi":"10.33920/pro-2-2202-03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33920/pro-2-2202-03","url":null,"abstract":"The analysis of emergency situations is a determining factor for all safety work, and its results largely determine the subsequent technical solutions in the development of emergency rescue equipment. When analyzing emergency situations, experts consider their distribution by location (by on-board and ground systems) and by the time of occurrence, determine the causes and probability of their occurrence, the nature of their development by time, as well as consequences and significance for the subsequent flight. It is necessary to highlight situations caused by on-board system failures among the emergency situations, the occurrence probability of which is the highest. Such emergencies, as a rule, are subject to the most thorough analysis. As the results of flight tests of rocket and space equipment show, failures are distributed unevenly across the systems: the greatest probability of failures is in on-board launch vehicle systems, less - in PTK systems, and even less - in ground systems. This is due to the fact that on-board PTK systems operate mainly in the standby (less stressful compared to the working) mode at the launch site, and it is much easier to ensure high reliability and timely monitoring in ground systems. In the article, a model of an upgraded cosmonaut landing and evacuation unit for the Soyuz-5 launch vehicle with the PTK Orel, which is designed on the basis of the existing CLEU (unit 11T187) for the Zenit launch vehicle at the Baikonur Cosmodrome, is designed and analyzed for strength. English version of the article is available at URL: https://panor.ru/articles/structural-mechanics-of-the-supporting-structure-of-the-astronaut-landing-and-evacuation-unit/78209.html","PeriodicalId":415140,"journal":{"name":"Glavnyj mekhanik (Chief Mechanic)","volume":"78 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125259736","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Yudachev, S. Sitnikov, N. Gordienko, P. A. Monakhov
The priority task of the development of mechanical engineering is complex mechanization and automation of technological processes of mechanical processing. This problem can be solved by the introduction of machine tools and machine complexes with numerical control. CNC equipment combines the flexibility of universal and high performance of special automatic equipment, which significantly changes the nature of production and makes it mobile, meeting the requirements for continuous improvement and updating of mechanical engineering products. However, such equipment is quite complex, and its acquisition is associated with large financial costs, therefore, the problem of efficient use of CNC machines is a priority for most mechanical engineering enterprises and is inextricably linked with the need to create various programs. The article presents a theoretical analysis of the VGA interface, as well as a practical implementation of this interface, written in the Verilog programming language, on the Terasic DE10-Lite debugging board, with the MAX10 10M50DAF484C7G programmable logic integrated circuit and other peripheral modules. The practical significance of the work is familiarizing with programmable logic integrated circuits of the Intel FPGA family, obtaining basic knowledge in working with the Quartus Lite computer-aided design system (CAD), and learning the basics of programming programmable logic integrated circuits in the Verilog language. In the course of the work, the algorithm for writing code in the Verilog programming language for implementing the VGA interface on the DE10-Lite debugging board was described in detail. The software and mathematical excerpts used in the work are publicly available on the Internet, which allows anyone to carry out similar work and make sure that the written codes and the obtained conclusions are correct. This work can be used not only for writing programs for machine tools, but also for teaching students in the field of developing electronic devices in terms of their algorithmization and for organizing laboratory work, as well as for creating and designing real devices both in production and within a higher educational institution, for example, for developing laboratory work using specialized CAD. Familiarization and study of this programming language are conducted within the walls of one of the leading engineering universities of the Russian Federation, the Bauman Moscow State Technical University.
机械工程发展的首要任务是机械加工工艺过程的复杂机械化和自动化。这个问题可以通过引入数控机床和复合机床来解决。数控设备结合了通用的灵活性和特种自动化设备的高性能，显著改变了生产的性质，使其具有流动性，满足了机械工程产品不断改进和更新的要求。然而，这类设备相当复杂，并且其购置与巨大的财务成本相关，因此，高效使用数控机床的问题是大多数机械工程企业的首要任务，并与创建各种方案的需要密不可分。本文在Terasic DE10-Lite调试板上，采用MAX10 10M50DAF484C7G可编程逻辑集成电路等外设模块，对VGA接口进行了理论分析，并以Verilog编程语言编写了该接口的实际实现。实际意义是熟悉Intel FPGA系列的可编程逻辑集成电路，掌握Quartus Lite CAD (computer aided design system)的基本使用知识，学习使用Verilog语言对可编程逻辑集成电路进行编程的基础知识。在工作过程中，详细介绍了在DE10-Lite调试板上实现VGA接口用Verilog编程语言编写代码的算法。工作中使用的软件和数学摘要在互联网上是公开的，这使得任何人都可以进行类似的工作，并确保编写的代码和得到的结论是正确的。这项工作不仅可以用于编写机床程序，还可以用于教授学生在开发电子设备方面的算法和组织实验室工作，以及在生产和高等教育机构中创建和设计实际设备，例如，使用专门的CAD开发实验室工作。这种编程语言的熟悉和研究是在俄罗斯联邦领先的工程大学之一鲍曼莫斯科国立技术大学进行的。
{"title":"Operation description and creating an analog VGA output on the debugging board when making programs for CNC machines","authors":"S. Yudachev, S. Sitnikov, N. Gordienko, P. A. Monakhov","doi":"10.33920/pro-2-2202-01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33920/pro-2-2202-01","url":null,"abstract":"The priority task of the development of mechanical engineering is complex mechanization and automation of technological processes of mechanical processing. This problem can be solved by the introduction of machine tools and machine complexes with numerical control. CNC equipment combines the flexibility of universal and high performance of special automatic equipment, which significantly changes the nature of production and makes it mobile, meeting the requirements for continuous improvement and updating of mechanical engineering products. However, such equipment is quite complex, and its acquisition is associated with large financial costs, therefore, the problem of efficient use of CNC machines is a priority for most mechanical engineering enterprises and is inextricably linked with the need to create various programs. The article presents a theoretical analysis of the VGA interface, as well as a practical implementation of this interface, written in the Verilog programming language, on the Terasic DE10-Lite debugging board, with the MAX10 10M50DAF484C7G programmable logic integrated circuit and other peripheral modules. The practical significance of the work is familiarizing with programmable logic integrated circuits of the Intel FPGA family, obtaining basic knowledge in working with the Quartus Lite computer-aided design system (CAD), and learning the basics of programming programmable logic integrated circuits in the Verilog language. In the course of the work, the algorithm for writing code in the Verilog programming language for implementing the VGA interface on the DE10-Lite debugging board was described in detail. The software and mathematical excerpts used in the work are publicly available on the Internet, which allows anyone to carry out similar work and make sure that the written codes and the obtained conclusions are correct. This work can be used not only for writing programs for machine tools, but also for teaching students in the field of developing electronic devices in terms of their algorithmization and for organizing laboratory work, as well as for creating and designing real devices both in production and within a higher educational institution, for example, for developing laboratory work using specialized CAD. Familiarization and study of this programming language are conducted within the walls of one of the leading engineering universities of the Russian Federation, the Bauman Moscow State Technical University.","PeriodicalId":415140,"journal":{"name":"Glavnyj mekhanik (Chief Mechanic)","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114220657","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Yudachev, S. Sitnikov, P. A. Monakhov, N. Gordienko
Accidents on oil and gas pipelines, accompanied by fluid leakage, cause economic and environmental damage. The task of the chief mechanics is to prevent accidents and monitor the operation of the equipment. A prerequisite for the timely accidents control in the oil and gas industry and the elimination of their consequences is the prompt determination of the location of leaks and tie-ins. To solve this problem, a large number of methods that differ in sensitivity, external immunity, speed and accuracy of determining the coordinates of leak sites and tie-ins have been developed and applied. Frequency characteristics are used to solve a number of typical problems of research and processing of equipment failure signals. A variant of the implementation of the fast Fourier transform in the C++ programming language and the coding language of the Verilog programmable logic integrated circuit is proposed. When performing the work, Visual Studio software from Microsoft and Quartus from Intel (Altera) are used. A comparison of the results of processing several signals in the above programs is presented. When implemented in a programmable logic integrated circuit, the work is performed at the model level using the built-in intellectual property core (IP function), while in C++ the algorithm is implemented manually, which increases the accuracy of its execution. The practical significance of the work is the study and solution of the simplest tasks in the development of modern electronic devices, including for monitoring the operation of equipment in the oil and gas industry of rapid response, in the Verilog hardware description language and comparison with an alternative model in the programming language. Excerpts of the codes of both programs are presented. The FFT is illustrated (step by step), as well as the signals before and after processing are presented. This work can be used to teach students of higher educational institutions in the field of development, debugging and coding of electronic and radio-electronic devices, as well as in the creation and design of real devices in production. Familiarization and study of this programming language are conducted within the walls of one of the leading engineering universities of the Russian Federation, the Bauman Moscow State Technical University.
{"title":"Programming of control devices in C++","authors":"S. Yudachev, S. Sitnikov, P. A. Monakhov, N. Gordienko","doi":"10.33920/pro-2-2202-06","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33920/pro-2-2202-06","url":null,"abstract":"Accidents on oil and gas pipelines, accompanied by fluid leakage, cause economic and environmental damage. The task of the chief mechanics is to prevent accidents and monitor the operation of the equipment. A prerequisite for the timely accidents control in the oil and gas industry and the elimination of their consequences is the prompt determination of the location of leaks and tie-ins. To solve this problem, a large number of methods that differ in sensitivity, external immunity, speed and accuracy of determining the coordinates of leak sites and tie-ins have been developed and applied. Frequency characteristics are used to solve a number of typical problems of research and processing of equipment failure signals. A variant of the implementation of the fast Fourier transform in the C++ programming language and the coding language of the Verilog programmable logic integrated circuit is proposed. When performing the work, Visual Studio software from Microsoft and Quartus from Intel (Altera) are used. A comparison of the results of processing several signals in the above programs is presented. When implemented in a programmable logic integrated circuit, the work is performed at the model level using the built-in intellectual property core (IP function), while in C++ the algorithm is implemented manually, which increases the accuracy of its execution. The practical significance of the work is the study and solution of the simplest tasks in the development of modern electronic devices, including for monitoring the operation of equipment in the oil and gas industry of rapid response, in the Verilog hardware description language and comparison with an alternative model in the programming language. Excerpts of the codes of both programs are presented. The FFT is illustrated (step by step), as well as the signals before and after processing are presented. This work can be used to teach students of higher educational institutions in the field of development, debugging and coding of electronic and radio-electronic devices, as well as in the creation and design of real devices in production. Familiarization and study of this programming language are conducted within the walls of one of the leading engineering universities of the Russian Federation, the Bauman Moscow State Technical University.","PeriodicalId":415140,"journal":{"name":"Glavnyj mekhanik (Chief Mechanic)","volume":"64 3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123444787","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The purpose and normalization of the accuracy of the geometric parameters of the cutting part of the tool is directly related to the indicators of functional and parametric reliability of taps. The comparison of the taps test results showed that reducing the range of scatter of geometric parameters of the tool of the cutting part of taps makes the threading process more stable (leads to a significant reduction in the resistance dispersion, to a decrease in the number of breakdowns, and a decrease in the coefficients of variation of resistance and wear) and reduces the breakdown of the flank of the thread being cut. In this paper, the dependences of the change in the magnitude of the radial force on the elementary cutting profiles of the tap on the error of the spacing angle between the cutting teeth due to angular displacements of the main cutting blade owing to the presence of the front angle and the angle of inclination of the cutting edge are obtained. The obtained patterns of changes in the radial force on the cutting teeth of the tap can be used when considering alternative options for assigning the angle λ based on the criterion of minimum (limitation) of cutting forces during processing. A change in the front angle in the range of known recommended values does not significantly affect the nature of the change and the amount of radial force on the cutting teeth of the tap, as well as does not affect the one-sided direction of the radial force vector, characteristic of taps with a uniform spacing angle. The error of the spacing angle between the cutting teeth of the tap, due to the presence of the angle of inclination of the cutting edge λ, leads to an increase in the radial force and a change in the nature of the load on the cutting teeth of the tool. The obtained patterns of changes in the radial force on the cutting teeth of the tap can be used when considering alternative options for assigning the angle λ based on the criterion of minimum (limitation) of cutting forces during processing.
{"title":"The influence of the value of the front angle and the angle of inclination of the cutting edge on the radial force when threading with taps","authors":"I. Ivanina","doi":"10.33920/pro-2-2202-04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33920/pro-2-2202-04","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose and normalization of the accuracy of the geometric parameters of the cutting part of the tool is directly related to the indicators of functional and parametric reliability of taps. The comparison of the taps test results showed that reducing the range of scatter of geometric parameters of the tool of the cutting part of taps makes the threading process more stable (leads to a significant reduction in the resistance dispersion, to a decrease in the number of breakdowns, and a decrease in the coefficients of variation of resistance and wear) and reduces the breakdown of the flank of the thread being cut. In this paper, the dependences of the change in the magnitude of the radial force on the elementary cutting profiles of the tap on the error of the spacing angle between the cutting teeth due to angular displacements of the main cutting blade owing to the presence of the front angle and the angle of inclination of the cutting edge are obtained. The obtained patterns of changes in the radial force on the cutting teeth of the tap can be used when considering alternative options for assigning the angle λ based on the criterion of minimum (limitation) of cutting forces during processing. A change in the front angle in the range of known recommended values does not significantly affect the nature of the change and the amount of radial force on the cutting teeth of the tap, as well as does not affect the one-sided direction of the radial force vector, characteristic of taps with a uniform spacing angle. The error of the spacing angle between the cutting teeth of the tap, due to the presence of the angle of inclination of the cutting edge λ, leads to an increase in the radial force and a change in the nature of the load on the cutting teeth of the tool. The obtained patterns of changes in the radial force on the cutting teeth of the tap can be used when considering alternative options for assigning the angle λ based on the criterion of minimum (limitation) of cutting forces during processing.","PeriodicalId":415140,"journal":{"name":"Glavnyj mekhanik (Chief Mechanic)","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133960757","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In any production — industrial, radio equipment, construction, or agricultural one, the design of various kinds of objects is carried out. Computer-aided design systems ensure the performance of functionally completed design tasks with the receipt of appropriate design solutions and design documents. Programs of this class solve the tasks of automating all stages of system design of varying degrees of complexity: from the production technology of a single part to the design of an entire production line. The article describes the FPGA programming algorithm. The practical significance of the work is the study of the basics of FPGA programming in the Verilog language and familiarity with the Quartus II compilation program, the main FPGA design environment by Intel FPGA, which is easily adaptable to the requirements of a specific project. The Quartus II package includes all the utilities needed to work with FPGA chips. The light version of CAD is free and is publicly available, which is very convenient for learning the basics. However, Quartus free version is often quite sufficient even for professional work. This paper will help beginners to get acquainted with the FPGA and its structure. The DE10-Lite Board with the MAX10 10M50DAF484C7G FPGA and other peripheral modules that allow doing quite complex projects is considered. Based on it, the article shows how to create an empty project for a specific FPGA and add new files to the project. A simple code is written in the Verilog language, using the basic concepts and commands of the language, to control the LEDs on the board when the corresponding buttons are pressed. It is demonstrated how to check the correctness of the written code, compile and download the firmware to the existing board through the built-in programmer. Familiarization and study of this programming language are conducted within the walls of one of the leading engineering universities of the Russian Federation, the Bauman Moscow State Technical University.
{"title":"FPGA programming using Quartus CAD","authors":"N. Gordienko, P. A. Monakhov, S. Sitnikov","doi":"10.33920/pro-2-2202-02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33920/pro-2-2202-02","url":null,"abstract":"In any production — industrial, radio equipment, construction, or agricultural one, the design of various kinds of objects is carried out. Computer-aided design systems ensure the performance of functionally completed design tasks with the receipt of appropriate design solutions and design documents. Programs of this class solve the tasks of automating all stages of system design of varying degrees of complexity: from the production technology of a single part to the design of an entire production line. The article describes the FPGA programming algorithm. The practical significance of the work is the study of the basics of FPGA programming in the Verilog language and familiarity with the Quartus II compilation program, the main FPGA design environment by Intel FPGA, which is easily adaptable to the requirements of a specific project. The Quartus II package includes all the utilities needed to work with FPGA chips. The light version of CAD is free and is publicly available, which is very convenient for learning the basics. However, Quartus free version is often quite sufficient even for professional work. This paper will help beginners to get acquainted with the FPGA and its structure. The DE10-Lite Board with the MAX10 10M50DAF484C7G FPGA and other peripheral modules that allow doing quite complex projects is considered. Based on it, the article shows how to create an empty project for a specific FPGA and add new files to the project. A simple code is written in the Verilog language, using the basic concepts and commands of the language, to control the LEDs on the board when the corresponding buttons are pressed. It is demonstrated how to check the correctness of the written code, compile and download the firmware to the existing board through the built-in programmer. Familiarization and study of this programming language are conducted within the walls of one of the leading engineering universities of the Russian Federation, the Bauman Moscow State Technical University.","PeriodicalId":415140,"journal":{"name":"Glavnyj mekhanik (Chief Mechanic)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131140251","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The change of design of the turntable, familiar to the stage of any modern theater, in the 20th century was a reflection of the real possibilities and the development of technology. Some engineering solutions have been lost, but the stages of finding the optimal solution are proposed to be considered by the example of changing the designs of the mechanisms of the turntables of Donetsk theaters. The chronology of the installation of mechanisms — 1941, 1956, 1961, 1968, 2011 allows determining the features of the elements of the rotation mechanism, linking them with specific historical events. During this period, there was a stage of technology change, which is of main interest in the study of the features of these mechanisms. Massive riveted structures, which became the reason for the legend about the use of a locomotive turntable in the mechanism, were replaced by reinforced concrete and welded structures, which became standard in the 1970s. And the reconstruction of the rotation mechanism of the stage of the House of Slavic Culture in 2011 led to the installation of rubberized balancing rollers, a gear motor with frequency control of rotation speed — examples of modern technical solutions, but the foundations that determined the dimensions of the structure were laid in 1926. The historical interval of more than 60 years has been reflected in the design of the main elements of the turntables and has become the topic of this article.
{"title":"Design features of the mechanisms of the turntable of Donetsk theaters","authors":"V. Martynenko, N. V. Gichun, V. Sidorov","doi":"10.33920/pro-2-2112-06","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33920/pro-2-2112-06","url":null,"abstract":"The change of design of the turntable, familiar to the stage of any modern theater, in the 20th century was a reflection of the real possibilities and the development of technology. Some engineering solutions have been lost, but the stages of finding the optimal solution are proposed to be considered by the example of changing the designs of the mechanisms of the turntables of Donetsk theaters. The chronology of the installation of mechanisms — 1941, 1956, 1961, 1968, 2011 allows determining the features of the elements of the rotation mechanism, linking them with specific historical events. During this period, there was a stage of technology change, which is of main interest in the study of the features of these mechanisms. Massive riveted structures, which became the reason for the legend about the use of a locomotive turntable in the mechanism, were replaced by reinforced concrete and welded structures, which became standard in the 1970s. And the reconstruction of the rotation mechanism of the stage of the House of Slavic Culture in 2011 led to the installation of rubberized balancing rollers, a gear motor with frequency control of rotation speed — examples of modern technical solutions, but the foundations that determined the dimensions of the structure were laid in 1926. The historical interval of more than 60 years has been reflected in the design of the main elements of the turntables and has become the topic of this article.","PeriodicalId":415140,"journal":{"name":"Glavnyj mekhanik (Chief Mechanic)","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126600028","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The approach to the selection of models and methods for describing the relationships between enterprises of different automation completeness is described. Research in the field of labor transformations is proving fruitful due to the fact that the identified role of creativity becomes decisive when establishing interactions between enterprises of various degrees of automation. It is shown that the best models are those based on the regularities of labor transformations, in which the phenomenon of creativity occupies the main place. To assess the usefulness of the interaction of enterprises with each other, it is necessary to determine the "producing" capabilities of a particular enterprise and under what conditions, namely, in what external environment, this interaction can occur. It was found that the formation of "capital" in the form of the creative potential of the system, which can now participate as a "converging" component in many calculations, is very promising for further development. It is obvious that relations between enterprises of varying degrees of completeness of automation develop in different ways and it is possible to describe them formally and objectively only if we find patterns common to all situations. This article describes an approach to finding and using such patterns in practice. English version of the article is available at URL: https://panor.ru/articles/interaction-of-enterprises-with-different-levels-of-automation/77709.html
{"title":"Interaction of enterprises with different degrees of automation","authors":"G. Ganina, Yu. A. Ostrovskiy, A. Yakovleva","doi":"10.33920/pro-2-2112-02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33920/pro-2-2112-02","url":null,"abstract":"The approach to the selection of models and methods for describing the relationships between enterprises of different automation completeness is described. Research in the field of labor transformations is proving fruitful due to the fact that the identified role of creativity becomes decisive when establishing interactions between enterprises of various degrees of automation. It is shown that the best models are those based on the regularities of labor transformations, in which the phenomenon of creativity occupies the main place. To assess the usefulness of the interaction of enterprises with each other, it is necessary to determine the \"producing\" capabilities of a particular enterprise and under what conditions, namely, in what external environment, this interaction can occur. It was found that the formation of \"capital\" in the form of the creative potential of the system, which can now participate as a \"converging\" component in many calculations, is very promising for further development. It is obvious that relations between enterprises of varying degrees of completeness of automation develop in different ways and it is possible to describe them formally and objectively only if we find patterns common to all situations. This article describes an approach to finding and using such patterns in practice. English version of the article is available at URL: https://panor.ru/articles/interaction-of-enterprises-with-different-levels-of-automation/77709.html","PeriodicalId":415140,"journal":{"name":"Glavnyj mekhanik (Chief Mechanic)","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128699058","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Studies of the mechanical electrophysical properties of polymers and their modifications under the simultaneous influence of electrical discharges and mechanical force are presented. It is shown that a decrease in the electrophysical characteristics of the studied polymer materials in the presence of a tensile mechanical force leads to the accumulation of bulk charges in them and the formation of submicrocracks. This is indicated by the established relationship between the processes of formation and development of submicrocracks with the accumulation of bulk charge in polymers. These processes in their physical essence are elementary acts of destruction of polymer dielectrics, the development of which is determined by experimental conditions. It was found that when methylphenyltolylamine is introduced into the composition of high-pressure polyethylene, the structure of the resulting polymer modifications changes markedly. Therefore, a change in their dielectric losses and specific volume electrical resistivity should be expected. Indeed, as follows from the experimental data, the introduction of the proposed additive into high-pressure polyethylene in an optimal amount contributes to an increase in their volume resistivity by an order of magnitude and a decrease in dielectric losses. The authors have made an assumption that the detected decrease in the electrical strength of the films of the original and modified high-pressure polyethylene under the simultaneous influence of mechanical load on them is explained by the accelerated accumulation of bulk charges and the growth of microcracks, as a result of which ionization processes are intensively taking place in the developing inhomogeneities of the polymer dielectric. As follows from the results obtained, as the degree of mechanically stressed state of the samples increases, their durability decreases. This indicates that, along with a high electric field, one of the reasons for the appearance of bulk charges and inhomogeneities in the form of microcracks in polymer dielectrics is their mechanically stressed state.
{"title":"Effects of electrical discharges and deformation on the electrophysical and mechanical properties of high-pressure polyethylene","authors":"O. Gubanov, D. S. Alymov, V. Gadalov","doi":"10.33920/pro-2-2112-04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33920/pro-2-2112-04","url":null,"abstract":"Studies of the mechanical electrophysical properties of polymers and their modifications under the simultaneous influence of electrical discharges and mechanical force are presented. It is shown that a decrease in the electrophysical characteristics of the studied polymer materials in the presence of a tensile mechanical force leads to the accumulation of bulk charges in them and the formation of submicrocracks. This is indicated by the established relationship between the processes of formation and development of submicrocracks with the accumulation of bulk charge in polymers. These processes in their physical essence are elementary acts of destruction of polymer dielectrics, the development of which is determined by experimental conditions. It was found that when methylphenyltolylamine is introduced into the composition of high-pressure polyethylene, the structure of the resulting polymer modifications changes markedly. Therefore, a change in their dielectric losses and specific volume electrical resistivity should be expected. Indeed, as follows from the experimental data, the introduction of the proposed additive into high-pressure polyethylene in an optimal amount contributes to an increase in their volume resistivity by an order of magnitude and a decrease in dielectric losses. The authors have made an assumption that the detected decrease in the electrical strength of the films of the original and modified high-pressure polyethylene under the simultaneous influence of mechanical load on them is explained by the accelerated accumulation of bulk charges and the growth of microcracks, as a result of which ionization processes are intensively taking place in the developing inhomogeneities of the polymer dielectric. As follows from the results obtained, as the degree of mechanically stressed state of the samples increases, their durability decreases. This indicates that, along with a high electric field, one of the reasons for the appearance of bulk charges and inhomogeneities in the form of microcracks in polymer dielectrics is their mechanically stressed state.","PeriodicalId":415140,"journal":{"name":"Glavnyj mekhanik (Chief Mechanic)","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121727884","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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