Pub Date : 2022-10-24DOI: 10.21122/2220-9506-2022-13-3-216-227
Y. Saukova, M. Hundzina
Any object can have many implementations in the form of digital images and any digital image can be processed many times increasing or decreasing accuracy and reliability. Digital colorimetry faces the need to work out issues of ensuring accuracy, metrological traceability and reliability. The purpose of this work was to generalize approaches to the description of multidimensional quantized spaces and show the possibilities of their adaptation to digital colorimetry. This approach will minimize the private and global risks in measurements.For color identification digital colorimetry uses standard color models and spaces. Most of them are empirical and are improved during the transition from standard to real observation conditions taking into account the phenomena of vision and the age of observers. From the point of view of measurement, a digital image can be represented by a combinatorial model of an information and measurement channel with the appearance of the phenomenon of a color covariance hypercube requiring a significant amount of memory for data storage and processing. The transition from the covariance hypercube to high-dimensional matrices and tensors of the first, second and higher ranks provides the prospect of optimizing the color parameters of a digital image by the criterion of information entropy.Tensor calculus provides opportunities for expanding the dynamic range in color measurements describing multidimensional vector fields and quantized spaces with indexing tensors and decomposing them into matrices of low orders.The proposed complex approach based on tensor calculus. According to this approach the color space is a set of directed vector fields undergoing sampling, quantization and coding operations. Also it is a dynamic open system exchanging information with the environment at a given level and to identify color with specified levels of accuracy, reliability, uncertainty and entropy.
{"title":"Tensor Calculus in Digital Colorimetry","authors":"Y. Saukova, M. Hundzina","doi":"10.21122/2220-9506-2022-13-3-216-227","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21122/2220-9506-2022-13-3-216-227","url":null,"abstract":"Any object can have many implementations in the form of digital images and any digital image can be processed many times increasing or decreasing accuracy and reliability. Digital colorimetry faces the need to work out issues of ensuring accuracy, metrological traceability and reliability. The purpose of this work was to generalize approaches to the description of multidimensional quantized spaces and show the possibilities of their adaptation to digital colorimetry. This approach will minimize the private and global risks in measurements.For color identification digital colorimetry uses standard color models and spaces. Most of them are empirical and are improved during the transition from standard to real observation conditions taking into account the phenomena of vision and the age of observers. From the point of view of measurement, a digital image can be represented by a combinatorial model of an information and measurement channel with the appearance of the phenomenon of a color covariance hypercube requiring a significant amount of memory for data storage and processing. The transition from the covariance hypercube to high-dimensional matrices and tensors of the first, second and higher ranks provides the prospect of optimizing the color parameters of a digital image by the criterion of information entropy.Tensor calculus provides opportunities for expanding the dynamic range in color measurements describing multidimensional vector fields and quantized spaces with indexing tensors and decomposing them into matrices of low orders.The proposed complex approach based on tensor calculus. According to this approach the color space is a set of directed vector fields undergoing sampling, quantization and coding operations. Also it is a dynamic open system exchanging information with the environment at a given level and to identify color with specified levels of accuracy, reliability, uncertainty and entropy.","PeriodicalId":41798,"journal":{"name":"Devices and Methods of Measurements","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83180103","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-24DOI: 10.21122/2220-9506-2022-13-3-165-171
A. M. Kurganovich, V. A. Stasilovich, I. P. Shishkin, A. Shkadarevich
Manufacture of sights with high output characteristics is a prerequisite for achieving the necessary ac- curacy when shooting. The aim of the work was to analyze the influence of pancratic optical sights’ main parameters on their output performance characteristics.It is shown that in order to achieve the quality level of the world’s best samples, high image quality – no drop in contrast by no more than 30 % of the calculated value, careful manufacturing and control of both mechanical and optical parts, as well as components of the assembly units of products, the technological pro- cess of assembly and alignment is necessary.Bench equipment and test methods which made it possible significantly increase the level of serial pro- duction are described, also some characteristics of GS3-12×50, GS3-24×56, GS5-25×56 “NTC “LEMT” BelOMO” are presented.
{"title":"Stand Equipment and Test Methods of Modern Optical Sights","authors":"A. M. Kurganovich, V. A. Stasilovich, I. P. Shishkin, A. Shkadarevich","doi":"10.21122/2220-9506-2022-13-3-165-171","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21122/2220-9506-2022-13-3-165-171","url":null,"abstract":"Manufacture of sights with high output characteristics is a prerequisite for achieving the necessary ac- curacy when shooting. The aim of the work was to analyze the influence of pancratic optical sights’ main parameters on their output performance characteristics.It is shown that in order to achieve the quality level of the world’s best samples, high image quality – no drop in contrast by no more than 30 % of the calculated value, careful manufacturing and control of both mechanical and optical parts, as well as components of the assembly units of products, the technological pro- cess of assembly and alignment is necessary.Bench equipment and test methods which made it possible significantly increase the level of serial pro- duction are described, also some characteristics of GS3-12×50, GS3-24×56, GS5-25×56 “NTC “LEMT” BelOMO” are presented. ","PeriodicalId":41798,"journal":{"name":"Devices and Methods of Measurements","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82552889","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-06DOI: 10.21122/2220-9506-2022-13-2-93-104
V. Firago, N. Levkovich, K. Shuliko
Diffuse reflection spectroscopy with spatial resolution is a promising direction of non-destructive control of the properties of a number of scattering fine-dispersed materials, including food products. It can find wide practical application only in the presence of compact, easy-to-use and inexpensive spectrophotometric equipment. The aim of the article is to investigate the possibility of creating portable spectrophotometers based on Hamamatsu mini-spectrometers, which work together with modern computing facilities.The schematics for connecting the C12880MA and C11708MA mini-spectrometers to portable computing devices are reviewed. Shows the feasibility of using a small-sized microprocessor board ARM STM32F103C8T6 (Blue pill) on the chip STM32F103C8T6. Its use in the connection scheme has simplified data exchange with the control computer via USB interface and the formation of all the signals that are needed to control the mini-spectrometer.Two experimental samples of spectrophotometers based on C12880MA and C11708MA mini-spectrometers and STM32 microprocessors were created and their characteristics were studied. The calibration procedure and features of the software for these spectrophotometers are presented. The described features ensure the efficiency of software modification for the spectrophotometric problem to be solved. The presence of distortions of the registered spectra in the short-wave part of the spectral range of C12880MA was revealed. They arise due to focusing by the concave diffraction grating of a part of the radiation scattered by it into zero order.Approbation of developed portable spectrophotometers based on Hamamatsu mini-spectrometers indicates the possibility of their use in portable spectrophotometric equipment and devices for spectral control of optical properties of scattering materials. The described calibration technique allows you to determine the range of the spectrum, in which the distortions of the recorded spectra are minimal. The proposed solutions significantly reduce the cost of diffuse reflectance spectroscopy devices with spatial resolution and expand the possibilities of their use in various branches of science and industry.
{"title":"Diffuse Reflectance Spectrophotometers Based on C12880MA and C11708MA Mini-Spectrometers Hamamatsu","authors":"V. Firago, N. Levkovich, K. Shuliko","doi":"10.21122/2220-9506-2022-13-2-93-104","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21122/2220-9506-2022-13-2-93-104","url":null,"abstract":"Diffuse reflection spectroscopy with spatial resolution is a promising direction of non-destructive control of the properties of a number of scattering fine-dispersed materials, including food products. It can find wide practical application only in the presence of compact, easy-to-use and inexpensive spectrophotometric equipment. The aim of the article is to investigate the possibility of creating portable spectrophotometers based on Hamamatsu mini-spectrometers, which work together with modern computing facilities.The schematics for connecting the C12880MA and C11708MA mini-spectrometers to portable computing devices are reviewed. Shows the feasibility of using a small-sized microprocessor board ARM STM32F103C8T6 (Blue pill) on the chip STM32F103C8T6. Its use in the connection scheme has simplified data exchange with the control computer via USB interface and the formation of all the signals that are needed to control the mini-spectrometer.Two experimental samples of spectrophotometers based on C12880MA and C11708MA mini-spectrometers and STM32 microprocessors were created and their characteristics were studied. The calibration procedure and features of the software for these spectrophotometers are presented. The described features ensure the efficiency of software modification for the spectrophotometric problem to be solved. The presence of distortions of the registered spectra in the short-wave part of the spectral range of C12880MA was revealed. They arise due to focusing by the concave diffraction grating of a part of the radiation scattered by it into zero order.Approbation of developed portable spectrophotometers based on Hamamatsu mini-spectrometers indicates the possibility of their use in portable spectrophotometric equipment and devices for spectral control of optical properties of scattering materials. The described calibration technique allows you to determine the range of the spectrum, in which the distortions of the recorded spectra are minimal. The proposed solutions significantly reduce the cost of diffuse reflectance spectroscopy devices with spatial resolution and expand the possibilities of their use in various branches of science and industry.","PeriodicalId":41798,"journal":{"name":"Devices and Methods of Measurements","volume":"99 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78338284","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-06DOI: 10.21122/2220-9506-2022-13-2-128-138
U. V. Suchodolov, A. V. Isaev, A. A. Sheinikau
Solving the problems of spectral processing of single and quasi-periodic signals in measurement and diagnostic systems is directly related to their isolation against the background of external interference or noise. The purpose of this work was to study single and quasi-periodic signals, i. e. signals limited in time, presented as separate components; development of a mathematical apparatus that connects the individual components of the original, time-limited signal, with the spectral characteristics of the periodic signal, which is obtained from the original by its periodization.The paper analyzes the spectrum of a quasi-periodic signal, which is presented from spectral density regions separated by spectral components with zero amplitude. The process of signal periodization is considered on the example of unipolar rectangular pulses. The representation of the analyzed complex single signal in the form of a linear combination of given functions, limited in time by the duration of the considered signal, was chosen, and it was determined that it is most logical and efficient to use radio-frequency pulses. The spectral density of the signal under consideration is presented as the sum of the spectral densities of radio-frequency pulses of the same width with a varying carrier frequency. The original signal is presented as the sum of the constituent components (radio-frequency pulses), which form a time-limited frequency spectrum – a quastr. As a result, the correlation of the considered quasi-periodic signal with the parameters of the periodic signal (amplitude, period, and initial phase) is shown.A format for representing time-limited signals in the form of components related to the spectral characteristics of a periodic signal, obtained from the original signal by periodization, has been developed. The formed mathematical apparatus allows simplifying the algorithmic support of measuring systems by eliminating the correlation signal processing.
{"title":"Dynamic Features of Spectra of Single and Quasi-Periodic Measuring Signals","authors":"U. V. Suchodolov, A. V. Isaev, A. A. Sheinikau","doi":"10.21122/2220-9506-2022-13-2-128-138","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21122/2220-9506-2022-13-2-128-138","url":null,"abstract":"Solving the problems of spectral processing of single and quasi-periodic signals in measurement and diagnostic systems is directly related to their isolation against the background of external interference or noise. The purpose of this work was to study single and quasi-periodic signals, i. e. signals limited in time, presented as separate components; development of a mathematical apparatus that connects the individual components of the original, time-limited signal, with the spectral characteristics of the periodic signal, which is obtained from the original by its periodization.The paper analyzes the spectrum of a quasi-periodic signal, which is presented from spectral density regions separated by spectral components with zero amplitude. The process of signal periodization is considered on the example of unipolar rectangular pulses. The representation of the analyzed complex single signal in the form of a linear combination of given functions, limited in time by the duration of the considered signal, was chosen, and it was determined that it is most logical and efficient to use radio-frequency pulses. The spectral density of the signal under consideration is presented as the sum of the spectral densities of radio-frequency pulses of the same width with a varying carrier frequency. The original signal is presented as the sum of the constituent components (radio-frequency pulses), which form a time-limited frequency spectrum – a quastr. As a result, the correlation of the considered quasi-periodic signal with the parameters of the periodic signal (amplitude, period, and initial phase) is shown.A format for representing time-limited signals in the form of components related to the spectral characteristics of a periodic signal, obtained from the original signal by periodization, has been developed. The formed mathematical apparatus allows simplifying the algorithmic support of measuring systems by eliminating the correlation signal processing.","PeriodicalId":41798,"journal":{"name":"Devices and Methods of Measurements","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83107849","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-06DOI: 10.21122/2220-9506-2022-13-2-139-146
A. M. Timofeev
When measuring low-power optical signals, it is necessary to ensure the highest reliability of the received data, which is especially important for single-photon communication channels. This determines the expediency of using photon counters as receiving modules for such channels. They are highly sensitive, but are characterized by data recording errors. Therefore, the purpose of this work was to investigate the influence of the intensity of the registered optical radiation J0 during the transmission of binary symbols “0” on the probability of registering symbols “1” at the output of the communication channel in the presence of symbols “0” at its input P(1/0).The statistical distributions of the mixture of the number of dark and signal pulses at the output of the photon counter during the registration of binary symbols “0” Pst0 (N ) were determined. To do this, a technique was used to reduce information loss. As a result, the minimum probability P(1/0) was reached.The probabilities P(1/0) were calculated for a communication channel containing a photon counter as a receiving module. This calculation was carried out at different values of the supply voltage of the avalanche photodetector U and the intensity of the optical signal used to transmit the binary symbols “0” J0 .The experimental results showed that with increasing optical signal intensity J0 , the dependences P(1/0) on J0 initially remain almost unchanged and retain a constant value. However, with a further increase in J0 , there is a linearly increasing character of the dependences P(1/0) on J0 . Moreover, with other equal reception parameters, such a character of the dependences P(1/0) on J0 begins to manifest itself at higher intensities of the optical signal J0 with an increase in the supply voltage of the avalanche photodetector.
{"title":"Probability of Erroneous Data Registration in a Single Photon Erasure-Type Communication Channel with a Receiver Based on a Photon Counter","authors":"A. M. Timofeev","doi":"10.21122/2220-9506-2022-13-2-139-146","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21122/2220-9506-2022-13-2-139-146","url":null,"abstract":"When measuring low-power optical signals, it is necessary to ensure the highest reliability of the received data, which is especially important for single-photon communication channels. This determines the expediency of using photon counters as receiving modules for such channels. They are highly sensitive, but are characterized by data recording errors. Therefore, the purpose of this work was to investigate the influence of the intensity of the registered optical radiation J0 during the transmission of binary symbols “0” on the probability of registering symbols “1” at the output of the communication channel in the presence of symbols “0” at its input P(1/0).The statistical distributions of the mixture of the number of dark and signal pulses at the output of the photon counter during the registration of binary symbols “0” Pst0 (N ) were determined. To do this, a technique was used to reduce information loss. As a result, the minimum probability P(1/0) was reached.The probabilities P(1/0) were calculated for a communication channel containing a photon counter as a receiving module. This calculation was carried out at different values of the supply voltage of the avalanche photodetector U and the intensity of the optical signal used to transmit the binary symbols “0” J0 .The experimental results showed that with increasing optical signal intensity J0 , the dependences P(1/0) on J0 initially remain almost unchanged and retain a constant value. However, with a further increase in J0 , there is a linearly increasing character of the dependences P(1/0) on J0 . Moreover, with other equal reception parameters, such a character of the dependences P(1/0) on J0 begins to manifest itself at higher intensities of the optical signal J0 with an increase in the supply voltage of the avalanche photodetector.","PeriodicalId":41798,"journal":{"name":"Devices and Methods of Measurements","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85820075","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-06DOI: 10.21122/2220-9506-2022-13-2-112-116
O. Kanafyev, A. Trukhanov, T. Zubar, S. Grabchikov, M. Panasiuk, A. Kotelnikova, V. Fedkin, V. Fedosyuk
Study of dimensional parametersʼ influence on shielding properties of cylindrical shields will allow to optimise the fusion process, as well as to reduce production costs by reducing the material used. The purpose of this work was to compare results of theoretical calculation of shielding effectiveness of an infinite cylindrical shield with the data obtained in real conditions.A cylindrical Ni-Fe shield was synthesised by electrochemical deposition with length of 32 cm, diameter of 4.5 cm and shielding thickness of ≈ 100 µm. The cylinder length was then reduced from 32 cm to 6 cm in 4 cm increments and for each cylinder length shielding effectiveness was measured using three-coordinate Helmholtz field-forming system.The measurement results show that the calculation of shielding effectiveness of infinite cylindrical shield is valid for cylinder lengths l ≥ 18–20 cm. Shielding effectiveness is markedly reduced at values of l ˂ 15 cm.Analysis of data obtained allowed to conclude that it is necessary to determine the correction factor when calculating a cylindrical screen shielding efficiency
{"title":"Influence of Cylindrical Shield Dimensions on Shielding Effectiveness","authors":"O. Kanafyev, A. Trukhanov, T. Zubar, S. Grabchikov, M. Panasiuk, A. Kotelnikova, V. Fedkin, V. Fedosyuk","doi":"10.21122/2220-9506-2022-13-2-112-116","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21122/2220-9506-2022-13-2-112-116","url":null,"abstract":"Study of dimensional parametersʼ influence on shielding properties of cylindrical shields will allow to optimise the fusion process, as well as to reduce production costs by reducing the material used. The purpose of this work was to compare results of theoretical calculation of shielding effectiveness of an infinite cylindrical shield with the data obtained in real conditions.A cylindrical Ni-Fe shield was synthesised by electrochemical deposition with length of 32 cm, diameter of 4.5 cm and shielding thickness of ≈ 100 µm. The cylinder length was then reduced from 32 cm to 6 cm in 4 cm increments and for each cylinder length shielding effectiveness was measured using three-coordinate Helmholtz field-forming system.The measurement results show that the calculation of shielding effectiveness of infinite cylindrical shield is valid for cylinder lengths l ≥ 18–20 cm. Shielding effectiveness is markedly reduced at values of l ˂ 15 cm.Analysis of data obtained allowed to conclude that it is necessary to determine the correction factor when calculating a cylindrical screen shielding efficiency","PeriodicalId":41798,"journal":{"name":"Devices and Methods of Measurements","volume":"41 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90225404","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-06DOI: 10.21122/2220-9506-2022-13-2-105-111
V. Alekseev, S. I. Yuran, V. Usoltsev, D. Shulmin
Peak emergency discharges of harmful substances to the industrial companies waste waters that normally form coagulates over time present a serious environmental problem. These coagulates can enter natural water bodies during the wastewater discharge. Thus, detecting these coagulates in real-time is a relevant problem.To solve this problem, the authors suggest building an automated system that shall record and identify the emergency harmful substances discharges to the industrial companies waste waters caused by accidents. This system features a laser probing module which scans waste water at several wavelengths simultaneously and in real time.Emergency discharge identification is performed based on the substance transmission spectra analysis using the original description of the recorded substance spectra digital signals. The relative description on the components of the lattice function of the spectrum of emergency discharges is used, constructed using the order ratio between the components of the lattice function.The emergency discharge identification can be implemented by comparing the relative description of the emergency discharge spectrum with the reference spectra for the harmful substances that can be present at the given industrial facility, and the standards of the spectra of these substances are presented in the form of a relative description using the ratio “more”–“less”.The authors provide a flow chart for the emergency discharge elimination system, describe its operation and the functions fulfilled by its elements. The system features an emergency coagulate identification device, a processing device for the spectrum recorded that can also store the reference spectra of harmful substances, and a valve-control device for the waste water system. Due to installation of laser radiation sources along the perimeter of the pipe along which the liquid moves, simultaneous laser action on the emergency clot of harmful substances passing through the pipe is ensured. The analysis of the clot passing through the sewer pipe allows opening the valves for each of the predicted emergency clots when receiving a command from the control device and diverting the clot that has appeared to the appropriate sump.
{"title":"System Eliminating Emergency Discharges in Industrial Facilities Waste Waters Using Relative Signal Description","authors":"V. Alekseev, S. I. Yuran, V. Usoltsev, D. Shulmin","doi":"10.21122/2220-9506-2022-13-2-105-111","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21122/2220-9506-2022-13-2-105-111","url":null,"abstract":"Peak emergency discharges of harmful substances to the industrial companies waste waters that normally form coagulates over time present a serious environmental problem. These coagulates can enter natural water bodies during the wastewater discharge. Thus, detecting these coagulates in real-time is a relevant problem.To solve this problem, the authors suggest building an automated system that shall record and identify the emergency harmful substances discharges to the industrial companies waste waters caused by accidents. This system features a laser probing module which scans waste water at several wavelengths simultaneously and in real time.Emergency discharge identification is performed based on the substance transmission spectra analysis using the original description of the recorded substance spectra digital signals. The relative description on the components of the lattice function of the spectrum of emergency discharges is used, constructed using the order ratio between the components of the lattice function.The emergency discharge identification can be implemented by comparing the relative description of the emergency discharge spectrum with the reference spectra for the harmful substances that can be present at the given industrial facility, and the standards of the spectra of these substances are presented in the form of a relative description using the ratio “more”–“less”.The authors provide a flow chart for the emergency discharge elimination system, describe its operation and the functions fulfilled by its elements. The system features an emergency coagulate identification device, a processing device for the spectrum recorded that can also store the reference spectra of harmful substances, and a valve-control device for the waste water system. Due to installation of laser radiation sources along the perimeter of the pipe along which the liquid moves, simultaneous laser action on the emergency clot of harmful substances passing through the pipe is ensured. The analysis of the clot passing through the sewer pipe allows opening the valves for each of the predicted emergency clots when receiving a command from the control device and diverting the clot that has appeared to the appropriate sump. ","PeriodicalId":41798,"journal":{"name":"Devices and Methods of Measurements","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89729283","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-06DOI: 10.21122/2220-9506-2022-13-2-117-127
Sandulyak D.A, A. Sandulyak, Y. Gorpinenko, A. Sandulyak, V. Ershova, А.А. Сандуляк, Д.А. Сандуляк, Ю.О. Горпиненко, А.В. Сандуляк, В.А. Ершова
The basic structural elements of the magnetized granular medium (effectively used, in particular, in apparatus of thin magnetic separation) are granule chains (according to channel-by-channel model), in connection with which there is a need to detail the features of their magnetization. The purpose of the work is to develop and implement an approach to measuring magnetic (micro)flows along the cores of different radius r in the chain of granules using a specially developed (by printed circuit board technology) sensor, with high radius R (15 and 20 mm) spheres available for such measurements.From the data of measuring magnetic (micro)flows data of average induction in each of the quasi-continuous cores of the spheres chain are obtained, as well as data of magnetic permeability and susceptibility of these cores, their magnetization for different values of the intensity of the magnetizing field. It is shown that dependences of mentioned magnetic parameters from number n spheres in a chain are generalized on r /R for different R.These relationships, increasing as n increases due to a decrease in the demagnetizing factor N of any of the cores and the chain as a whole, demonstrate the achievement of individually limiting values of magnetic parameters and corresponding auto-model regions where N→0. At the same time, the transition to each of these regions, manifesting almost independently of r /R and intensity, falls on the value of n = 10–12 = [n]. Thus, in fact, such a criterion value [n] distinguishes chains by sufficiently “long” – when n ≥ [n] and “short” – when 2 ≤ n ˂ [n]. Data of demagnetizing factor for different cores of “short” chains of spheres are obtained and phenomenologically described.
{"title":"An Approach to Monitoring of Magnetic Parameters of Cores of a Chain of Spheres. Diagnostics of Different Chain’s Length and Core’s Radius","authors":"Sandulyak D.A, A. Sandulyak, Y. Gorpinenko, A. Sandulyak, V. Ershova, А.А. Сандуляк, Д.А. Сандуляк, Ю.О. Горпиненко, А.В. Сандуляк, В.А. Ершова","doi":"10.21122/2220-9506-2022-13-2-117-127","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21122/2220-9506-2022-13-2-117-127","url":null,"abstract":"The basic structural elements of the magnetized granular medium (effectively used, in particular, in apparatus of thin magnetic separation) are granule chains (according to channel-by-channel model), in connection with which there is a need to detail the features of their magnetization. The purpose of the work is to develop and implement an approach to measuring magnetic (micro)flows along the cores of different radius r in the chain of granules using a specially developed (by printed circuit board technology) sensor, with high radius R (15 and 20 mm) spheres available for such measurements.From the data of measuring magnetic (micro)flows data of average induction in each of the quasi-continuous cores of the spheres chain are obtained, as well as data of magnetic permeability and susceptibility of these cores, their magnetization for different values of the intensity of the magnetizing field. It is shown that dependences of mentioned magnetic parameters from number n spheres in a chain are generalized on r /R for different R.These relationships, increasing as n increases due to a decrease in the demagnetizing factor N of any of the cores and the chain as a whole, demonstrate the achievement of individually limiting values of magnetic parameters and corresponding auto-model regions where N→0. At the same time, the transition to each of these regions, manifesting almost independently of r /R and intensity, falls on the value of n = 10–12 = [n]. Thus, in fact, such a criterion value [n] distinguishes chains by sufficiently “long” – when n ≥ [n] and “short” – when 2 ≤ n ˂ [n]. Data of demagnetizing factor for different cores of “short” chains of spheres are obtained and phenomenologically described.","PeriodicalId":41798,"journal":{"name":"Devices and Methods of Measurements","volume":"52 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84927639","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-06DOI: 10.21122/2220-9506-2022-13-2-147-154
V. V. Muravʼev, L. Gushchina
For the manufacture of spring springs of rolling stock (wagons, locomotives, cars), bars made of spring steels are used. With high-temperature machining, when winding springs and quenching them, there is a difference in the cooling rates of the inner and outer sides of the spring coils, which leads to a difference in the structural state and affects the durability of the springs. The aim of the work is to study the effect of structural changes in the outer and inner surfaces of spring steel coils after winding and high–temperature machining operations on the measured characteristics of Rayleigh acoustic waves.The propagation velocities of Rayleigh waves in spring-spring steel 60C2A after winding and hightemperature machining operations are investigated. The shadow method and the autocirculation method with piezoelectric converters CTS-19 with a frequency of 5 MHz with a special block design were used for research. The converters provide input and reception of the Rayleigh wave along the inner and outer forming surface of the spring. It is shown that the method of comparing the results of measuring the velocity of Rayleigh waves on a fi base by the coil generator on the inner and outer surfaces of the spring is sensitive to disturbances in the structure of the material and the appearance of defects. An unambiguous relationship of the structural states on the outer and inner sides of the spring with the velocity of the Rayleigh wave is found.As a result of the measurements, a conclusion was made about the significant sensitivity of Rayleigh waves to the structural state of the steel under study. An increase in the wave velocity was detected on the inner surface of the coil in the contact zone with the mandrel relative to the outer side of the coil, signaling incomplete hardening of steel in this zone during high-temperature machining. The relative speed difference in different spring samples is approximately up to 1 % (≈ 30 m/s), which is a significant value for assessing the quality of high-temperature machining.
{"title":"Structuroscopy of Coils after High-Temperature Mechanical Treatment on the Basis of Measurements of Rayleigh Waves Velocity","authors":"V. V. Muravʼev, L. Gushchina","doi":"10.21122/2220-9506-2022-13-2-147-154","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21122/2220-9506-2022-13-2-147-154","url":null,"abstract":"For the manufacture of spring springs of rolling stock (wagons, locomotives, cars), bars made of spring steels are used. With high-temperature machining, when winding springs and quenching them, there is a difference in the cooling rates of the inner and outer sides of the spring coils, which leads to a difference in the structural state and affects the durability of the springs. The aim of the work is to study the effect of structural changes in the outer and inner surfaces of spring steel coils after winding and high–temperature machining operations on the measured characteristics of Rayleigh acoustic waves.The propagation velocities of Rayleigh waves in spring-spring steel 60C2A after winding and hightemperature machining operations are investigated. The shadow method and the autocirculation method with piezoelectric converters CTS-19 with a frequency of 5 MHz with a special block design were used for research. The converters provide input and reception of the Rayleigh wave along the inner and outer forming surface of the spring. It is shown that the method of comparing the results of measuring the velocity of Rayleigh waves on a fi base by the coil generator on the inner and outer surfaces of the spring is sensitive to disturbances in the structure of the material and the appearance of defects. An unambiguous relationship of the structural states on the outer and inner sides of the spring with the velocity of the Rayleigh wave is found.As a result of the measurements, a conclusion was made about the significant sensitivity of Rayleigh waves to the structural state of the steel under study. An increase in the wave velocity was detected on the inner surface of the coil in the contact zone with the mandrel relative to the outer side of the coil, signaling incomplete hardening of steel in this zone during high-temperature machining. The relative speed difference in different spring samples is approximately up to 1 % (≈ 30 m/s), which is a significant value for assessing the quality of high-temperature machining.","PeriodicalId":41798,"journal":{"name":"Devices and Methods of Measurements","volume":"84 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83861664","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-06DOI: 10.21122/2220-9506-2022-13-2-83-92
I. A. Safina, S. A. Artemyeva
Thermocouples dynamic characteristicsʼ prediction is one of the relevant directions in the field of dynamic measurements of non-stationary temperatures of liquid and gaseous media. Thermocouples dynamic characteristicsʼ prediction makes it possible to provide effective continuous correction in automatic control systems for non-stationary temperatures. The purpose of this paper was to develop a theoretically justified relation linking the current or expected time constant of fine-wire thermocouples with the known time constant established at known parameters of liquid and gaseous media.A formula linking the time constant of fine-wire thermocouples with the conditions of heat exchange with the measured medium and the thermophysical characteristics of the thermocouple sensing elements has been deducted. An approximate formula is also given for calculating the internal resistance of wire sensing elements of thermocouples, which must be considered when calculating the time constant of a thermocouple. In consideration of the obtained formulas, a multi-parameter relation linking the current or expected time constant of fine-wire thermocouples with the known time constant set at the known parameters of the measured media has been formed.It is suggested to simplify the formed multi-parameter relation and make it dependent, for example, on the “expected velocity of the measured medium × expected density of the measured medium” complex (Vm2 ρm2 ). Simplified relations in the form of hyperbolic functions with constant parameters and argument in the form of Vm2 ρm2 complex were obtained for airflowat different temperatures, pressures, and velocities.On the example of airflow, it is shown that the complex multi-parametric relation linking the expectedand known time constants of thermocouples can be simplified to a hyperbolic dependence, where the argument can be the Vm2 ρm2 complex. Moreover, the degree of approximation of hyperbolic dependencies to the exact values of the multi-parametric relation can reach the R-square = 0.9592 criterion.A multi-parametric relation has been proposed. That relates the known time constant of a thermocouple to the expected or current time constant of the same thermocouple at other parameters of the measured medium from the point of view of the heat exchange and thermal conduction theory. The proposed relation can be used in automatic control systems of non-stationary temperature of various liquid or gaseous media to provide continuous correction of thermocouples dynamic characteristics. Depending on the number of measured medium parameters, the suggested multi-parameter relation can be replaced by simplified relations with other complexes containing, for example, density, velocity, flow rate and pressure of the measured medium.
{"title":"Prediction of Dynamic Characteristics of Thermocouples with Thin-Wire Sensing Elements","authors":"I. A. Safina, S. A. Artemyeva","doi":"10.21122/2220-9506-2022-13-2-83-92","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21122/2220-9506-2022-13-2-83-92","url":null,"abstract":"Thermocouples dynamic characteristicsʼ prediction is one of the relevant directions in the field of dynamic measurements of non-stationary temperatures of liquid and gaseous media. Thermocouples dynamic characteristicsʼ prediction makes it possible to provide effective continuous correction in automatic control systems for non-stationary temperatures. The purpose of this paper was to develop a theoretically justified relation linking the current or expected time constant of fine-wire thermocouples with the known time constant established at known parameters of liquid and gaseous media.A formula linking the time constant of fine-wire thermocouples with the conditions of heat exchange with the measured medium and the thermophysical characteristics of the thermocouple sensing elements has been deducted. An approximate formula is also given for calculating the internal resistance of wire sensing elements of thermocouples, which must be considered when calculating the time constant of a thermocouple. In consideration of the obtained formulas, a multi-parameter relation linking the current or expected time constant of fine-wire thermocouples with the known time constant set at the known parameters of the measured media has been formed.It is suggested to simplify the formed multi-parameter relation and make it dependent, for example, on the “expected velocity of the measured medium × expected density of the measured medium” complex (Vm2 ρm2 ). Simplified relations in the form of hyperbolic functions with constant parameters and argument in the form of Vm2 ρm2 complex were obtained for airflowat different temperatures, pressures, and velocities.On the example of airflow, it is shown that the complex multi-parametric relation linking the expectedand known time constants of thermocouples can be simplified to a hyperbolic dependence, where the argument can be the Vm2 ρm2 complex. Moreover, the degree of approximation of hyperbolic dependencies to the exact values of the multi-parametric relation can reach the R-square = 0.9592 criterion.A multi-parametric relation has been proposed. That relates the known time constant of a thermocouple to the expected or current time constant of the same thermocouple at other parameters of the measured medium from the point of view of the heat exchange and thermal conduction theory. The proposed relation can be used in automatic control systems of non-stationary temperature of various liquid or gaseous media to provide continuous correction of thermocouples dynamic characteristics. Depending on the number of measured medium parameters, the suggested multi-parameter relation can be replaced by simplified relations with other complexes containing, for example, density, velocity, flow rate and pressure of the measured medium.","PeriodicalId":41798,"journal":{"name":"Devices and Methods of Measurements","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78423836","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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