Pub Date : 2022-10-02DOI: 10.1080/24721840.2022.2114905
Jerry A. Dibble
ABSTRACT Method The study summarizes a significant amount of Birkman data, validated by one-on-one interviews with business aviation professionals and supported by close observation of the departments and corporations where they work. Objective Earlier research focused on military, commercial, and trainee pilots; the present study of business aviation examines not only pilots but also maintenance technicians, cabin attendants, schedulers, and directors of aviation who fly, maintain, and manage corporate jets. Results The findings compare the resulting profile(s) with output from previous studies; throw additional light on the “boomerang effect” in CRM training and other unresolved issues and ambiguities in existing knowledge; and suggest directions for further research, including refined methods and broadened uses for psychological assessments in and beyond the selection process.
Pub Date : 2022-10-02DOI: 10.1080/24721840.2022.2124161
Ersin Aktas, Sercan Demir, T. Paksoy
ABSTRACT Objective The purpose of this study is to propose a blockchain-based framework for designing an incident reporting system in aviation. Background The incident reporting system plays a key role in ensuring safety. It helps to obtain safety-related data and to eliminate unsafe situations before they turn into accidents. Keeping safety information permanently and in unchangeable form, tracking all the transactions regarding unsafe situations, and providing feedback to all parties have great importance for the efficiency of the system. Therefore, the reporting system should be designed with appropriate technology. Blockchain, a digital ledger, offers a decentralized, transparent, and flexible infrastructure for various implementation areas. As a breakthrough in software technology, blockchain significantly supports many design aspects of the incident reporting system. Method The literature on three related areas, incident reporting, organizational memory, and blockchain technology, were reviewed. Later, the main requirements for effective safety reporting were identified. Finally, the extent to which blockchain technology meets these requirements was delineated by a proposed framework. Findings The proposed framework mainly brings full transparency and accountability in incident analysis, increases the effectiveness of the feedback mechanism, and strengthens confidentiality. In addition, this framework enables the creation of a robust safety memory. Conclusion This study indicated that blockchain offers a suitable design technology for incident reporting, contributing, security, transparency, and anonymity aspects of the incident reporting system.
{"title":"The Use of Blockchain in Aviation Safety Reporting Systems: A Framework Proposal","authors":"Ersin Aktas, Sercan Demir, T. Paksoy","doi":"10.1080/24721840.2022.2124161","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/24721840.2022.2124161","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Objective The purpose of this study is to propose a blockchain-based framework for designing an incident reporting system in aviation. Background The incident reporting system plays a key role in ensuring safety. It helps to obtain safety-related data and to eliminate unsafe situations before they turn into accidents. Keeping safety information permanently and in unchangeable form, tracking all the transactions regarding unsafe situations, and providing feedback to all parties have great importance for the efficiency of the system. Therefore, the reporting system should be designed with appropriate technology. Blockchain, a digital ledger, offers a decentralized, transparent, and flexible infrastructure for various implementation areas. As a breakthrough in software technology, blockchain significantly supports many design aspects of the incident reporting system. Method The literature on three related areas, incident reporting, organizational memory, and blockchain technology, were reviewed. Later, the main requirements for effective safety reporting were identified. Finally, the extent to which blockchain technology meets these requirements was delineated by a proposed framework. Findings The proposed framework mainly brings full transparency and accountability in incident analysis, increases the effectiveness of the feedback mechanism, and strengthens confidentiality. In addition, this framework enables the creation of a robust safety memory. Conclusion This study indicated that blockchain offers a suitable design technology for incident reporting, contributing, security, transparency, and anonymity aspects of the incident reporting system.","PeriodicalId":41693,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Aerospace Psychology","volume":"32 1","pages":"283 - 306"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46655454","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-02DOI: 10.1080/24721840.2022.2059483
Amy L. Jarvis, B. Hoggan, Philip Temby
ABSTRACT Objective To explore the utility of multiple object tracking (MOT) ability, measured using NeuroTracker, as a predictor of air traffic control (ATC) task performance. Background The perceptual-cognitive abilities required for MOT are also important for ATC performance. The current study provides a novel examination of NeuroTracker’s utility to predict novice performance on a simulated ATC task, relative to two discrete measures of working memory (WM). Method Forty-six participants completed computer-based assessments of MOT ability (NeuroTracker) and WM (Corsi Block Tapping, Automated Operation Span) followed by the simulated ATC task. Regression analyses were performed to determine the associations between ATC task performance and the MOT and WM measures. Results After controlling for age and video game playing, MOT ability significantly predicted more correct detections of conflicts between aircraft, fewer false alarm responses to conflicts, and faster aircraft acceptance and hand-off. When WM measures were included in regressions, MOT was a stronger predictor of performance than WM on those outcomes, and remained a statistically significant predictor of better conflict detection, false alarm response, and hand-off performance. Conclusion The findings demonstrate the relevance of MOT ability to ATC task performance and support the potential utility of NeuroTracker for controller applicant screening and selection. Research is required to validate the findings in larger and more representative samples under more realistic conditions.
{"title":"NeuroTracker Multiple Object Tracking Ability Predicts Novice Performance on a Simulated Air Traffic Control Task","authors":"Amy L. Jarvis, B. Hoggan, Philip Temby","doi":"10.1080/24721840.2022.2059483","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/24721840.2022.2059483","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Objective To explore the utility of multiple object tracking (MOT) ability, measured using NeuroTracker, as a predictor of air traffic control (ATC) task performance. Background The perceptual-cognitive abilities required for MOT are also important for ATC performance. The current study provides a novel examination of NeuroTracker’s utility to predict novice performance on a simulated ATC task, relative to two discrete measures of working memory (WM). Method Forty-six participants completed computer-based assessments of MOT ability (NeuroTracker) and WM (Corsi Block Tapping, Automated Operation Span) followed by the simulated ATC task. Regression analyses were performed to determine the associations between ATC task performance and the MOT and WM measures. Results After controlling for age and video game playing, MOT ability significantly predicted more correct detections of conflicts between aircraft, fewer false alarm responses to conflicts, and faster aircraft acceptance and hand-off. When WM measures were included in regressions, MOT was a stronger predictor of performance than WM on those outcomes, and remained a statistically significant predictor of better conflict detection, false alarm response, and hand-off performance. Conclusion The findings demonstrate the relevance of MOT ability to ATC task performance and support the potential utility of NeuroTracker for controller applicant screening and selection. Research is required to validate the findings in larger and more representative samples under more realistic conditions.","PeriodicalId":41693,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Aerospace Psychology","volume":"32 1","pages":"165 - 182"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45318567","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-02DOI: 10.1080/24721840.2022.2084096
Victoria Jakicic, Logan Boyer, G. Francis
ABSTRACT Objective We investigated the role of Perrone’s algorithm in the Black Hole Illusion (BHI). After analyzing the algorithm and identifying two of its predictions, we empirically tested them with two on-line experiments. Background In 1983, Perrone proved that in daylight conditions it is possible to compute the descent angle using a ratio of retinal distances corresponding to the runway and surrounding context. Using the algorithm in nighttime conditions, with just the visible runway, pilots would overestimate the descent angle, leading to the BHI. Method Mathematical analysis indicates the algorithm predicts a large BHI; perhaps too large if there are no mitigating factors. As Perrone noted, the BHI illusion magnitude should be affected by runway width; we also found that some conditions predict a reverse BHI (pilots should underestimate their descent angle). In our experiments, participants observed a cockpit view of a runway during five seconds of steady approach. In a subsequent still image, participants indicated where they believed the plane would land if it continued its flight path. We measured the accuracy of the landing positions for various runway widths and various background contexts. Results The experiments did not show a BHI for any conditions; so the experiments do not validate the model predictions. Conclusion Based on our analyses, Perrone’s algorithm does not provide an adequate explanation of the Black Hole Illusion.
{"title":"Investigating a Computational Explanation of the Black Hole Illusion","authors":"Victoria Jakicic, Logan Boyer, G. Francis","doi":"10.1080/24721840.2022.2084096","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/24721840.2022.2084096","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Objective We investigated the role of Perrone’s algorithm in the Black Hole Illusion (BHI). After analyzing the algorithm and identifying two of its predictions, we empirically tested them with two on-line experiments. Background In 1983, Perrone proved that in daylight conditions it is possible to compute the descent angle using a ratio of retinal distances corresponding to the runway and surrounding context. Using the algorithm in nighttime conditions, with just the visible runway, pilots would overestimate the descent angle, leading to the BHI. Method Mathematical analysis indicates the algorithm predicts a large BHI; perhaps too large if there are no mitigating factors. As Perrone noted, the BHI illusion magnitude should be affected by runway width; we also found that some conditions predict a reverse BHI (pilots should underestimate their descent angle). In our experiments, participants observed a cockpit view of a runway during five seconds of steady approach. In a subsequent still image, participants indicated where they believed the plane would land if it continued its flight path. We measured the accuracy of the landing positions for various runway widths and various background contexts. Results The experiments did not show a BHI for any conditions; so the experiments do not validate the model predictions. Conclusion Based on our analyses, Perrone’s algorithm does not provide an adequate explanation of the Black Hole Illusion.","PeriodicalId":41693,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Aerospace Psychology","volume":"32 1","pages":"203 - 226"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47904370","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-02DOI: 10.1080/24721840.2022.2071714
Panagiotis Kioulepoglou, J. Blundell
ABSTRACT Objective To investigate how the COVID-19 pandemic has affected the military and airline pilots’ Job Satisfaction (JS), and identify important contributory factors to support the development of future mitigating strategies. Background The aviation industry has undergone a series of devastating changes since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. Nonetheless, the implications of the pandemic on pilots’ JS are unknown. Methods Quantitative JS measurements were taken from 203 European and Middle Eastern pilots, during the pandemic (March, 2021), using the shortened Job Descriptive Index and Job In General validated scales. Follow-up semi-structured interviews (April 2021) were conducted with 16 participants to establish pre-pandemic JS levels and identify the degree of change due to COVID-19. Results Significant JS differences (p < .001) were observed between military and airline pilots; the former having higher levels. Qualitative findings revealed that airline pilots’ levels decreased due to factors such as job security, pay cuts, opportunities for promotion and skill-fade concerns. Military pilots experienced an increased JS, as state-funded organizations were not substantially affected by COVID-19, which led to a feeling of appreciation and thankfulness. Conclusion COVID-19 has caused a major disruption to JS of military and airline pilots. Suggested mitigation measures for the civil aviation sector comprised effective communication between pilots and managers to reduce the pandemic-induced job uncertainty. Solutions such as extra flight simulator sorties were recommended to tackle the skill-fade effect.
{"title":"Impact of COVID-19 on Job Satisfaction: The Case of Military and Airline Pilots","authors":"Panagiotis Kioulepoglou, J. Blundell","doi":"10.1080/24721840.2022.2071714","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/24721840.2022.2071714","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Objective To investigate how the COVID-19 pandemic has affected the military and airline pilots’ Job Satisfaction (JS), and identify important contributory factors to support the development of future mitigating strategies. Background The aviation industry has undergone a series of devastating changes since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. Nonetheless, the implications of the pandemic on pilots’ JS are unknown. Methods Quantitative JS measurements were taken from 203 European and Middle Eastern pilots, during the pandemic (March, 2021), using the shortened Job Descriptive Index and Job In General validated scales. Follow-up semi-structured interviews (April 2021) were conducted with 16 participants to establish pre-pandemic JS levels and identify the degree of change due to COVID-19. Results Significant JS differences (p < .001) were observed between military and airline pilots; the former having higher levels. Qualitative findings revealed that airline pilots’ levels decreased due to factors such as job security, pay cuts, opportunities for promotion and skill-fade concerns. Military pilots experienced an increased JS, as state-funded organizations were not substantially affected by COVID-19, which led to a feeling of appreciation and thankfulness. Conclusion COVID-19 has caused a major disruption to JS of military and airline pilots. Suggested mitigation measures for the civil aviation sector comprised effective communication between pilots and managers to reduce the pandemic-induced job uncertainty. Solutions such as extra flight simulator sorties were recommended to tackle the skill-fade effect.","PeriodicalId":41693,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Aerospace Psychology","volume":"150 2","pages":"183 - 202"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41301121","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-02DOI: 10.1080/24721840.2022.2090944
P. Hancock, J. Cruit, Janeen A. Kochan, A. D. Kaplan, Yazmín Díaz, Shawn A Pruchnicki
ABSTRACT Objective We present a proactive perspective with respect to flight crew responses to novel, unexpected, surprising, and/or unanticipated aviation events. We identify ways to mitigate the brittleness of traditionally trained forms of pilot reaction by advocating for, and fostering the use of, concurrent adaptive and resilient response capacities during unexpected events. Background Aircraft operations are highly proceduralized events and specifications of pilots’ tasks as well as procedures of others involved in airspace operations have been major contributors to the overall safety of the National Airspace System. Furthermore, air traffic controllers are responsible for the safe separation of aircraft and also provide expeditious handling to achieve traffic schedules. One challenge that NextGen may pose is the adaptation to and overreliance on automation. Although NextGen systems include capabilities designed to optimize performance, when the flight crew becomes over-reliant on such capabilities, there is a risk they could fail to intervene with appropriate and timely actions in response to unexpected events; this is concerning for safety and efficiency in flight operations as humans are the greatest source of resilience in all complex socio-technical systems. Method To identify the especial importance of resilience, we have generated a synthesis of extant research through which to frame our proposed, proactive strategy. This approach particularly features discussions concerning the potential efficacy of resilience training, as well as encapsulating these proposals within a time-based framework concerning such unexpected events. Results Our synthesis illustrates and explicates the descriptive interrelationship of the identified resilience-related concepts. This step provides the insights which are critical to the foundation of subsequent empirical evaluations of needed training interventions. Conclusion Since the absolute frequency of off-nominal events appears to be increasing, these interventions promise to become progressively more important to operational safety. While the present focus is on flight crew capabilities, our current assessment can equally address a wider systems perspective and extend to operational domains well beyond aviation alone.
{"title":"Pilots’ Responses to Unexpected Events: Conceptual, Theoretical, Methodological, and Analytical Issues","authors":"P. Hancock, J. Cruit, Janeen A. Kochan, A. D. Kaplan, Yazmín Díaz, Shawn A Pruchnicki","doi":"10.1080/24721840.2022.2090944","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/24721840.2022.2090944","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Objective We present a proactive perspective with respect to flight crew responses to novel, unexpected, surprising, and/or unanticipated aviation events. We identify ways to mitigate the brittleness of traditionally trained forms of pilot reaction by advocating for, and fostering the use of, concurrent adaptive and resilient response capacities during unexpected events. Background Aircraft operations are highly proceduralized events and specifications of pilots’ tasks as well as procedures of others involved in airspace operations have been major contributors to the overall safety of the National Airspace System. Furthermore, air traffic controllers are responsible for the safe separation of aircraft and also provide expeditious handling to achieve traffic schedules. One challenge that NextGen may pose is the adaptation to and overreliance on automation. Although NextGen systems include capabilities designed to optimize performance, when the flight crew becomes over-reliant on such capabilities, there is a risk they could fail to intervene with appropriate and timely actions in response to unexpected events; this is concerning for safety and efficiency in flight operations as humans are the greatest source of resilience in all complex socio-technical systems. Method To identify the especial importance of resilience, we have generated a synthesis of extant research through which to frame our proposed, proactive strategy. This approach particularly features discussions concerning the potential efficacy of resilience training, as well as encapsulating these proposals within a time-based framework concerning such unexpected events. Results Our synthesis illustrates and explicates the descriptive interrelationship of the identified resilience-related concepts. This step provides the insights which are critical to the foundation of subsequent empirical evaluations of needed training interventions. Conclusion Since the absolute frequency of off-nominal events appears to be increasing, these interventions promise to become progressively more important to operational safety. While the present focus is on flight crew capabilities, our current assessment can equally address a wider systems perspective and extend to operational domains well beyond aviation alone.","PeriodicalId":41693,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Aerospace Psychology","volume":"32 1","pages":"254 - 282"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49559171","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-02DOI: 10.1080/24721840.2022.2086129
Nicoletta Fala, Karen B. Marais
ABSTRACT Objective This paper aims to identify cognitive biases in risk communication among pilots during flight debrief. We evaluate the effect of framing language, representation format, and parameter type measured on how pilots interpret flight information. Background Advancements in technology have created an opportunity for a data-centric approach to flight instruction. The understanding of virtual debrief formats, consisting of visualizations of flight data, relies on the pilot perceiving the information displayed accurately. Cognitive biases may impact how pilots perceive the information and therefore affect how they react to it in future flights. Method We used flight data to design ways to communicate the information and developed a display prototype for the user. We asked pilots to evaluate eight different representations through a scenario-based survey. Pilots reviewed a flight and rated how risky they thought it was and the likelihood of their debrief resulting in any behavioral changes in upcoming flights. Results Most significantly, the graphical representation format caused pilots to report a lower risk for the same flight, compared to the numerical representation format. Conclusion The analysis of the survey has shown that debrief representation affects risk perception, but not necessarily willingness to change unsafe behaviors. Respondents were highly motivated to change unsafe behaviors, independent of how the information was presented to them. Future work should develop specific guidelines to be followed when designing debrief products.
{"title":"Cognitive Biases in Risk Communication during Post-Flight Debrief","authors":"Nicoletta Fala, Karen B. Marais","doi":"10.1080/24721840.2022.2086129","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/24721840.2022.2086129","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Objective This paper aims to identify cognitive biases in risk communication among pilots during flight debrief. We evaluate the effect of framing language, representation format, and parameter type measured on how pilots interpret flight information. Background Advancements in technology have created an opportunity for a data-centric approach to flight instruction. The understanding of virtual debrief formats, consisting of visualizations of flight data, relies on the pilot perceiving the information displayed accurately. Cognitive biases may impact how pilots perceive the information and therefore affect how they react to it in future flights. Method We used flight data to design ways to communicate the information and developed a display prototype for the user. We asked pilots to evaluate eight different representations through a scenario-based survey. Pilots reviewed a flight and rated how risky they thought it was and the likelihood of their debrief resulting in any behavioral changes in upcoming flights. Results Most significantly, the graphical representation format caused pilots to report a lower risk for the same flight, compared to the numerical representation format. Conclusion The analysis of the survey has shown that debrief representation affects risk perception, but not necessarily willingness to change unsafe behaviors. Respondents were highly motivated to change unsafe behaviors, independent of how the information was presented to them. Future work should develop specific guidelines to be followed when designing debrief products.","PeriodicalId":41693,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Aerospace Psychology","volume":"32 1","pages":"227 - 239"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49659012","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-02DOI: 10.1080/24721840.2022.2100394
Ricole A. Johnson, Erika E. Miller, Steven Conrad
ABSTRACT Objective This study aims to identify expectations and perceptions of Passenger Air Vehicles (PAVs). Specifically, (1) what are the initial perceptions of PAVs by the public, and (2) what are the differences between early and laggard adopters of PAVs. Background The emergence of Urban Air Mobility presents an opportunity to increase transportation capacity in densely populated metropolitan areas. However, successful integration is largely dependent on adoption and acceptance from communities. Method A survey of 407 respondents across the United States provides insights from potential users. The Technology Adoption Life Cycle and Technology Acceptance Model are used to characterize adopter profiles and rates of adoption. Results Respondents not only expect the same level of safety standards as conventional aircraft (i.e., seatbelts, air quality), but even more feedback (i.e., displays on current and projected flight operations). PAVs are not an immediate replacement for daily trips once available. In-cabin noise is not a crucial deterrent to ridership. Earlier PAV adopters are trusting of the technology, willing to pay more to ride, and exhibit overall riskier behaviors. Later PAV adopters need more feedback in-flight and a pilot on-board. Conclusion PAV manufacturers, operators, and policymakers can utilize these findings to incorporate crucial design elements needed for PAVs to satisfy user expectations. These findings identify priorities that should be targeted in relative timeframes to satisfy near-term and long-term PAV users appropriately.
{"title":"Technology Adoption and Acceptance of Urban Air Mobility Systems: Identifying Public Perceptions and Integration Factors","authors":"Ricole A. Johnson, Erika E. Miller, Steven Conrad","doi":"10.1080/24721840.2022.2100394","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/24721840.2022.2100394","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Objective This study aims to identify expectations and perceptions of Passenger Air Vehicles (PAVs). Specifically, (1) what are the initial perceptions of PAVs by the public, and (2) what are the differences between early and laggard adopters of PAVs. Background The emergence of Urban Air Mobility presents an opportunity to increase transportation capacity in densely populated metropolitan areas. However, successful integration is largely dependent on adoption and acceptance from communities. Method A survey of 407 respondents across the United States provides insights from potential users. The Technology Adoption Life Cycle and Technology Acceptance Model are used to characterize adopter profiles and rates of adoption. Results Respondents not only expect the same level of safety standards as conventional aircraft (i.e., seatbelts, air quality), but even more feedback (i.e., displays on current and projected flight operations). PAVs are not an immediate replacement for daily trips once available. In-cabin noise is not a crucial deterrent to ridership. Earlier PAV adopters are trusting of the technology, willing to pay more to ride, and exhibit overall riskier behaviors. Later PAV adopters need more feedback in-flight and a pilot on-board. Conclusion PAV manufacturers, operators, and policymakers can utilize these findings to incorporate crucial design elements needed for PAVs to satisfy user expectations. These findings identify priorities that should be targeted in relative timeframes to satisfy near-term and long-term PAV users appropriately.","PeriodicalId":41693,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Aerospace Psychology","volume":"32 1","pages":"240 - 253"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47375119","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-10DOI: 10.1080/24721840.2023.2195428
D. Harris, T. Arthur, T. de Burgh, Mike Duxbury, Ross Lockett-Kirk, William McBarnett, S. Vine
ABSTRACT Objective The aim of this work was to examine the fidelity and validity of an aviation simulation using eye tracking. Background Commercial head-mounted virtual reality (VR) systems offer a convenient and cost-effective alternative to existing aviation simulation (e.g., for refresher exercises). We performed pre-implementation testing of a novel aviation simulation, designed for head-mounted VR, to determine its fidelity and validity as a training device. Method Eighteen airline pilots, with varying levels of flight experience, completed a sequence of training ‘flows.’ Self-reported measures of presence and workload and users’ perceptions of fidelity were taken. Pilots’ eye movements and performance were recorded to determine whether more experienced pilots showed distinct performance and eye gaze profiles in the simulation, as they would in the real-world. Results Real-world expertise correlated with eye gaze patterns characterized by fewer, but longer, fixations and a scan path that was more structured and less random. Multidimensional scaling analyses also indicated differential clustering of strategies in more versus less experienced pilots. Subjective ratings of performance, however, showed little relationship with real-world expertise or eye movements. Conclusion We adopted an evidence-based approach to assessing the fidelity and validity of a VR flight training tool. Pilot reports indicated the simulation was realistic and potentially useful for training, while direct measurement of eye movements was useful for establishing construct validity and psychological fidelity of the simulation.
{"title":"Assessing Expertise Using Eye Tracking in a Virtual Reality Flight Simulation","authors":"D. Harris, T. Arthur, T. de Burgh, Mike Duxbury, Ross Lockett-Kirk, William McBarnett, S. Vine","doi":"10.1080/24721840.2023.2195428","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/24721840.2023.2195428","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Objective The aim of this work was to examine the fidelity and validity of an aviation simulation using eye tracking. Background Commercial head-mounted virtual reality (VR) systems offer a convenient and cost-effective alternative to existing aviation simulation (e.g., for refresher exercises). We performed pre-implementation testing of a novel aviation simulation, designed for head-mounted VR, to determine its fidelity and validity as a training device. Method Eighteen airline pilots, with varying levels of flight experience, completed a sequence of training ‘flows.’ Self-reported measures of presence and workload and users’ perceptions of fidelity were taken. Pilots’ eye movements and performance were recorded to determine whether more experienced pilots showed distinct performance and eye gaze profiles in the simulation, as they would in the real-world. Results Real-world expertise correlated with eye gaze patterns characterized by fewer, but longer, fixations and a scan path that was more structured and less random. Multidimensional scaling analyses also indicated differential clustering of strategies in more versus less experienced pilots. Subjective ratings of performance, however, showed little relationship with real-world expertise or eye movements. Conclusion We adopted an evidence-based approach to assessing the fidelity and validity of a VR flight training tool. Pilot reports indicated the simulation was realistic and potentially useful for training, while direct measurement of eye movements was useful for establishing construct validity and psychological fidelity of the simulation.","PeriodicalId":41693,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Aerospace Psychology","volume":"33 1","pages":"153 - 173"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42467197","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.1080/24721840.2021.1946399
E. Yazgan, E. Delice
ABSTRACT Objective In this study, a hybrid human error assessment (HHEA) approach is proposed to determine the probability of aircraft maintenance technician (AMT) error occurring during aircraft repair. Background The human error assessment and reduction technique (HEART) is the first-generation empirical human reliability analysis (HRA) approach. Although this technique is used in several industries, AMTs’ errors have not been assessed with HEART and interactions of error-producing conditions (EPCs) have not been considered in calculating the probability of AMTs’ errors. Method HHEA is proposed to reduce the subjectivity of experts’ judgments by calculating assessed proportion of affect of each EPC on human error probability (HEP) integrating HEART and the analytic network process (ANP) method. The proposed model has been applied in the maintenance of the elevator, which is one of the most important primary control surfaces for the Cessna 172 Series aircraft type. Results The HEP values of 3 subtasks are found to be higher than the average HEP value. These subtasks have the highest probability of human error due to time pressure, poor environmental conditions, and being a repetitive task. Conclusion This study could guide other aircraft maintenance organizations using this integration of human reliability assessment approach for critical maintenance practices to enhance flight safety and minimize human error.
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