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Backscattering of Ultrasonic Waves as the Basis of the Method of Control of Structure and Physicо-Mechanical Properties of Cast Irons 超声后向散射作为铸铁结构和物理力学性能控制方法的基础
Q4 INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION Pub Date : 2023-10-06 DOI: 10.21122/2220-9506-2023-14-3-191-198
A. R. Baev, N. V. Levkovich, E. P. Babuk, M. V. Asadchaya
Increasing the reliability of control of cast iron structure and its physical and mechanical characteristics is an important scientific and technical task of the machine-building industry. The paper studies the possibilities of controlling the structure of cast irons using structural noise created by ultrasonic scattering on graphite inclusions of different shapes. The subject of the present studies was such characteristics of structural noise as amplitude-temporal A ( t ) and as root mean square value of the amplitude of the ultrasonic waves backscattering field A N , compared with the data on ultrasonic velocity and strength or tensile strength of cast iron samples. As a result of the studies, a significant difference between the amplitude parameters of the A N structural noise obtained for samples with different shapes of graphite inclusions at 5 MHz was revealed for the first time. So, for example, for samples of gray cast iron (Russian: СЧ10, СЧ15, СЧ20, СЧ25), having predominantly plate-like form of graphite inclusions, the value of A N on 14–15 dB exceeds that measured in high-strength specimens of the cast iron with the prevailing form of spherical graphite inclusions ВЧ50 (Russian), etc. At the same time growth of longitudinal ultrasonic velocity amounted to 20–25 %. The method of rejection of gray cast iron from high-strength cast iron according to the data of amplitude parameters of structural noise A N at unilateral and local sounding of the object without using an additional reference signal reflected from its oppositional wall is suggested.
提高铸铁结构及其物理力学特性控制的可靠性是机械制造业的一项重要科技任务。本文研究了利用超声散射对不同形状的石墨夹杂产生的结构噪声来控制铸铁组织的可能性。本研究的主题是结构噪声的振幅-时间A (t)和超声波后向散射场振幅A (N)的均方根值等特征,并与铸铁样品的超声速度和强度或抗拉强度数据进行比较。研究结果首次揭示了不同形状石墨夹杂物样品在5 MHz下的a - N结构噪声振幅参数之间的显著差异。因此,例如,对于灰铸铁样品(俄罗斯:СЧ10, СЧ15, СЧ20, СЧ25),主要具有片状形式的石墨夹杂物,14-15 dB的N值超过了具有球形石墨夹杂物的高强度铸铁样品ВЧ50(俄罗斯)等的测量值。同时,纵向超声声速增长达20 ~ 25%。提出了在不使用对向壁反射的附加参考信号的情况下,根据物体单侧测深和局部测深时结构噪声振幅参数的数据,从高强度铸铁中剔除灰铸铁的方法。
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引用次数: 0
Universal Digital Probe Electrometer for Testing Semiconductor Wafers 半导体晶圆测试用通用数字探针静电计
Q4 INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION Pub Date : 2023-10-05 DOI: 10.21122/2220-9506-2023-14-3-161-172
A. L. Zharin, U. A. Mikitsevich, A. I. Svistun, K. U. Pantsialeyeu
Non-contact electrical methods are widely used for research and control of semiconductor wafers. The methods are usually based on surface potential measurement (CPD) in combination with illumination and/or deposition of charges on the sample using a corona discharge, and are also based on the measurement of surface photo-emf. By photo-EMF (SPV) it is possible to determine the lifetime of minor charge carriers, their diffusion length and detect traces of heavy metals on the surface. In addition, using photo-EMF it is possible to determine the surface resistance of the plate, some parameters of the dielectric layer on the surface and barrier photo-EMF (JPV). Electrical performance results reflect the influence of near-surface characteristics on the final performance of devices. The aim of the work was to develop a universal digital probe electrometer that implements various non-contact electrical methods for analyzing semiconductor wafers, in which the change in operating modes and configuration, transmission of the received data, remote testing and calibration are carried out via digital local control channels. This paper describes a universal digital probe electrometer developed by the authors, which implements the above-described non-contact electrical methods for analyzing semiconductor wafers (CPD, SPV and JPV), in which the change in operating modes and configuration, transmission of the received data, remote testing and calibration are carried out via digital local control channels. Due to their high speed, electrical characterization methods are suitable for inspecting semiconductor wafers during production. The results of testing the developed probe electrometer in CPD, SPV and JPV modes are presented, which reflect the effectiveness of the proposed approaches.
非接触电方法广泛应用于半导体晶圆的研究和控制。这些方法通常基于表面电位测量(CPD),结合照明和/或使用电晕放电在样品上沉积电荷,也基于表面光电动势的测量。利用光电动势(SPV)可以测定少量载流子的寿命、扩散长度和检测表面重金属的痕迹。此外,利用光电动势可以确定板的表面电阻,表面介电层的一些参数和势垒光电动势(JPV)。电气性能结果反映了近表面特性对器件最终性能的影响。这项工作的目的是开发一种通用的数字探头静电计,它实现了各种非接触电方法来分析半导体晶圆,其中工作模式和配置的变化,接收数据的传输,远程测试和校准都是通过数字本地控制通道进行的。本文介绍了笔者研制的一种通用数字探头静电计,实现了上述半导体晶圆分析的非接触电方法(CPD、SPV和JPV),其中工作模式和配置的变化、接收数据的传输、远程测试和校准都是通过数字本地控制通道进行的。由于其速度快,电表征方法适合于在生产过程中检测半导体晶圆。最后给出了在CPD、SPV和JPV模式下探头静电计的测试结果,验证了所提方法的有效性。
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引用次数: 0
Application of the Thermal Diffusivity Standard for the Heat Transfer Parameter Control in Absorbing Materials 热扩散系数标准在吸波材料传热参数控制中的应用
Q4 INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION Pub Date : 2023-10-05 DOI: 10.21122/2220-9506-2023-14-3-173-178
E. V. Ivakin
Metrological support creation and use of heat transfer etalons are important stages in the development of modern materials science. This is especially concerned to the emergence of new materials in the world with previously unattainable thermophysical parameters. The purpose of this work was to develop and experimentally verify the idea of joint application of the transient gratings method which is well-known in nonlinear optics and the single thermal diffusivity etalon of conventional type for the heat transfer metrological control in materials of a wide values range. The method proposed is based on thermal diffusivity etalon application as a source of calibrated optical signals that are excited in it by short laser pulses. Their lifetime is formed by the etalon thermal diffusivity and on the transient grating spatial period. The etalon linear graph of gratings lifetimes as a function of the gratings periods squared and grating lifetime of the material under study are used for the thermal diffusivity calculation. Thermal diffusivity of thin sub-surface layers of the samples under study – duraluminium, monocrystalline silicon and thermoelectric lead telluride film was measured. The results obtained are in close agreement with the reference values.
传热标准子的创建和应用是现代材料科学发展的重要阶段。这尤其与世界上出现的具有以前无法获得的热物理参数的新材料有关。本工作的目的是发展并实验验证将非线性光学中众所周知的瞬态光栅方法与传统类型的单个热扩散系数标准子联合应用于大范围材料的传热计量控制的思想。该方法基于热扩散系数标准子作为标定光信号的源,由短激光脉冲激发。它们的寿命由标准子热扩散率和瞬态光栅空间周期决定。热扩散系数的计算采用光栅寿命与光栅周期平方和所研究材料的光栅寿命的线性线图。测量了所研究样品——硬铝、单晶硅和热电碲化铅薄膜的亚表面层的热扩散率。所得结果与参考值基本一致。
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引用次数: 0
On the Possibility of Using Medical Linear Electron Accelerators as a Source of the Reference Pulsed Photon Radiation Field 医用直线电子加速器作为参考脉冲光子辐射场源的可能性
Q4 INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION Pub Date : 2023-10-05 DOI: 10.21122/2220-9506-2023-14-3-179-190
A. A. Zaharadniuk, A. Y. Taraev, S. V. Lazarenko
Sources of pulsed photon radiation are widely used in science and industry. In this regard, there is a growing demand for dosimetry instruments capable of operating in these pulsed photon radiation fields. Until now there is no comprehensive methodology that describes the characteristics of reference fields of pulsed photon radiation required for calibration and verification of dosimetry equipment. The aim of this paper was to study the possibility of using a medical linear electron accelerator as a generating source of a reference pulsed photon radiation field. The paper investigates main characteristics of photon radiation field (namely, spectrum and average energy) generated by CLINAC in two modes of operation: 6 MV and 18 MV. Additionally it researches the possibility of attenuation of the CLINAC photon radiation intensity by a lead filter. The spectrum and average energy of the CLINAC photon radiation were calculated by means of Monte Carlo simulation in the Fluka program. The validation of the calculation was determined by comparing the attenuation coefficients calculated by the model with ones obtained experimentally by using real CLINACs. Experimentally, the attenuation coefficients were obtained by measuring the air kerma rate generated by the photon radiation fields of Varian VitalBeam and Varian iX CLINACs at a given point of space. Based on the simulation results, the Ḣ *(10) ambient dose equivalent ratio generated by CLINACs were calculated. It was found that the lead filter effectively attenuates the CLINAC photon radiation in terms of both air kerma rate and ambient dose equivalent rate to levels suitable for calibration of dosimetry equipment designed to measure pulsed radiation. It is shown that the lead filter significantly affects both the photon spectrum of the CLINAC and its average energy.
脉冲光子辐射源广泛应用于科学和工业。在这方面,对能够在这些脉冲光子辐射场中工作的剂量测量仪器的需求日益增长。到目前为止,还没有一种综合的方法来描述剂量测量设备校准和验证所需的脉冲光子辐射参考场的特性。本文的目的是研究使用医用直线电子加速器作为参考脉冲光子辐射场产生源的可能性。本文研究了CLINAC在6 MV和18 MV两种工作模式下产生的光子辐射场的主要特性(即光谱和平均能量)。此外,还研究了铅滤光片对CLINAC光子辐射强度衰减的可能性。利用Fluka程序进行蒙特卡罗模拟,计算了CLINAC光子辐射的光谱和平均能量。将模型计算的衰减系数与实际CLINACs实验得到的衰减系数进行了比较,验证了计算结果的正确性。实验上,通过测量瓦里安VitalBeam和瓦里安iX CLINACs的光子辐射场在给定空间点上产生的空气kerma率,得到衰减系数。根据模拟结果,计算了CLINACs产生的Ḣ *(10)环境剂量当量比。研究发现,铅滤光片有效地将CLINAC光子辐射的空气可变性和环境剂量当量衰减到适合校准用于测量脉冲辐射的剂量学设备的水平。结果表明,铅滤光片对CLINAC的光子光谱和平均能量均有显著影响。
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引用次数: 0
Methodology for Determining the Effective Thickness of the Cemented Layer of Steel 测定钢胶结层有效厚度的方法
IF 0.4 Q4 INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION Pub Date : 2023-08-11 DOI: 10.21122/2220-9506-2023-14-2-145-151
S. G. Sandomirski, A. L. Val’ko, Sergej P. Rudenko, Сергей Сандомирский, А.Л. Валько, С.П. Руденко
Highly loaded transmission gears are cemented and hardened. An important parameter of the hardened cemented layer is its effective thickness hef . Metal banding and the unavoidable instrumental error in hardness measuring have a great influence on the reliability of hef determination. The purpose of this article was to develop a methodology to improve the reliability of determining of the effective thickness hef of the hardened layer in steel after carburizing and quenching.The value of hef is the distance h from the surface of the product to the hardness zone of 50 HRC. The article substantiates that approximation of hardness change from the distance h to the product surface will allow to obtain a more reliable dependence of hardness change in the investigated area when making hardness measurements in a wider range of distance h. Therefore, to increase the reliability of hef determination, results of the HV0.5 hardness measurement in an extended range of changes in h in the vicinity of the analyzed zone were used. The HV0.5 measurement results are converted to HRC hardness values using the formula recommended by the international standard. The HRC(h) distribution of HRC hardness values in the measurement area is interpolated by a second-degree polynomial which physically correctly reflects the change in metal hardness in the analyzed area. The resulting polynomial is used to determine of the distance hef at which the hardness takes on a value of 50 HRC. The methodology was used to determine the hef of an 18KhGT steel gear wheel after carburizing and quenching. It is shown that results of two independent measurements of the hef sample differ from each other by 0.003 mm. This is significantly less than the permissible error of 0.02 mm of the hef determination according to the standard technique. The error of hef determination is reduced by extending the range of variation of h and statistically valid interpolation of the monotonic change in hardness with the distance from the surface of the item in the measurement area. The developed method of determining the effective thickness hef of the hardened steel layer consists in determining the distribution of its hardness in the expanded vicinity of the hef area, approximating the obtained dependence by a polynomial of the second degree and solving the square equation obtained with its use. The technique provides a significant reduction in the influence of the structural banding of the metal and the inevitable error in measuring hardness on the result of determining the hef . Its application will allow to optimize the cementation regimes of gear wheels to increase their service life.
高负荷传动齿轮是胶结和硬化。硬化胶结层的一个重要参数是有效厚度。在硬度测量中,金属带和不可避免的仪器误差对硬度测定的可靠性有很大的影响。本文的目的是发展一种方法,以提高确定钢渗碳淬火后硬化层有效厚度的可靠性。hef的值是产品表面到50 HRC硬度区的距离h。本文证实,在更宽的距离h范围内进行硬度测量时,从距离h到产品表面的硬度变化近似,可以获得更可靠的研究区域硬度变化的依赖关系。因此,为了提高硬度测定的可靠性,我们使用了在分析区域附近更大的h变化范围内HV0.5硬度测量结果。HV0.5测量结果按照国际标准推荐的公式转换为HRC硬度值。测量区域内HRC硬度值的HRC(h)分布采用二次多项式插值,物理上正确地反映了分析区域内金属硬度的变化。所得到的多项式用于确定硬度值为50 HRC时的距离。采用该方法测定了18KhGT钢齿轮渗碳淬火后的重量。结果表明,两次独立测量的结果相差0.003 mm。这明显小于根据标准技术测定重量的允许误差0.02毫米。通过扩大h的变化范围,统计上有效地插值硬度随测量区域内物体表面距离的单调变化,减小了硬度测定的误差。现有的确定淬火钢层有效厚度厚度的方法是,确定其硬度在厚度区域扩展附近的分布,用二次多项式逼近所得到的依赖关系,并求解由此得到的平方方程。该技术显著降低了金属的结构带的影响和测量硬度时不可避免的误差对重量测定结果的影响。它的应用将允许优化胶结制度的齿轮,以增加其使用寿命。
{"title":"Methodology for Determining the Effective Thickness of the Cemented Layer of Steel","authors":"S. G. Sandomirski, A. L. Val’ko, Sergej P. Rudenko, Сергей Сандомирский, А.Л. Валько, С.П. Руденко","doi":"10.21122/2220-9506-2023-14-2-145-151","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21122/2220-9506-2023-14-2-145-151","url":null,"abstract":"Highly loaded transmission gears are cemented and hardened. An important parameter of the hardened cemented layer is its effective thickness hef . Metal banding and the unavoidable instrumental error in hardness measuring have a great influence on the reliability of hef determination. The purpose of this article was to develop a methodology to improve the reliability of determining of the effective thickness hef of the hardened layer in steel after carburizing and quenching.The value of hef is the distance h from the surface of the product to the hardness zone of 50 HRC. The article substantiates that approximation of hardness change from the distance h to the product surface will allow to obtain a more reliable dependence of hardness change in the investigated area when making hardness measurements in a wider range of distance h. Therefore, to increase the reliability of hef determination, results of the HV0.5 hardness measurement in an extended range of changes in h in the vicinity of the analyzed zone were used. The HV0.5 measurement results are converted to HRC hardness values using the formula recommended by the international standard. The HRC(h) distribution of HRC hardness values in the measurement area is interpolated by a second-degree polynomial which physically correctly reflects the change in metal hardness in the analyzed area. The resulting polynomial is used to determine of the distance hef at which the hardness takes on a value of 50 HRC. The methodology was used to determine the hef of an 18KhGT steel gear wheel after carburizing and quenching. It is shown that results of two independent measurements of the hef sample differ from each other by 0.003 mm. This is significantly less than the permissible error of 0.02 mm of the hef determination according to the standard technique. The error of hef determination is reduced by extending the range of variation of h and statistically valid interpolation of the monotonic change in hardness with the distance from the surface of the item in the measurement area. The developed method of determining the effective thickness hef of the hardened steel layer consists in determining the distribution of its hardness in the expanded vicinity of the hef area, approximating the obtained dependence by a polynomial of the second degree and solving the square equation obtained with its use. The technique provides a significant reduction in the influence of the structural banding of the metal and the inevitable error in measuring hardness on the result of determining the hef . Its application will allow to optimize the cementation regimes of gear wheels to increase their service life.","PeriodicalId":41798,"journal":{"name":"Devices and Methods of Measurements","volume":"116 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2023-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87884449","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Surface Electric Potential Measurement with a Static Probe 用静态探头测量表面电势
IF 0.4 Q4 INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION Pub Date : 2023-08-10 DOI: 10.21122/2220-9506-2023-14-2-135-144
R. Vorobey, O. Gusev, A. Zharin, V. A. Mikitsevich, K. Pantsialeyeu, A. V. Samarina, A. Svistun, A. Tyavlovsky, K. Tyavlovsky
Surface electric potential measurements are widely used in non-destructive inspection and testing of precision surfaces, for example, in the production of semiconductor devices and integrated circuits. Features of the construction and application of devices for measuring the surface electric potential using an immovable reference electrode are considered. Despite the need to increase the area of the probe compared to devices with a vibrating probe, measurement techniques with an immovable probe have a number of advantages and could expand the scope of surface electric potential measurements in the inspection of samples with precise surfaces. Models of the formation of a measuring signal in the presence of a spatial inhomogeneity of surface electric potential are presented and discussed.
表面电位测量广泛应用于精密表面的无损检测和测试,例如半导体器件和集成电路的生产。考虑了使用不可移动参考电极测量表面电势的装置的结构和应用的特点。尽管与振动探头相比,需要增加探头的面积,但使用不可移动探头的测量技术具有许多优点,并且可以在具有精确表面的样品检测中扩大表面电位测量的范围。提出并讨论了表面电位存在空间不均匀性时测量信号形成的模型。
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引用次数: 0
Analysis of Electrical Machines’ State by Measuring the Interturn Resistance in Its Windings 测量电机绕组匝间电阻分析电机状态
IF 0.4 Q4 INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION Pub Date : 2023-08-10 DOI: 10.21122/2220-9506-2023-14-2-126-134
A. V. Isaev, U. V. Suchodolov, K. A. Lyubinsky, A. Golubovich
Diagnostic methods applied in the industry do not allow to control the state of electrical machines windings in working condition and to fix the defect formation in them at the early stages of development. The aim of the work was to develop a method and construct a device that allows measuring interturn resistances in the electrical machines’ windings without the need to remove it from the technological process, and thereby assess its current and future performance.A block diagram of a device for measuring of interturn resistances in the electrical machines’ windings has been developed, a method has been described, and an algorithm for carrying out diagnostic procedures has been developed. Also, as a result of the study, mathematical dependencies were determined that characterize the main operations performed by the device and a mathematical model was developed for obtaining of the interturn resistance value in the diagnosed windings from the value of the measured phase difference for the AIR63V4U3 asynchronous motor.The developed method and a device based on it allow measuring interturn resistances in the electrical machines’ windings without the need to remove it from the technological process and fix the beginning of defect formation, and, thereby, evaluate its current and future performance in real time. 
工业中应用的诊断方法不能控制电机绕组在工作状态下的状态,也不能在开发的早期阶段修复它们形成的缺陷。这项工作的目的是开发一种方法并构建一种设备,可以测量电机绕组中的匝间电阻,而无需将其从技术过程中移除,从而评估其当前和未来的性能。已经开发了用于测量电机绕组匝间电阻的装置的框图,描述了一种方法,并开发了用于执行诊断程序的算法。此外,作为研究的结果,确定了表征设备执行的主要操作的数学依赖关系,并建立了一个数学模型,用于从AIR63V4U3异步电动机的测量相位差值中获得诊断绕组中的匝间电阻值。所开发的方法和基于该方法的设备允许测量电机绕组中的匝间电阻,而无需将其从工艺过程中移除并确定缺陷形成的开始,从而实时评估其当前和未来的性能。
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引用次数: 0
X-ray Diffraction Method in the Study of a Metal Surface Stress State Under Static and Impact Deformation 静态和冲击变形下金属表面应力状态的x射线衍射研究
IF 0.4 Q4 INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION Pub Date : 2023-08-10 DOI: 10.21122/2220-9506-2023-14-2-115-125
A. Kren, M. Delendik, O. Matsulevich, O. Gusev, K. Pantsialeyeu, R. Vorobey
Study of the stress field in a plastic imprint and around it is of great practical importance. Processes similar to indentation are used in shot blasting to harden the surface of materials and generate compressive stresses in the surface layers. The purpose of this work was to study the change in the stress-strain state in the area of the plastic imprint with increasing load, in the transition from small to large deformations, as well as to study the change in stress at different strain rates.X-ray diffraction method was used to study the field of residual stresses generated on the surface of a plastically deformed region – in the zone of an imprint formed when a spherical indenter is pressed into the metal. An analysis of the change in the stress distribution with increasing load in the range of plastic imprint depths of 10–60 µm for steels and aluminum was made. Influence of the loading rate on the change in the values of residual stresses under normal contact of colliding bodies was studied. It is shown that the stress distribution has a complex character with areas of compression and tension of the metal and is determined by the ratio of the indentation depth to its diameter.The obtained experimental data make it possible to determine the choice of optimal modes of shot blasting, including for increasing the endurance limit of products.
研究塑料印痕内部及其周围的应力场具有重要的实际意义。在抛丸爆破中使用类似压痕的过程来硬化材料表面并在表层产生压应力。本工作的目的是研究塑料印痕区域应力-应变状态随载荷的增加、变形由小变形到大变形的变化,以及不同应变速率下的应力变化。采用x射线衍射法研究了球形压头压入金属后形成的压痕区塑性变形表面残余应力场。分析了钢和铝在10 ~ 60µm塑料压印深度范围内应力分布随载荷增加的变化规律。研究了加载速率对碰撞体法向接触残余应力变化的影响。结果表明,应力分布与金属的压缩面积和拉伸面积具有复杂的特征,并由压痕深度与压痕直径的比值决定。获得的实验数据使确定最佳抛丸方式的选择成为可能,包括提高产品的耐久极限。
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引用次数: 0
The Use of Fresnel Lenses in LED Sources of Local Illumination to Оptimize the Distribution of Illumination of the Working Plane 菲涅耳透镜在LED局部照明光源中的应用Оptimize工作平面的照明分布
IF 0.4 Q4 INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION Pub Date : 2023-08-09 DOI: 10.21122/2220-9506-2023-14-2-96-105
P. Bogdan, E. Zaytseva, I. A. Kovalenok, T. D. Tarasenko, E. V. Duboysky, Зайцева Е.Г Белорусский, П.С. Богдан, Е.Г. Зайцева, И.А. Ковалёнок, Т.Д. Тарасенко, Е.В. Дубойский
For widely used LED sources there is a sharp decrease in the illumination of the working plane from the center to the edge. The purpose of this study was to analyze the effectiveness of Fresnel lenses usage as a fairly simple and technological element to increase the uniformity of illumination created by LED lamps of local lighting.A method has been developed for calculating of the distribution of illumination created by the combination of “LED matrix – Fresnel lens” when the distance between the lens and the matrix is less than the focal length of the lens. Comparison of the calculation results and experiments for the case when the lens is located at a distance of 50 cm from the working plane indicates the correctness of the developed calculation method. This made it possible to use this technique to solve the problem of improved uniformity of illumination distribution in the working plane of local lighting LED sources.It was found that the change in the distance between the matrix and the lens in the range of 0.5–1.5 cm affects the maximum illumination and its uniformity to a lesser extent than the change in focal lengths in the range of 10–100 cm. Analytical dependences of the uniformity of the working surface illumination as a function of the Fresnel lens focal length and its distance to the LED matrix were obtained for three cases. In the first case one lens is used for the entire matrix while the axes of symmetry of the light intensity curves of LEDs are parallel to the axis of the lens. In the second case one lens is also used for the entire matrix, but the continuations of the axes of symmetry of the light intensity curves pass through the front focus of the lens. In the third one an individual Fresnel lens is used for each LED. It is established that for all three cases dependencies have almost the same character. Therefore, the choice of using one of these three options may be due to manufacturability, cost-effectiveness, thermal stability, and other considerations.Calculations using the above-mentioned analytical dependences made it possible to determine values of the parameters of the “LED matrix – Fresnel lens” system at which the indicators of illumination and uniformity meet the standards’ requirements.
对于广泛使用的LED光源,从中心到边缘的工作平面的照度急剧下降。本研究的目的是分析菲涅耳透镜作为一种相当简单和技术元素的使用的有效性,以增加局部照明的LED灯所产生的照明均匀性。本文提出了一种计算“LED矩阵-菲涅耳透镜”组合在透镜与矩阵之间的距离小于透镜焦距时所产生的照度分布的方法。计算结果与实验结果的对比表明,当透镜位于距工作平面50 cm处时,所建立的计算方法是正确的。这使得利用该技术解决局部照明LED光源工作平面内光照分布均匀性提高的问题成为可能。研究发现,在0.5 ~ 1.5 cm范围内,基质与透镜之间距离的变化对最大照度及其均匀性的影响小于10 ~ 100 cm范围内焦距的变化。在三种情况下,得到了工作表面照度均匀性随菲涅耳透镜焦距及其到LED矩阵距离的解析依赖关系。在第一种情况下,整个矩阵使用一个透镜,而led光强曲线的对称轴平行于透镜的轴线。在第二种情况下,一个透镜也用于整个矩阵,但光强曲线的对称轴的延续性通过透镜的前焦点。在第三种情况下,每个LED使用一个单独的菲涅耳透镜。可以确定的是,对于所有三种情况,依赖关系具有几乎相同的特征。因此,选择使用这三种选择之一可能是由于可制造性、成本效益、热稳定性和其他考虑因素。利用上述分析依赖关系的计算,可以确定“LED矩阵-菲涅耳透镜”系统的参数值,该系统的照度和均匀性指标符合标准要求。
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引用次数: 0
The Project of an Autonomous Microboat with a Laser Device for Estimation of Water Area Pollution by Microplastic 基于激光装置的微塑料污染水域自动评估微型船项目
IF 0.4 Q4 INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION Pub Date : 2023-08-09 DOI: 10.21122/2220-9506-2023-14-2-106-114
V. Alekseev, S. I. Yuran, M. R. Zaripov, V. Usoltsev
Water area pollution by microplastic particles smaller than 5 mm is a serious environmental problem. Usually, studies of water pollution are carried out by taking water samples with their further analysis in the laboratory. Therefore, study of the water areas for the presence of plastic with the identification of extensive pollution sites in real time is actual.The project of an autonomous unmanned research vehicle operating in water area and transferring the research data to the information processing center is discussed in the article. The device produces laser probing of the aquatic environment to detect polyethylene microparticles and to build maps of pollution sites in the studied water area.To implement the proposed project, the following tasks are solved:detection of plastic microparticles in the studied volume of the water environment where particle sizes are several orders of magnitude smaller than the studied water volume;identification of microparticles in presence of particles of other types of substances in the investigated water environment volume;estimation of the number particles’ in the studied water environmentA new approach which consists in creating an autonomous microboat that explores the water area along a route set from a control center located on the shore is proposed. The study involves the detection of microparticles in a certain volume of liquid flowing through a research tube installed in the bottom of the boat. There is a Schauberger tube in the central part of which particles are concentrated inside the tube. It makes possible to search for particles by laser probing with a wavelength about 3.5 μm, on which the peak absorption of light by polyethylene many times exceeds the water absorption.To ensure the energy efficiency of the microboat it is proposed to use a scheme for laser pulses combining using a fiber-optic delay line. This makes it possible to reduce the power consumption of the laser by almost an order of magnitude. The proposed project of the boat will make it possible to conduct studies of large water areas with the detection of plastic microparticles’ pollution sites. Examples of the used optical fiber, photodetector and laser source for the problem being solved are derived in the article.
小于5毫米的塑料微粒污染水域是一个严重的环境问题。通常,水污染的研究是通过采集水样并在实验室进行进一步分析来进行的。因此,对存在塑料的水域进行研究,并实时识别广泛的污染场所是现实的。本文讨论了自主无人研究车在水域作业并将研究数据传输到信息处理中心的方案。该设备对水生环境进行激光探测,以检测聚乙烯微粒,并在研究水域建立污染地点地图。为实施建议项目,解决了以下任务:在研究的水环境体积中检测塑料微粒,其中颗粒大小比研究的水体积小几个数量级;在研究的水环境体积中识别存在其他类型物质颗粒的微粒;估计研究的水环境中的微粒数量。一种新的方法包括创建一个自主的微型船来探索水域沿着从位于岸边的控制中心设置的路线被提议。这项研究包括检测一定体积的液体中的微粒,这些液体流经安装在船底的研究管。在中心部分有一个肖伯杰管,粒子集中在管内。在3.5 μm波长的激光探测中,聚乙烯对光的峰值吸收数倍于对水的峰值吸收,从而实现了对粒子的探测。为了保证微船的能量效率,提出了一种利用光纤延迟线进行激光脉冲组合的方案。这使得它有可能减少功率消耗的激光几乎一个数量级。该船的拟议项目将使通过检测塑料微粒污染地点对大水域进行研究成为可能。文中给出了所要解决的问题所使用的光纤、光电探测器和激光源的实例。
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Devices and Methods of Measurements
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