Pub Date : 2021-04-06DOI: 10.1080/24721840.2021.1896951
M. Bongo, R. Seva
ABSTRACT Objective To illustrate how fatigue affects the workload, situation awareness, and control strategy of air traffic controllers. Background As air traffic control becomes more complex and demanding due to the increasing number of aircraft movements in major airport hubs, the need to particularly look into the interplay of performance shaping factors has also intensified. Despite the previous efforts of scholars to understand the framework of air traffic control based on factors on workload and situation awareness (SA) and its impact to shift in control strategy, the role of fatigue in such factors is ignored notwithstanding its relative impact on air traffic controllers as tasks are carried out in varying workload and work shift. Methods A case study is conducted in an actual tower control center in the Philippines to demonstrate the hypothesized relations among fatigue, workload, SA, and control strategy. Questionnaires based on SPAM, SASHA, Samn-Perelli fatigue scale, and visual attention self-report are deployed to measure air traffic controllers’ fatigue levels, SA, and control strategy. Results Fatigue has an inverse relationship with workload and has a significant effect on SA. Furthermore, fatigue is also found to have a significant relationship with some areas of interest including visual display terminal. Conclusion Such results underpin the resource allocation decisions of stakeholders in the commercial aviation industry geared toward fostering the welfare of air traffic controllers.
{"title":"Effect of Fatigue in Air Traffic Controllers’ Workload, Situation Awareness, and Control Strategy","authors":"M. Bongo, R. Seva","doi":"10.1080/24721840.2021.1896951","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/24721840.2021.1896951","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Objective To illustrate how fatigue affects the workload, situation awareness, and control strategy of air traffic controllers. Background As air traffic control becomes more complex and demanding due to the increasing number of aircraft movements in major airport hubs, the need to particularly look into the interplay of performance shaping factors has also intensified. Despite the previous efforts of scholars to understand the framework of air traffic control based on factors on workload and situation awareness (SA) and its impact to shift in control strategy, the role of fatigue in such factors is ignored notwithstanding its relative impact on air traffic controllers as tasks are carried out in varying workload and work shift. Methods A case study is conducted in an actual tower control center in the Philippines to demonstrate the hypothesized relations among fatigue, workload, SA, and control strategy. Questionnaires based on SPAM, SASHA, Samn-Perelli fatigue scale, and visual attention self-report are deployed to measure air traffic controllers’ fatigue levels, SA, and control strategy. Results Fatigue has an inverse relationship with workload and has a significant effect on SA. Furthermore, fatigue is also found to have a significant relationship with some areas of interest including visual display terminal. Conclusion Such results underpin the resource allocation decisions of stakeholders in the commercial aviation industry geared toward fostering the welfare of air traffic controllers.","PeriodicalId":41693,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Aerospace Psychology","volume":"32 1","pages":"1 - 23"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2021-04-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/24721840.2021.1896951","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43597747","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-04-03DOI: 10.1080/24721840.2020.1863151
N. Pal, Shambaditya Goswami, Rajveer Singh, T. Yadav, R. Singh
ABSTRACT Objective: Astronauts deal with lots of health issues during space exploration. In this review article, we explore the health hazards of astronauts and possible therapeutic approaches or precautions they should take prior to or during space travel for relief from these health complications. Background: The space environment is very different from our planet’s environment. The major differences include radiation from high-level hazardous radioactive particles, vacuum in space, and weightlessness in microgravity. In microgravity, gravitational force decreases with distance. Astronauts deal with anticipated as well as occasional incidents during space flight due to extreme temperatures (either hot or cold), high-energy radiation, vacuum, and atomic oxygen. Method: A literature-based survey from different search engines is collected and reviewed. Results: Possible therapeutic approaches can temporarily relieve astronauts of their specific health issues. Pranayama and Yoga heal both mind and body, and prepare the body to adjust and adapt to any kind of atmospheric situation as well as climatic conditions. Practicing these techniques during their training period can be beneficial for astronauts. Conclusion: Researchers should work on alternative treatment approaches for health hazards during space flight. Effective treatment and care for astronauts, including proper nutrition and preparation of proper herbal or polyherbal formulations, should focus techniques that are beneficial for them and improve their outcomes in space exploration.
{"title":"Precautions & Possible Therapeutic Approaches of Health Hazards of Astronauts in Microgravity","authors":"N. Pal, Shambaditya Goswami, Rajveer Singh, T. Yadav, R. Singh","doi":"10.1080/24721840.2020.1863151","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/24721840.2020.1863151","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Objective: Astronauts deal with lots of health issues during space exploration. In this review article, we explore the health hazards of astronauts and possible therapeutic approaches or precautions they should take prior to or during space travel for relief from these health complications. Background: The space environment is very different from our planet’s environment. The major differences include radiation from high-level hazardous radioactive particles, vacuum in space, and weightlessness in microgravity. In microgravity, gravitational force decreases with distance. Astronauts deal with anticipated as well as occasional incidents during space flight due to extreme temperatures (either hot or cold), high-energy radiation, vacuum, and atomic oxygen. Method: A literature-based survey from different search engines is collected and reviewed. Results: Possible therapeutic approaches can temporarily relieve astronauts of their specific health issues. Pranayama and Yoga heal both mind and body, and prepare the body to adjust and adapt to any kind of atmospheric situation as well as climatic conditions. Practicing these techniques during their training period can be beneficial for astronauts. Conclusion: Researchers should work on alternative treatment approaches for health hazards during space flight. Effective treatment and care for astronauts, including proper nutrition and preparation of proper herbal or polyherbal formulations, should focus techniques that are beneficial for them and improve their outcomes in space exploration.","PeriodicalId":41693,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Aerospace Psychology","volume":"31 1","pages":"149 - 161"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2021-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/24721840.2020.1863151","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42600276","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-04-03DOI: 10.1080/24721840.2020.1862659
Mathieu Thomas, J. M. Pereira Figueira, J. Serres, T. Rakotomamonjy, F. Ruffier, Antoine H. P. Morice
ABSTRACT Objective: This study aims at investigating helicopter pilots’ strategies to achieve ship deck landing. Background: Helicopter maritime operations are challenging, especially when it comes to landing on the moving decks of small ships, such as frigates, which can lead to dramatic accidents. Method: Expert pilots were requested to fly the full ship landing maneuver from approach to touchdown in an immersive simulator. Two sea states (3 and 4 on the Douglas Sea scale) and their resulting deck movements were used. Changes in helicopter altitude were correlated with deck heave movements throughout the maneuvers in order to scrutinize the helicopter-deck coupling. The energy at impact was measured. Results: The dynamics of helicopter-deck coupling evolved through two phases during the maneuver: Initially, no coupling then, coupling in phase between the helicopter vertical displacements and deck heave displacements. Moreover, the coupling reached higher values within the last 15 m to landing, corresponding to a hover phase and touchdown, and the correlation increased with sea level. This coupling might help in improving pilots’ safety since the greater the coupling at touchdown, the lesser the kinetic energy at impact. Conclusion: Coupling the helicopter vertical displacements with ship heave movements seems to be an efficient strategy to minimize energy at impact. Questions arise on both the rationale and the perceptual invariant behind such behavior and indicate the necessity of further investigation.
{"title":"Helicopter Pilots Synchronize Their Altitude with Ship Heave to Minimize Energy When Landing on a Ship’s Deck","authors":"Mathieu Thomas, J. M. Pereira Figueira, J. Serres, T. Rakotomamonjy, F. Ruffier, Antoine H. P. Morice","doi":"10.1080/24721840.2020.1862659","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/24721840.2020.1862659","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Objective: This study aims at investigating helicopter pilots’ strategies to achieve ship deck landing. Background: Helicopter maritime operations are challenging, especially when it comes to landing on the moving decks of small ships, such as frigates, which can lead to dramatic accidents. Method: Expert pilots were requested to fly the full ship landing maneuver from approach to touchdown in an immersive simulator. Two sea states (3 and 4 on the Douglas Sea scale) and their resulting deck movements were used. Changes in helicopter altitude were correlated with deck heave movements throughout the maneuvers in order to scrutinize the helicopter-deck coupling. The energy at impact was measured. Results: The dynamics of helicopter-deck coupling evolved through two phases during the maneuver: Initially, no coupling then, coupling in phase between the helicopter vertical displacements and deck heave displacements. Moreover, the coupling reached higher values within the last 15 m to landing, corresponding to a hover phase and touchdown, and the correlation increased with sea level. This coupling might help in improving pilots’ safety since the greater the coupling at touchdown, the lesser the kinetic energy at impact. Conclusion: Coupling the helicopter vertical displacements with ship heave movements seems to be an efficient strategy to minimize energy at impact. Questions arise on both the rationale and the perceptual invariant behind such behavior and indicate the necessity of further investigation.","PeriodicalId":41693,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Aerospace Psychology","volume":"31 1","pages":"135 - 148"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2021-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/24721840.2020.1862659","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47298054","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-04-03DOI: 10.1080/24721840.2020.1859377
R. Roberts
ABSTRACT Objective: The present study explored how a customized leadership development program (LDP) with coursework taught in English to non-native English speakers could optimize English language fluency in Brazil airline leaders. Background: Currently, problems exist with a myriad of native language accents and phraseology interfering with cognitive reflexes especially for aircrews and air traffic controllers to safely do their work. Executives from four Brazilian airlines proactively implemented a 14-month LDP focused on English language fluency and leadership enhancements collectively for leaders within their firms. Method: Blended learning as proposed by the International Civil Aviation Organization provided the experiential and heuristic framework of the LDP suitable for an empirical analysis of participants’ language and leadership improvements. Results: Research outcomes indicated Interaction Ritual Theory and Social Contagion Theory moderating entrained behaviors, emotions, and modes of LDP participants, upskilling their English language fluency and leadership competencies. LDP participants with no prior relationships progressed through the LDP wholly as a collective group prioritizing their language and leadership proficiencies. Conclusion: Optimization of English language fluency for aviation leaders can be accomplished in a lengthy customized leadership development program. Upskilling language proficiency for leaders assists them with transferring and motivating English language knowledge and fluency to their teams and organizationally.
{"title":"Optimization of a Customized Leadership Development Program Upskilling English Language Fluency in Brazil Aviation Leaders","authors":"R. Roberts","doi":"10.1080/24721840.2020.1859377","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/24721840.2020.1859377","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Objective: The present study explored how a customized leadership development program (LDP) with coursework taught in English to non-native English speakers could optimize English language fluency in Brazil airline leaders. Background: Currently, problems exist with a myriad of native language accents and phraseology interfering with cognitive reflexes especially for aircrews and air traffic controllers to safely do their work. Executives from four Brazilian airlines proactively implemented a 14-month LDP focused on English language fluency and leadership enhancements collectively for leaders within their firms. Method: Blended learning as proposed by the International Civil Aviation Organization provided the experiential and heuristic framework of the LDP suitable for an empirical analysis of participants’ language and leadership improvements. Results: Research outcomes indicated Interaction Ritual Theory and Social Contagion Theory moderating entrained behaviors, emotions, and modes of LDP participants, upskilling their English language fluency and leadership competencies. LDP participants with no prior relationships progressed through the LDP wholly as a collective group prioritizing their language and leadership proficiencies. Conclusion: Optimization of English language fluency for aviation leaders can be accomplished in a lengthy customized leadership development program. Upskilling language proficiency for leaders assists them with transferring and motivating English language knowledge and fluency to their teams and organizationally.","PeriodicalId":41693,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Aerospace Psychology","volume":"31 1","pages":"110 - 121"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2021-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/24721840.2020.1859377","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44190722","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-04-03DOI: 10.1080/24721840.2020.1862658
L. L. Di Stasi, C. Díaz-Piedra
ABSTRACT Objective: To reduce the gap between old and new eye-tracking studies in aviation by raising the interest of the scientific community in some of the pioneering works. We present two emblematic cases: the misattributed origin of the use of eye-tracking techniques in aviation to Paul M. Fitts and his collaborators, and the forgotten (and often reinvented) oculometer training tape technique. Background: Over the last century, military and civilian researchers have used eye-tracking techniques to solve many challenges faced by the aviation industry, from assessing new graphical displays to testing procedural trainings. Yet, these techniques have been always classified as merely promising. The difficulty of using eye trackers outside of a laboratory environment, and the labor-intensive data extraction and interpretation procedures have long been considered a barrier to implementing eye-tracking techniques in aviation settings. Method: We revised original scientific articles as well as military and civilian technical reports on the use of eye-tracking techniques in aviation settings from the beginning of Aviation Psychology. Results: A systematic failure in recognizing and learning from the pioneering works might be a concomitant explanation for classifying the use of eye-tracking techniques as merely promising. Conclusion: Taking together past and present findings, it would not be over-optimistic to state that eye-tracking finally went from being a “promising” technique in aviation to a “proven” one.
{"title":"Re-examining the Pioneering Studies on Eye Movements in Aviation: Connecting the Past to the Present","authors":"L. L. Di Stasi, C. Díaz-Piedra","doi":"10.1080/24721840.2020.1862658","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/24721840.2020.1862658","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Objective: To reduce the gap between old and new eye-tracking studies in aviation by raising the interest of the scientific community in some of the pioneering works. We present two emblematic cases: the misattributed origin of the use of eye-tracking techniques in aviation to Paul M. Fitts and his collaborators, and the forgotten (and often reinvented) oculometer training tape technique. Background: Over the last century, military and civilian researchers have used eye-tracking techniques to solve many challenges faced by the aviation industry, from assessing new graphical displays to testing procedural trainings. Yet, these techniques have been always classified as merely promising. The difficulty of using eye trackers outside of a laboratory environment, and the labor-intensive data extraction and interpretation procedures have long been considered a barrier to implementing eye-tracking techniques in aviation settings. Method: We revised original scientific articles as well as military and civilian technical reports on the use of eye-tracking techniques in aviation settings from the beginning of Aviation Psychology. Results: A systematic failure in recognizing and learning from the pioneering works might be a concomitant explanation for classifying the use of eye-tracking techniques as merely promising. Conclusion: Taking together past and present findings, it would not be over-optimistic to state that eye-tracking finally went from being a “promising” technique in aviation to a “proven” one.","PeriodicalId":41693,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Aerospace Psychology","volume":"31 1","pages":"122 - 134"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2021-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/24721840.2020.1862658","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49572805","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-04-03DOI: 10.1080/24721840.2020.1865818
Anders Meland, E. Hoebeke, A. Pensgaard, V. Fonne, A. Wagstaff, Christian Gaden Jensen
ABSTRACT Objective: Explore how personnel in a military aviation unit experienced personal as well as interpersonal aspects concerning their participation in a group-based four-month MBT programme. Background: mindfulness-based training (MBT) have been used as a personal stress management tool in stressful working environments, including military aviation. There is little knowledge about the interpersonal mechanisms involved when engaging in MBT. Method: Adhering to Grounded Theory (GT), we conducted post-intervention interviews with 42 programme participants. We selected 30 interviews with evidence of interpersonal effects for in-depth analyses to build a theoretical model of the pathways through which interpersonal effects might develop. Results: The majority of the interviewees (30/42 = 71%) experienced significant interpersonal effects from MBT. The in-depth analyses revealed an increase in the common theme “Sense of Fellowship” (SOF). SOF comprised three primary change processes: “Attention to others,” “Self-observation” and “Reflection.” In addition, five behavioral changes emerged: “Direct communication,” “Increased patience,” “Decreased anger expression,” “Calmness,” and “Acceptance.” Finally, four contextual factors appeared to have particular importance for the development of SOF: “Plenary sessions,” “Sharing experiences,” “Doing something new together,” and “Sitting in silence.” Conclusion: These findings indicate that MBT has prosocial effects in a military aviation setting, and the constructed model contributes theoretically by suggesting how these psychosocial effects may arise and develop.
{"title":"A Sense of Fellowship: Mindfulness Improves Experienced Interpersonal Benefits and Prosociality in A Military Aviation Unit","authors":"Anders Meland, E. Hoebeke, A. Pensgaard, V. Fonne, A. Wagstaff, Christian Gaden Jensen","doi":"10.1080/24721840.2020.1865818","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/24721840.2020.1865818","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Objective: Explore how personnel in a military aviation unit experienced personal as well as interpersonal aspects concerning their participation in a group-based four-month MBT programme. Background: mindfulness-based training (MBT) have been used as a personal stress management tool in stressful working environments, including military aviation. There is little knowledge about the interpersonal mechanisms involved when engaging in MBT. Method: Adhering to Grounded Theory (GT), we conducted post-intervention interviews with 42 programme participants. We selected 30 interviews with evidence of interpersonal effects for in-depth analyses to build a theoretical model of the pathways through which interpersonal effects might develop. Results: The majority of the interviewees (30/42 = 71%) experienced significant interpersonal effects from MBT. The in-depth analyses revealed an increase in the common theme “Sense of Fellowship” (SOF). SOF comprised three primary change processes: “Attention to others,” “Self-observation” and “Reflection.” In addition, five behavioral changes emerged: “Direct communication,” “Increased patience,” “Decreased anger expression,” “Calmness,” and “Acceptance.” Finally, four contextual factors appeared to have particular importance for the development of SOF: “Plenary sessions,” “Sharing experiences,” “Doing something new together,” and “Sitting in silence.” Conclusion: These findings indicate that MBT has prosocial effects in a military aviation setting, and the constructed model contributes theoretically by suggesting how these psychosocial effects may arise and develop.","PeriodicalId":41693,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Aerospace Psychology","volume":"31 1","pages":"162 - 179"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2021-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/24721840.2020.1865818","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41710639","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-03-31DOI: 10.1080/24721840.2021.1895797
Damon J. Lercel, D. Andrews
ABSTRACT Objective: Unmanned Aircraft System (UAS) pilots must possess a variety of cognitive skills in order to successfully perform diverse missions. They must accurately assess situations, make judgments and decisions, understand cues that may not be immediately obvious, and develop effective solutions. How may we gain perspective on how UAS pilots make decisions when higher order cognitive skills are needed to solve problems and accomplish their missions? Background: Previous UAS task analyses, both behavioral and cognitive, have seldom examined experienced, high-hour UAS operators. It is important to know how these pilots address and solve problems to improve training and design. METHOD: The Applied Cognitive Task Analysis method (ACTA) was utilized to define and examine a sampling of the cognitive task requirements of operating a civilian UAS. The task analysis included sixteen UAS journeymen and expert pilots who had between 240 and 2000 + hours of experience. Tasks such as communication, search and rescue mission planning, coping with equipment malfunction, and developing situational awareness of their environment were analyzed. Result: The analysis produced six task diagrams, which identified key cognitive considerations, captured pilot insights after flying simulated missions, and documented examples where pilots used their expertise to solve operational problems. Conclusion: This ACTA method and resulting products may contribute to the design of new training courses/programs for novice UAS pilots.
{"title":"Cognitive Task Analysis of Unmanned Aircraft System Pilots","authors":"Damon J. Lercel, D. Andrews","doi":"10.1080/24721840.2021.1895797","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/24721840.2021.1895797","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Objective: Unmanned Aircraft System (UAS) pilots must possess a variety of cognitive skills in order to successfully perform diverse missions. They must accurately assess situations, make judgments and decisions, understand cues that may not be immediately obvious, and develop effective solutions. How may we gain perspective on how UAS pilots make decisions when higher order cognitive skills are needed to solve problems and accomplish their missions? Background: Previous UAS task analyses, both behavioral and cognitive, have seldom examined experienced, high-hour UAS operators. It is important to know how these pilots address and solve problems to improve training and design. METHOD: The Applied Cognitive Task Analysis method (ACTA) was utilized to define and examine a sampling of the cognitive task requirements of operating a civilian UAS. The task analysis included sixteen UAS journeymen and expert pilots who had between 240 and 2000 + hours of experience. Tasks such as communication, search and rescue mission planning, coping with equipment malfunction, and developing situational awareness of their environment were analyzed. Result: The analysis produced six task diagrams, which identified key cognitive considerations, captured pilot insights after flying simulated missions, and documented examples where pilots used their expertise to solve operational problems. Conclusion: This ACTA method and resulting products may contribute to the design of new training courses/programs for novice UAS pilots.","PeriodicalId":41693,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Aerospace Psychology","volume":"31 1","pages":"319 - 342"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2021-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/24721840.2021.1895797","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"60127926","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-03-23DOI: 10.1080/24721840.2021.1890599
Kathy Van Benthem, C. Herdman
ABSTRACT Objective: To assist stakeholders apply targeted safety strategies, we developed and tested a two-stage model of diversion knowledge and skills. Background: Understanding pilot factors in weather-related diversions is integral to reducing the phenomenon of visual flight rules flight into meteorological conditions. Method: Thirty-six general aviation pilots flew a cross-country flight in a Cessna 172 simulator where they encountered an ATC-directed diversion due to deteriorating weather. Path analyses quantified effects in a two-stage model based on criteria specified by aviation regulations. Results: In stage 1, low cognitive flexibility and fewer recent pilot-in-command hours were associated with greater likelihood of ignoring the diversion instruction. Low cognitive flexibility was also associated with errors in locating the alternate aerodrome and incorrect procedures at the alternate. At stage 2, there were significant positive paths from a diversion efficiency variable to all aspects of pilotage. Pilotage positively predicted awareness of ownship and traffic, and was associated with fewer altitude violations. Conclusion: We provide empirical evidence for the association between the cognitive factors related to continuation bias and high-risk responses to diversion instructions. Using a two-stage model to conceptualize pilot performance illuminates the impact of cognitive factors in weather-related diversions. Highlighting the pivotal human factors at two clear junctions of an unexpected diversion can more fully prepare pilots to safely manage these risk-laden events.
{"title":"A Two-Stage Model of Diversion Knowledge and Skills Highlights Where Pilot Factors Impact Safety-Related Outcomes","authors":"Kathy Van Benthem, C. Herdman","doi":"10.1080/24721840.2021.1890599","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/24721840.2021.1890599","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Objective: To assist stakeholders apply targeted safety strategies, we developed and tested a two-stage model of diversion knowledge and skills. Background: Understanding pilot factors in weather-related diversions is integral to reducing the phenomenon of visual flight rules flight into meteorological conditions. Method: Thirty-six general aviation pilots flew a cross-country flight in a Cessna 172 simulator where they encountered an ATC-directed diversion due to deteriorating weather. Path analyses quantified effects in a two-stage model based on criteria specified by aviation regulations. Results: In stage 1, low cognitive flexibility and fewer recent pilot-in-command hours were associated with greater likelihood of ignoring the diversion instruction. Low cognitive flexibility was also associated with errors in locating the alternate aerodrome and incorrect procedures at the alternate. At stage 2, there were significant positive paths from a diversion efficiency variable to all aspects of pilotage. Pilotage positively predicted awareness of ownship and traffic, and was associated with fewer altitude violations. Conclusion: We provide empirical evidence for the association between the cognitive factors related to continuation bias and high-risk responses to diversion instructions. Using a two-stage model to conceptualize pilot performance illuminates the impact of cognitive factors in weather-related diversions. Highlighting the pivotal human factors at two clear junctions of an unexpected diversion can more fully prepare pilots to safely manage these risk-laden events.","PeriodicalId":41693,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Aerospace Psychology","volume":"31 1","pages":"302 - 318"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2021-03-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/24721840.2021.1890599","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44984257","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-03-16DOI: 10.1080/24721840.2021.1885980
Yin-Long Pai, Shiou-Yu Chen, Kung-Don Ye
ABSTRACT Objective: This study proposes the conceptual framework to verify the relationship among preflight security communications and passengers’ awareness of dangerous goods and satisfaction of security checks. Background: All air transport stakeholders strive to ensure aviation’s safety and security. As key players, airlines and airports must comply with International Air Transport Association and International Civil Aviation Organization regulations, so they usually establish strict security mechanisms to prevent possible accidents resulting from passengers bringing dangerous goods on board. However, excessive or unnecessary security checks often cause inconvenience for passengers, who are dissatisfied with security checks and may be discouraged from flying again. Method: With 300 valid questionnaires collected from domestic route passengers in Taiwan, analysis of variance and structural equation modeling were conducted to explore the differences in the passengers’ awareness of dangerous goods and the impacts of security communications and awareness of dangerous goods on the satisfaction with the security checks. Results: Older and retired passengers are prone to have relatively low awareness about dangerous goods. Among the 3 types of preflight security communications, counter and website communications had stronger impacts on passengers’ satisfaction of security checks. Conclusion: This research built a research framework on security communication, awareness of dangerous goods, and satisfaction of security checks for aviation operators and administrative authorities to design more effective security communication methods to improve aviation safety and security.
{"title":"Investigating the Relationships Among Security Communications, Passenger’s Awareness and Satisfaction Toward Preflight Security Checks","authors":"Yin-Long Pai, Shiou-Yu Chen, Kung-Don Ye","doi":"10.1080/24721840.2021.1885980","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/24721840.2021.1885980","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Objective: This study proposes the conceptual framework to verify the relationship among preflight security communications and passengers’ awareness of dangerous goods and satisfaction of security checks. Background: All air transport stakeholders strive to ensure aviation’s safety and security. As key players, airlines and airports must comply with International Air Transport Association and International Civil Aviation Organization regulations, so they usually establish strict security mechanisms to prevent possible accidents resulting from passengers bringing dangerous goods on board. However, excessive or unnecessary security checks often cause inconvenience for passengers, who are dissatisfied with security checks and may be discouraged from flying again. Method: With 300 valid questionnaires collected from domestic route passengers in Taiwan, analysis of variance and structural equation modeling were conducted to explore the differences in the passengers’ awareness of dangerous goods and the impacts of security communications and awareness of dangerous goods on the satisfaction with the security checks. Results: Older and retired passengers are prone to have relatively low awareness about dangerous goods. Among the 3 types of preflight security communications, counter and website communications had stronger impacts on passengers’ satisfaction of security checks. Conclusion: This research built a research framework on security communication, awareness of dangerous goods, and satisfaction of security checks for aviation operators and administrative authorities to design more effective security communication methods to improve aviation safety and security.","PeriodicalId":41693,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Aerospace Psychology","volume":"31 1","pages":"283 - 301"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2021-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/24721840.2021.1885980","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44481990","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-03-10DOI: 10.1080/24721840.2021.1885297
Iñaki González Cabeza, B. Molesworth, M. Good, C. Caponecchia, Rasmus Steffensen
ABSTRACT Objective: The present study examined the predictive validity of a widely used pilot selection test known as COMPASS, in terms of its ability to distinguish between candidates and predict individuals’ aptitude for flying. Background: The Computerized Pilot Aptitude Screening System, more commonly known as COMPASS is a widely used selection test for ab-initio pilots. However, a literature search failed to uncover any research examining its predictive validity. Method: Thirty-five trainee pilots completed COMPASS, along with a simulated flight on a computer-based flight simulator to obtain an objective flight performance measure. Hours to flying milestones, including first solo and Recreational Pilot License, along with more subjective measures such as performance ratings by flying instructors were also compared to COMPASS. Twenty non-pilots also completed COMPASS. Results: The results revealed COMPASS to be effective in distinguishing between trainee pilots and non-pilots. However, there was no relationship between COMPASS scores and the various flight performance measures. Conclusion: These results should aid decision-makers when considering the viability of pilot selection tests, and reiterate the importance of using multiple methods/tools when attempting to select appropriate candidates for a specific role.
{"title":"Investigating the Predictive Validity of the COMPASS Pilot Selection Test","authors":"Iñaki González Cabeza, B. Molesworth, M. Good, C. Caponecchia, Rasmus Steffensen","doi":"10.1080/24721840.2021.1885297","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/24721840.2021.1885297","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Objective: The present study examined the predictive validity of a widely used pilot selection test known as COMPASS, in terms of its ability to distinguish between candidates and predict individuals’ aptitude for flying. Background: The Computerized Pilot Aptitude Screening System, more commonly known as COMPASS is a widely used selection test for ab-initio pilots. However, a literature search failed to uncover any research examining its predictive validity. Method: Thirty-five trainee pilots completed COMPASS, along with a simulated flight on a computer-based flight simulator to obtain an objective flight performance measure. Hours to flying milestones, including first solo and Recreational Pilot License, along with more subjective measures such as performance ratings by flying instructors were also compared to COMPASS. Twenty non-pilots also completed COMPASS. Results: The results revealed COMPASS to be effective in distinguishing between trainee pilots and non-pilots. However, there was no relationship between COMPASS scores and the various flight performance measures. Conclusion: These results should aid decision-makers when considering the viability of pilot selection tests, and reiterate the importance of using multiple methods/tools when attempting to select appropriate candidates for a specific role.","PeriodicalId":41693,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Aerospace Psychology","volume":"31 1","pages":"252 - 268"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2021-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/24721840.2021.1885297","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44309919","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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