Pub Date : 2023-07-03DOI: 10.1080/24721840.2023.2232387
L. Vempati, Sabrina Woods, Robert C. Solano
ABSTRACT NASA's Aviation Safety Reporting System (ASRS) gathers data from voluntary aviation safety reports for nonfatal accidents and incidents. These reports are a valuable resource in identifying unsafe occurrences and hazardous situations in the aviation industry. A tool known as the Human Factors Analysis and Classification System (HFACS), initially developed for military use, has proven useful for root cause analysis of human causes in aviation accidents and incidents, including in commercial contexts. This research study utilizes HFACS to classify the ASRS safety reports to identify key indicators in General Aviation (GA) non-fatal accidents and incidents. Qualitative data analysis reveals relationships between incidents and causal factors, indicating 53% of incidents to be perceptual errors, 32% decision errors, and 26% skill-based errors. Prevalent preconditions for these errors include crew resource management (53%), physical environment (32%), and technological environment (16%). The study aligns with previous research findings, suggesting that crew resource management is a common factor in both GA incidents and commercial and military aviation. While GA pilots may make different types of errors, such discrepancies are not prevalent in the voluntarily reported data.
{"title":"Qualitative Analysis of General Aviation Pilots’ Aviation Safety Reporting System Incident Narratives Using the Human Factors Analysis and Classification System","authors":"L. Vempati, Sabrina Woods, Robert C. Solano","doi":"10.1080/24721840.2023.2232387","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/24721840.2023.2232387","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT NASA's Aviation Safety Reporting System (ASRS) gathers data from voluntary aviation safety reports for nonfatal accidents and incidents. These reports are a valuable resource in identifying unsafe occurrences and hazardous situations in the aviation industry. A tool known as the Human Factors Analysis and Classification System (HFACS), initially developed for military use, has proven useful for root cause analysis of human causes in aviation accidents and incidents, including in commercial contexts. This research study utilizes HFACS to classify the ASRS safety reports to identify key indicators in General Aviation (GA) non-fatal accidents and incidents. Qualitative data analysis reveals relationships between incidents and causal factors, indicating 53% of incidents to be perceptual errors, 32% decision errors, and 26% skill-based errors. Prevalent preconditions for these errors include crew resource management (53%), physical environment (32%), and technological environment (16%). The study aligns with previous research findings, suggesting that crew resource management is a common factor in both GA incidents and commercial and military aviation. While GA pilots may make different types of errors, such discrepancies are not prevalent in the voluntarily reported data.","PeriodicalId":41693,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Aerospace Psychology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2023-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42028559","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-03DOI: 10.1080/24721840.2023.2231506
Qinbiao Li, Hei Chi Leung, Man Him Ho, Ka Lok Leung, K. Ng, Cho Yin Yiu
ABSTRACT Objective This paper investigates the effects of using different decision-making models on pilots’ performance while facing non-normal flight circumstances. Background The captain must quickly make appropriate decisions once an aircraft faces emergency. Usually, human error is one primary cause of accidents, which inevitably affects the captain’s decision progress. Method Ten participants carried out a standard non-normal scenario (cargo smoke). Each participant is equipped with simulation experience and executed three sessions using three different decision models: the DOGAM, DECIDE, and CLEAR. After each session, the situation awareness (SA) and perceived workload were assessed using the Situational Awareness Rating Technology (SART) and NASA-TLX. An in-depth interview was also completed to comprehend their subjective perception of decision-making. Results Although the CLEAR outperformed the other models in SART and NASA-TLX scores, their performance regarding workload and SA was comparable. The fixing time of DOGAM was the longest, and the other two models were no significant difference. Subjectively, the DECIDE may require a high mental demand by simultaneously processing lots of information and measuring significant changes, whilst the DOGAM may encourage participants follow their own idea, promoting aggressive decisions. Conclusion This paper clarifies the importance of incorporating decision models into the cockpit and investigates the relatively feasible decision-making model. Variation across our results illustrated applying different decision models to train pilots and solve problems is suggested, thereby improving flight safety.
{"title":"The Effects of Aeronautical Decision-Making Models on Student Pilots’ Situational Awareness and Cognitive Workload in Simulated Non-Normal Flight Deck Environment","authors":"Qinbiao Li, Hei Chi Leung, Man Him Ho, Ka Lok Leung, K. Ng, Cho Yin Yiu","doi":"10.1080/24721840.2023.2231506","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/24721840.2023.2231506","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Objective This paper investigates the effects of using different decision-making models on pilots’ performance while facing non-normal flight circumstances. Background The captain must quickly make appropriate decisions once an aircraft faces emergency. Usually, human error is one primary cause of accidents, which inevitably affects the captain’s decision progress. Method Ten participants carried out a standard non-normal scenario (cargo smoke). Each participant is equipped with simulation experience and executed three sessions using three different decision models: the DOGAM, DECIDE, and CLEAR. After each session, the situation awareness (SA) and perceived workload were assessed using the Situational Awareness Rating Technology (SART) and NASA-TLX. An in-depth interview was also completed to comprehend their subjective perception of decision-making. Results Although the CLEAR outperformed the other models in SART and NASA-TLX scores, their performance regarding workload and SA was comparable. The fixing time of DOGAM was the longest, and the other two models were no significant difference. Subjectively, the DECIDE may require a high mental demand by simultaneously processing lots of information and measuring significant changes, whilst the DOGAM may encourage participants follow their own idea, promoting aggressive decisions. Conclusion This paper clarifies the importance of incorporating decision models into the cockpit and investigates the relatively feasible decision-making model. Variation across our results illustrated applying different decision models to train pilots and solve problems is suggested, thereby improving flight safety.","PeriodicalId":41693,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Aerospace Psychology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2023-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49123675","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-03DOI: 10.1080/24721840.2023.2199771
K. Kumagai, Satoshi Maruyama, Takahiro Imamura, Tetsuya Iwamoto, Yoshiki Kanamaru, Masaki Mine, Kunio Takada, K. Wada
ABSTRACT Objective This study evaluated various biological parameters in subjects exposed to hypoxia, to verify effective monitoring for early hypoxia detection. Background Hypoxic-hypoxia is a life-threatening condition, but no method of early detection in flight has been established. Method Six healthy male subjects underwent 2 experiments at different oxygen concentrations (O2) during hypoxic exposure on different days. Subjects inhaled approximately 21% O2 for 3 minutes, hypoxia using approximately 14% O2 in Experiment 1 and 7% O2 in Experiment 2 for 3.5 minutes using a reduced oxygen breathing device. During the experiments, pupil diameter (PD), cerebral oxygenated hemoglobin (O2Hb), peripheral tissue oxygen saturation (SpO2), heart rate (HR), and blood pressure (BP) were measured. Results All 6 subjects completed both Experiments 1 and 2. ΔO2Hb showed significant correlations with %HR (r = −0.6005, P < .0001), %PD (r = −0.5227, P = .0001), and %SpO2 (r = 0.8281, P < .0001) in Experiment 1. ΔO2Hb also showed significant correlations with %HR (r = −0.7904, P < .0001), %PD (r = −0.7933, P < .0001), and %SpO2 (r = 0.7240, P < .0001) in Experiment 2. Rapid hypoxic exposure caused increase in %PD and decrease in ΔO2Hb, followed by immediate increase in %HR, and then decrease in %SpO2. Conclusion The present study suggested that monitoring of HR, PD, and O2Hb were earlier parameters to detect hypoxia than SpO2.
{"title":"Effective Monitoring for Early Detection of Hypoxia in Fighter Pilots","authors":"K. Kumagai, Satoshi Maruyama, Takahiro Imamura, Tetsuya Iwamoto, Yoshiki Kanamaru, Masaki Mine, Kunio Takada, K. Wada","doi":"10.1080/24721840.2023.2199771","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/24721840.2023.2199771","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Objective This study evaluated various biological parameters in subjects exposed to hypoxia, to verify effective monitoring for early hypoxia detection. Background Hypoxic-hypoxia is a life-threatening condition, but no method of early detection in flight has been established. Method Six healthy male subjects underwent 2 experiments at different oxygen concentrations (O2) during hypoxic exposure on different days. Subjects inhaled approximately 21% O2 for 3 minutes, hypoxia using approximately 14% O2 in Experiment 1 and 7% O2 in Experiment 2 for 3.5 minutes using a reduced oxygen breathing device. During the experiments, pupil diameter (PD), cerebral oxygenated hemoglobin (O2Hb), peripheral tissue oxygen saturation (SpO2), heart rate (HR), and blood pressure (BP) were measured. Results All 6 subjects completed both Experiments 1 and 2. ΔO2Hb showed significant correlations with %HR (r = −0.6005, P < .0001), %PD (r = −0.5227, P = .0001), and %SpO2 (r = 0.8281, P < .0001) in Experiment 1. ΔO2Hb also showed significant correlations with %HR (r = −0.7904, P < .0001), %PD (r = −0.7933, P < .0001), and %SpO2 (r = 0.7240, P < .0001) in Experiment 2. Rapid hypoxic exposure caused increase in %PD and decrease in ΔO2Hb, followed by immediate increase in %HR, and then decrease in %SpO2. Conclusion The present study suggested that monitoring of HR, PD, and O2Hb were earlier parameters to detect hypoxia than SpO2.","PeriodicalId":41693,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Aerospace Psychology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2023-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45338019","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-03DOI: 10.1080/24721840.2022.2164497
Kevin Schudlik, Marc-André Reinhard, P. Müller
ABSTRACT Objective The present study investigates how airline pilot applicants prepare for a personnel selection procedure and how this relates to their deceptive and honest impression management (IM) in the job interview and their interview performance. Background It is thus far unclear how preparation relates to IM in real-world and high-stakes settings. This is of particular importance for the aviation industry, because numerous commercial providers offer preparation courses for selection procedures potentially impacting selection decisions. Method We conducted a field study of high-stakes job interviews embedded in a selection procedure for airline pilots. Data from 100 interviewees was acquired. Results The variety of preparation strategies an applicant used was positively correlated with two deceptive IM (faking) strategies in the job interview. Moreover, low effort preparation via social media and guidebooks was positively correlated with overall faking. The variety of preparation and preparation via social media were also positively correlated with honest IM. However, neither the aforementioned preparation nor IM showed significant correlations with the interview performance. Conclusion The effects of preparation depend on the specific preparation methods used. Certain methods of preparation are positively associated with applicants’ use of IM strategies in the job interview.
{"title":"The Relationship between Preparation, Impression Management, and Interview Performance in High-Stakes Personnel Selection: A Field Study of Airline Pilot Applicants","authors":"Kevin Schudlik, Marc-André Reinhard, P. Müller","doi":"10.1080/24721840.2022.2164497","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/24721840.2022.2164497","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Objective The present study investigates how airline pilot applicants prepare for a personnel selection procedure and how this relates to their deceptive and honest impression management (IM) in the job interview and their interview performance. Background It is thus far unclear how preparation relates to IM in real-world and high-stakes settings. This is of particular importance for the aviation industry, because numerous commercial providers offer preparation courses for selection procedures potentially impacting selection decisions. Method We conducted a field study of high-stakes job interviews embedded in a selection procedure for airline pilots. Data from 100 interviewees was acquired. Results The variety of preparation strategies an applicant used was positively correlated with two deceptive IM (faking) strategies in the job interview. Moreover, low effort preparation via social media and guidebooks was positively correlated with overall faking. The variety of preparation and preparation via social media were also positively correlated with honest IM. However, neither the aforementioned preparation nor IM showed significant correlations with the interview performance. Conclusion The effects of preparation depend on the specific preparation methods used. Certain methods of preparation are positively associated with applicants’ use of IM strategies in the job interview.","PeriodicalId":41693,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Aerospace Psychology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2023-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46987464","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-03DOI: 10.1080/24721840.2023.2169146
Michael Newman, Steve Scott
ABSTRACT To place communication in context against other maintenance error promoting contributory factors and identify whether communication issues were written or verbal, a semi-structured interview schedule was used to ask 40 aircraft maintenance personnel what goes wrong when maintaining aircraft. Participants described 746 examples of contributory factors and undesired outcomes which were categorized using Dupont’s “dirty dozen.” 147 of the 746 descriptions were communication factors, of which 99 were verbal, 34 were written and 14 were general. Of 34 verbal and 19 written task miscommunication examples, 22 verbal and 10 written were accompanied by descriptions of undesired outcomes. The results suggest that commercial aircraft maintainers consider verbal and written communication as more important than other contributory factors.
{"title":"It Was This Wing Wasn’t It? Identifying the Importance of Verbal Communication in Aviation Maintenance","authors":"Michael Newman, Steve Scott","doi":"10.1080/24721840.2023.2169146","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/24721840.2023.2169146","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT To place communication in context against other maintenance error promoting contributory factors and identify whether communication issues were written or verbal, a semi-structured interview schedule was used to ask 40 aircraft maintenance personnel what goes wrong when maintaining aircraft. Participants described 746 examples of contributory factors and undesired outcomes which were categorized using Dupont’s “dirty dozen.” 147 of the 746 descriptions were communication factors, of which 99 were verbal, 34 were written and 14 were general. Of 34 verbal and 19 written task miscommunication examples, 22 verbal and 10 written were accompanied by descriptions of undesired outcomes. The results suggest that commercial aircraft maintainers consider verbal and written communication as more important than other contributory factors.","PeriodicalId":41693,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Aerospace Psychology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2023-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48831849","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-03DOI: 10.1080/24721840.2022.2162405
Elvira Marques, Guido C. Carim, Chris Campbell, Gui Lohmann
ABSTRACT Objective This article aims to explore the literature on ab initio flight training from 1990 to 2020 and to identify main trends and gaps. Background The literature about ab initio pilot training encompasses a variety of topics, traditions and publications. Characterizing what has been produced will identify themes and gaps in the literature to further advance the field. Method A systematic literature review was conducted in which 75 studies, reviews and conceptual works were analyzed to ascertain the status of the literature on ab initio flight training. Results Findings included topical research on subjects such as the use of technological resources to enhance flight training, such as Personal Computer-Based Aviation Training Devices (PCATDs), simulators, eye-tracking devices, and augmented and virtual reality (VR). These assistive technologies strengthen students’ learning and create opportunities to reduce the time and cost of flight training. Another common finding among the reviewed references is the call to change the instructional methods and the curriculum. Other areas identified focus on student performance, including how to predict and assess it, and how it is influenced by human factors. Conclusion A lack of guidance by instructors and flight schools was identified regarding the integration of technological resources, especially simulators, into the training curricula and what instructional methods are needed to enhance learning.
{"title":"Ab Initio Flight Training: A Systematic Literature Review","authors":"Elvira Marques, Guido C. Carim, Chris Campbell, Gui Lohmann","doi":"10.1080/24721840.2022.2162405","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/24721840.2022.2162405","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Objective This article aims to explore the literature on ab initio flight training from 1990 to 2020 and to identify main trends and gaps. Background The literature about ab initio pilot training encompasses a variety of topics, traditions and publications. Characterizing what has been produced will identify themes and gaps in the literature to further advance the field. Method A systematic literature review was conducted in which 75 studies, reviews and conceptual works were analyzed to ascertain the status of the literature on ab initio flight training. Results Findings included topical research on subjects such as the use of technological resources to enhance flight training, such as Personal Computer-Based Aviation Training Devices (PCATDs), simulators, eye-tracking devices, and augmented and virtual reality (VR). These assistive technologies strengthen students’ learning and create opportunities to reduce the time and cost of flight training. Another common finding among the reviewed references is the call to change the instructional methods and the curriculum. Other areas identified focus on student performance, including how to predict and assess it, and how it is influenced by human factors. Conclusion A lack of guidance by instructors and flight schools was identified regarding the integration of technological resources, especially simulators, into the training curricula and what instructional methods are needed to enhance learning.","PeriodicalId":41693,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Aerospace Psychology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2023-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49520506","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-02DOI: 10.1080/24721840.2022.2127724
P. Highland, T. Schnell, K. Woodruff, Gianna Avdic-McIntire
ABSTRACT Objective Can objective trust indicators be measured and computed in real time in a within visual range aerial combat “dogfight” scenario consisting of a manned autonomous own-ship versus an adversary? Background Previous research has focused on human trust of automation during simulated ground combat and human trust of civil aviation automation. Those studies largely consisted of subjective measures of trust analyzed post-hoc. Human trust of autonomy in high-risk situations such as dogfighting had not yet been studied. Method Nine evaluation pilots participated in an experiment that consisted of nine operationally relevant live-flight vignettes during which they conducted a mission manager task while simultaneously monitoring an autonomous agent controlling their own-ship in an aerial dogfight. Eye tracking, objective real-time mental workload, and mission manager task performance were all recorded. Results Potential indicators of trust were objectively measured in real-time as a function of autonomy disengagement, human cross-check ratio of autonomy, and real-time objective mental workload, as validated by traditional subjective trust measures. Measured trust still needs to be categorized as appropriate trust, overtrust, or undertrust in future work. Conclusion This first-ever real-time measure of objective indicators of trust in operationally relevant live-flight paves the way for determining appropriate human trust of autonomy in high-risk situations such as dogfighting. These measures could have utility in high-risk manned-unmanned teaming applications such as working with robots and automated trading.
{"title":"Towards Human Objective Real-Time Trust of Autonomy Measures for Combat Aviation","authors":"P. Highland, T. Schnell, K. Woodruff, Gianna Avdic-McIntire","doi":"10.1080/24721840.2022.2127724","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/24721840.2022.2127724","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Objective Can objective trust indicators be measured and computed in real time in a within visual range aerial combat “dogfight” scenario consisting of a manned autonomous own-ship versus an adversary? Background Previous research has focused on human trust of automation during simulated ground combat and human trust of civil aviation automation. Those studies largely consisted of subjective measures of trust analyzed post-hoc. Human trust of autonomy in high-risk situations such as dogfighting had not yet been studied. Method Nine evaluation pilots participated in an experiment that consisted of nine operationally relevant live-flight vignettes during which they conducted a mission manager task while simultaneously monitoring an autonomous agent controlling their own-ship in an aerial dogfight. Eye tracking, objective real-time mental workload, and mission manager task performance were all recorded. Results Potential indicators of trust were objectively measured in real-time as a function of autonomy disengagement, human cross-check ratio of autonomy, and real-time objective mental workload, as validated by traditional subjective trust measures. Measured trust still needs to be categorized as appropriate trust, overtrust, or undertrust in future work. Conclusion This first-ever real-time measure of objective indicators of trust in operationally relevant live-flight paves the way for determining appropriate human trust of autonomy in high-risk situations such as dogfighting. These measures could have utility in high-risk manned-unmanned teaming applications such as working with robots and automated trading.","PeriodicalId":41693,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Aerospace Psychology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2023-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48979665","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-02DOI: 10.1080/24721840.2022.2139700
Yassmin Ebrahim, B. Molesworth, Oleksandra Molloy
ABSTRACT Objective The aim of this systematic review is to highlight how pilots’ risk perception is measured, and the relationship between individual predictors of risk and risky flight behavior. Background Risk is an intrinsic part of life with no action void of risk. Risk-taking is mediated by several factors which include age, sex, cultural background, and personality. Understanding how pilots’ risk perception is measured allows for improved understanding of pilots’ propensity to engage in risk, and for the design of training initiatives to mitigate risky behavior. Method A systematic review was conducted to establish the link between individual predictors of risk, and risky flight behavior. The systematic review was conducted using the PRISMA guidelines, covering the time span between 1985 and 2021. Sixteen articles meeting the inclusion criteria were revealed. Results Three of the 16 articles employed an in-situ behavioral measure for risky flight behavior. Forecasting, where an individual predicts his/her action in a particular circumstance was the most used measure to deduce pilots’ risk-taking behavior. No predictor variable reliably predicted pilots’ risky flight behavior. Conclusion This systematic review highlights the majority of research examining the relationship between individual predictors of risk, and risky flight behavior relies on self-reported measures or scales as opposed to in-situ performance measures such as data captured during flight or in a simulator. Such performance measures are susceptible to demand characteristics.
{"title":"The Link between Individual Predictors of Risk and Risky Flight Behavior: A Systematic Review","authors":"Yassmin Ebrahim, B. Molesworth, Oleksandra Molloy","doi":"10.1080/24721840.2022.2139700","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/24721840.2022.2139700","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Objective The aim of this systematic review is to highlight how pilots’ risk perception is measured, and the relationship between individual predictors of risk and risky flight behavior. Background Risk is an intrinsic part of life with no action void of risk. Risk-taking is mediated by several factors which include age, sex, cultural background, and personality. Understanding how pilots’ risk perception is measured allows for improved understanding of pilots’ propensity to engage in risk, and for the design of training initiatives to mitigate risky behavior. Method A systematic review was conducted to establish the link between individual predictors of risk, and risky flight behavior. The systematic review was conducted using the PRISMA guidelines, covering the time span between 1985 and 2021. Sixteen articles meeting the inclusion criteria were revealed. Results Three of the 16 articles employed an in-situ behavioral measure for risky flight behavior. Forecasting, where an individual predicts his/her action in a particular circumstance was the most used measure to deduce pilots’ risk-taking behavior. No predictor variable reliably predicted pilots’ risky flight behavior. Conclusion This systematic review highlights the majority of research examining the relationship between individual predictors of risk, and risky flight behavior relies on self-reported measures or scales as opposed to in-situ performance measures such as data captured during flight or in a simulator. Such performance measures are susceptible to demand characteristics.","PeriodicalId":41693,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Aerospace Psychology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2023-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41875800","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-02DOI: 10.1080/24721840.2022.2154672
Y. H. P. S. A. Y. Dissanayaka, B. Molesworth, Dominique Estival
ABSTRACT Objective This study is specifically designed to examine the effect of accent (native or non-native English sounding), rate of speech, complexity of transmission (information density), and politeness markers on commercial pilot (mis)communication. Background Aviation accident reports often cite miscommunication as a contributing factor. Anecdotal reports from pilots, along with limited empirical studies on pilot communication, further confirm that miscommunication remains a problem. Method Approximately 250 ATC-Pilot transmissions from each of four international airports: Kingsford Smith, Sydney, Australia (YSSY); Hong Kong International Airport (VHHH); Los Angeles International Airport, USA (KLAX); and Haneda, Tokyo, Japan (RJTT) were analyzed. Pilot communication errors were compared between the four locations based on pilot and ATC accent alignment, rate of speech, number and order of items in transmission, and politeness markers. Results Native English-sounding pilots committed more errors than accented pilots. Alignment of pilot and ATC language background reduced communication errors, but not when native English speakers were involved. Longer messages increased the number of communication errors. Politeness markers did not affect communication and pilots committed fewer errors when the readback order was not scrambled. Conclusion Communication errors still occur in ATC-Pilot radio communication. These errors appear more common with native English sounding pilots than accented pilots. Hence, the origin of the problem appears to stem from proficiency in the lingua franca of Aviation English, rather than with the English language.
{"title":"Miscommunication in Commercial Aviation: The Role of Accent, Speech Rate, Information Density, and Politeness Markers","authors":"Y. H. P. S. A. Y. Dissanayaka, B. Molesworth, Dominique Estival","doi":"10.1080/24721840.2022.2154672","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/24721840.2022.2154672","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Objective This study is specifically designed to examine the effect of accent (native or non-native English sounding), rate of speech, complexity of transmission (information density), and politeness markers on commercial pilot (mis)communication. Background Aviation accident reports often cite miscommunication as a contributing factor. Anecdotal reports from pilots, along with limited empirical studies on pilot communication, further confirm that miscommunication remains a problem. Method Approximately 250 ATC-Pilot transmissions from each of four international airports: Kingsford Smith, Sydney, Australia (YSSY); Hong Kong International Airport (VHHH); Los Angeles International Airport, USA (KLAX); and Haneda, Tokyo, Japan (RJTT) were analyzed. Pilot communication errors were compared between the four locations based on pilot and ATC accent alignment, rate of speech, number and order of items in transmission, and politeness markers. Results Native English-sounding pilots committed more errors than accented pilots. Alignment of pilot and ATC language background reduced communication errors, but not when native English speakers were involved. Longer messages increased the number of communication errors. Politeness markers did not affect communication and pilots committed fewer errors when the readback order was not scrambled. Conclusion Communication errors still occur in ATC-Pilot radio communication. These errors appear more common with native English sounding pilots than accented pilots. Hence, the origin of the problem appears to stem from proficiency in the lingua franca of Aviation English, rather than with the English language.","PeriodicalId":41693,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Aerospace Psychology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2023-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47666943","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-02DOI: 10.1080/24721840.2022.2149526
Bella Z. Veksler, Megan B. Morris, M. Krusmark, G. Gunzelmann
ABSTRACT Objective The current effort develops an initial integrated model of fatigue in the context of C-17 approach and landing operations. Specifically, we integrate a biomathematical fatigue model with a task network model to estimate pilot performance degradation. Background Fatigue risk management is a critical process in aviation and flight deck operations, given its dramatic impact on aviation safety and pilot health. Biomathematical fatigue models are useful tools in several aviation fatigue risk management programs that can be embedded in electronic device applications. However, these tools are limited in terms of identifying specific performance outcomes affected by fatigue, as well as individualizing fatigue estimates to individual pilots. Integrating computational cognitive models and biomathematical fatigue models can help address these issues. Methods Forty-four aircrew members completed the study with 10 performing 33 landings with sets of corresponding actigraph data and C-17 performance metrics. We developed a task network model of C-17 approach and landing operations and integrated biomathematical fatigue model predictions based on actigraph data from the aircrew. We then compared predictions from this integrated model with C-17 performance metrics from the missions. Results We successfully predicted delays in setting flaps, landing gear, and engaging the speed brake. Conclusion After further development and validation, this integrated model can be implemented within an application to provide real-time information on pilot fatigue and expected performance on specific aircraft operations.
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