Pub Date : 2024-04-12DOI: 10.21122/2220-9506-2024-15-1-68-77
M. Belkov, K. Catsalap, M. A. Khodasevich, D. Korolko, A. V. Aseev
Express determination of the elemental composition of steels and iron-based alloys is an urgent problem. Laser induced breakdown spectroscopy can be applied for its decision. The disadvantage of single- and multivariate modeling the elemental composition of steels is the semi-quantitative accuracy of the models. The aim of the study was developing quantitative multivariate calibrations of the concentrations of a set of chemical elements sufficient to identify low-alloy steels using low-resolution emission spectra. The multivariate partial least squares method was used to create the calibrations. Reducing the effect of redundancy of wideband emission spectra on the results of quantitative analysis was achieved by searching combination moving window containing one spectral variable more than the optimal number of latent variables for the wideband multivariate model. Further improvement of calibration accuracy was achieved by using the adaptive iteratively reweighted penalized least squares algorithm for spectrum baseline correction. Based on the laser emission spectra of 65 reference samples of low-alloy steels registered in the wavelength range 172–507 nm with a spectral resolution of 0.5 nm and a step of 0.1 nm, the following calibration models were developed: for carbon concentration with a root mean square error 0.059 % in the range ≤ 0.8 %, for manganese – 0.02 % and 2.0 %, respectively, chromium – 0.009 % and 1.0 %, silicon – 0.021 % and 1.2 %, nickel – 0.04 % and 0.8 %, copper – 0.019 % and 0.5 %, vanadium and titanium – 0.005 % without range limitation. The obtained multivariate models are quantitative for eight elements. These models give the possibility to identify the grade of low-alloy steels in an express manner at the stages of production or recycling.
{"title":"Calibration of the Composition of Low-Alloy Steels by the Interval Partial Least Squares Using Low-Resolution Emission Spectra with Baseline Correction","authors":"M. Belkov, K. Catsalap, M. A. Khodasevich, D. Korolko, A. V. Aseev","doi":"10.21122/2220-9506-2024-15-1-68-77","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21122/2220-9506-2024-15-1-68-77","url":null,"abstract":"Express determination of the elemental composition of steels and iron-based alloys is an urgent problem. Laser induced breakdown spectroscopy can be applied for its decision. The disadvantage of single- and multivariate modeling the elemental composition of steels is the semi-quantitative accuracy of the models. The aim of the study was developing quantitative multivariate calibrations of the concentrations of a set of chemical elements sufficient to identify low-alloy steels using low-resolution emission spectra. The multivariate partial least squares method was used to create the calibrations. Reducing the effect of redundancy of wideband emission spectra on the results of quantitative analysis was achieved by searching combination moving window containing one spectral variable more than the optimal number of latent variables for the wideband multivariate model. Further improvement of calibration accuracy was achieved by using the adaptive iteratively reweighted penalized least squares algorithm for spectrum baseline correction. Based on the laser emission spectra of 65 reference samples of low-alloy steels registered in the wavelength range 172–507 nm with a spectral resolution of 0.5 nm and a step of 0.1 nm, the following calibration models were developed: for carbon concentration with a root mean square error 0.059 % in the range ≤ 0.8 %, for manganese – 0.02 % and 2.0 %, respectively, chromium – 0.009 % and 1.0 %, silicon – 0.021 % and 1.2 %, nickel – 0.04 % and 0.8 %, copper – 0.019 % and 0.5 %, vanadium and titanium – 0.005 % without range limitation. The obtained multivariate models are quantitative for eight elements. These models give the possibility to identify the grade of low-alloy steels in an express manner at the stages of production or recycling.","PeriodicalId":41798,"journal":{"name":"Devices and Methods of Measurements","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2024-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140709625","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-12DOI: 10.21122/2220-9506-2024-15-1-40-49
M. S. Stepanov, I. G. Koshlyakova
It is necessary to control temperature using thermoelectric sensors for steel products surface alloying in conditions of microarc heating. The using S-type thermocouples possibility has been substantiated, main factors affecting the measurement results have been established, and the the reproducibility index functional dependence on the measured temperature has been determined, as a result of previous studies. However, additional influencing factors that may affect to the heating process kinetics and the temperature measurements results were not taken into account. The purpose of the work was a steel temperature measurement results uncertainty generalized assessment during microarc heating, taking into account most complete influencing factors set. Influencing factors comprise: average coal powder particle size (X1), sample diameter (X2); chromium content in steel (X3 ). The measurement error was denoted Y. The dependence is obtained: Y = –4.032X1 – 0.095X2 + 0.0058X3 + 3.414. Thus, in the studied range of values, an increase in the powder particle and the samples diameter size leads to a decrease in the measurement error, and the chromium content increase leads to its increase. Therefore, the temperature measurement error during microarc heating can be reduced with decrease the sample heating rate, as well as with increase the heat transfer intensity from its surface to the material depth due to an increase the size, and, accordingly, the processed products mass. Next, the studied factors values distribution laws were evaluated. For X1 and X2, the normal distribution law is adopted, for X3 – uniform. Taking into account each factor's influence coefficients, and the total uncertainty estimate introduced assessment by them, a generalized uncertainty estimate was found: U = 1.1 °C. The microarc heating temperature measurement method quantitative assessment detailed of the accuracy makes it possible to take into account all significant influencing factors and their total measurement uncertainty contribution. The obtained temperature measurement's total uncertainty value from the three studied factors can be used as a priori information as a type B uncertainty during the microarc saturation process.
在微弧加热条件下进行钢铁产品表面合金化时，有必要使用热电传感器控制温度。之前的研究已经证实了使用 S 型热电偶的可能性，确定了影响测量结果的主要因素，并确定了重现性指数与测量温度的函数关系。然而，可能影响加热过程动力学和温度测量结果的其他影响因素并未考虑在内。这项工作的目的是对微弧加热过程中钢材温度测量结果的不确定性进行综合评估，同时考虑到最完整的影响因素集。影响因素包括：煤粉平均粒度 (X1)、试样直径 (X2)、钢中铬含量 (X3)。测量误差用 Y 表示：Y = -4.032x1 - 0.095x2 + 0.0058x3 + 3.414。因此，在所研究的数值范围内，粉末颗粒和样品直径尺寸的增加会导致测量误差的减小，而铬含量的增加会导致测量误差的增大。因此，微弧加热过程中的温度测量误差可以随着样品加热速率的降低而减小，也可以随着从表面到材料深度的热传导强度的增加而减小，这是因为尺寸增大，加工产品的质量也相应增大。接下来，对所研究的因子值分布规律进行了评估。X1 和 X2 采用正态分布规律，X3 采用均匀分布规律。考虑到每个因素的影响系数，以及由它们引入评估的总不确定度估计值，得出了一个通用的不确定度估计值：U = 1.1 °C。微弧加热温度测量方法的精确度定量评估详尽地考虑了所有重要的影响因素及其总测量不确定度。在微弧饱和过程中，从三个研究因素中获得的温度测量总不确定度值可作为 B 类不确定度的先验信息。
{"title":"Temperature Measuring Method Accuracy Evaluation in the Microarc Heating Process Based on Reproducibility and Uncertainty Indicators","authors":"M. S. Stepanov, I. G. Koshlyakova","doi":"10.21122/2220-9506-2024-15-1-40-49","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21122/2220-9506-2024-15-1-40-49","url":null,"abstract":"It is necessary to control temperature using thermoelectric sensors for steel products surface alloying in conditions of microarc heating. The using S-type thermocouples possibility has been substantiated, main factors affecting the measurement results have been established, and the the reproducibility index functional dependence on the measured temperature has been determined, as a result of previous studies. However, additional influencing factors that may affect to the heating process kinetics and the temperature measurements results were not taken into account. The purpose of the work was a steel temperature measurement results uncertainty generalized assessment during microarc heating, taking into account most complete influencing factors set. Influencing factors comprise: average coal powder particle size (X1), sample diameter (X2); chromium content in steel (X3 ). The measurement error was denoted Y. The dependence is obtained: Y = –4.032X1 – 0.095X2 + 0.0058X3 + 3.414. Thus, in the studied range of values, an increase in the powder particle and the samples diameter size leads to a decrease in the measurement error, and the chromium content increase leads to its increase. Therefore, the temperature measurement error during microarc heating can be reduced with decrease the sample heating rate, as well as with increase the heat transfer intensity from its surface to the material depth due to an increase the size, and, accordingly, the processed products mass. Next, the studied factors values distribution laws were evaluated. For X1 and X2, the normal distribution law is adopted, for X3 – uniform. Taking into account each factor's influence coefficients, and the total uncertainty estimate introduced assessment by them, a generalized uncertainty estimate was found: U = 1.1 °C. The microarc heating temperature measurement method quantitative assessment detailed of the accuracy makes it possible to take into account all significant influencing factors and their total measurement uncertainty contribution. The obtained temperature measurement's total uncertainty value from the three studied factors can be used as a priori information as a type B uncertainty during the microarc saturation process.","PeriodicalId":41798,"journal":{"name":"Devices and Methods of Measurements","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2024-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140711238","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-12DOI: 10.21122/2220-9506-2024-15-1-3039
V. Matveev, I. A. Behler, E. I. Ponitkov, M. Pogorelov
Video camera, are installed on platforms of gyroscopic stabilization systems in order to improve the quality of visual information and provide the required orientation of the optical axis. The goal of the work was to develop a mathematical description that allows evaluating accuracy of gyroscopic stabilization systems for a video camera on a moving object, built on micromechanical sensors for primary information. A biaxial system for gyroscopic stabilization of a video camera on a moving object is considered. A mathematical description of the channel of the stabilization system with control over angle and angular velocity is given. Measuring the angle of deviation of the platform from the horizontal plane and its angular velocity is provided by micromechanical accelerometers and gyroscopes, respectively. Physical nature of the synchronous errors' occurrence in the stabilization system during angular vibrations of a moving object is explained. An assessment of the synchronous error of the stabilization system when the object oscillates with a frequency of 30 Hz is given. An analytical relationship is presented for estimating of the stabilization system errors is caused by random errors of gyroscopes and accelerometers. It is shown that if the platform is stabilized only by gyroscope signals containing random errors such as white noise in the measurements, this will lead to the platform drifting with a standard deviation proportional to the square root of time. In this case, the constant disturbing moment is not processed. A mathematical description of the “blurring” of the video camera image during platform vibrations caused by random errors in inertial sensors is given. Effect of image blur for various platform oscillation parameters is illustrated.
{"title":"Methods for Assessing the Accuracy of Video Camera Gyroscopic Stabilization Systems on a Moving Object","authors":"V. Matveev, I. A. Behler, E. I. Ponitkov, M. Pogorelov","doi":"10.21122/2220-9506-2024-15-1-3039","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21122/2220-9506-2024-15-1-3039","url":null,"abstract":"Video camera, are installed on platforms of gyroscopic stabilization systems in order to improve the quality of visual information and provide the required orientation of the optical axis. The goal of the work was to develop a mathematical description that allows evaluating accuracy of gyroscopic stabilization systems for a video camera on a moving object, built on micromechanical sensors for primary information. A biaxial system for gyroscopic stabilization of a video camera on a moving object is considered. A mathematical description of the channel of the stabilization system with control over angle and angular velocity is given. Measuring the angle of deviation of the platform from the horizontal plane and its angular velocity is provided by micromechanical accelerometers and gyroscopes, respectively. Physical nature of the synchronous errors' occurrence in the stabilization system during angular vibrations of a moving object is explained. An assessment of the synchronous error of the stabilization system when the object oscillates with a frequency of 30 Hz is given. An analytical relationship is presented for estimating of the stabilization system errors is caused by random errors of gyroscopes and accelerometers. It is shown that if the platform is stabilized only by gyroscope signals containing random errors such as white noise in the measurements, this will lead to the platform drifting with a standard deviation proportional to the square root of time. In this case, the constant disturbing moment is not processed. A mathematical description of the “blurring” of the video camera image during platform vibrations caused by random errors in inertial sensors is given. Effect of image blur for various platform oscillation parameters is illustrated. ","PeriodicalId":41798,"journal":{"name":"Devices and Methods of Measurements","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2024-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140709698","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-12DOI: 10.21122/2220-9506-2024-15-1-7-17
G. Melnikova, D. V. Sapsaliou, T. Tolstaya, I. V. Korolkov, S. Chizhik, N. Zhumanazar, A. S. Baranova, M. V. Zdorovets
As a result of anthropogenic activities, the environment is polluted by heavy metals. The most important task is to find methods to control their content in water. Track-etched membranes (TeMs) can be relatively easily modified by nanometer layers of functional materials with using the Langmuir‒Blodgett technique, which makes it possible to specifically change the structural, selective properties of the membrane surface and obtain new materials with desired properties. The aim of the work was to develop flexible sensors for the analysis of lead ions in water based on poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) TeMs with perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA) nanolayers. Techniques for modifying TeMs based on PET with a monolayer coating based on PFDA by the Langmuir‒Blodgett method, and with two-layer coatings, formed by soaking PET TeMs/PFDA in xylenol orange solutions have been developed. The microstructure and local mechanical properties of the sensor surface were studied by atomic force microscopy, and the wettability and values of the specific surface energy of PET TeMs before and after modification were evaluated using the ''sessile'' drop method. Based on the measurement of electrochemical characteristics, it was found that PET TeMs/PFDA have a higher response of electrochemical characteristics compared to PET TeMs and PET TeMs/PFDA/XO. The limit of detection for lead ions in aqueous solutions at pH = 12 was of 0.652 µg/l within 5 measurements.
由于人类活动，环境受到重金属的污染。最重要的任务是找到控制水中重金属含量的方法。利用 Langmuir-Blodgett 技术，可以比较容易地通过纳米级功能材料层对跟踪蚀刻膜（TeMs）进行改性，从而有可能有针对性地改变膜表面的结构和选择性，并获得具有所需特性的新材料。这项工作的目的是利用带有全氟癸酸（PFDA）纳米层的聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯（PET）TeMs，开发用于分析水中铅离子的柔性传感器。研究人员开发了利用 Langmuir-Blodgett 法对基于 PET 的 TeM 进行改性的技术，包括基于 PFDA 的单层涂层，以及将 PET TeMs/PFDA 浸泡在二甲酚橙溶液中形成的双层涂层。利用原子力显微镜研究了传感器表面的微观结构和局部机械性能，并采用 "无梗 "液滴法评估了改性前后 PET TeMs 的润湿性和比表面能值。根据电化学特性的测量结果发现，与 PET TeMs 和 PET TeMs/PFDA/XO 相比，PET TeMs/PFDA 具有更高的电化学特性响应。在 5 次测量中，pH = 12 的水溶液中铅离子的检测限为 0.652 µg/l。
{"title":"Nanostructured Coatings Based on Langmuir–Blodgett Films of Perfluorodecanoic Acid for Flexible Sensors for the Analysis of Lead Ions in Water","authors":"G. Melnikova, D. V. Sapsaliou, T. Tolstaya, I. V. Korolkov, S. Chizhik, N. Zhumanazar, A. S. Baranova, M. V. Zdorovets","doi":"10.21122/2220-9506-2024-15-1-7-17","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21122/2220-9506-2024-15-1-7-17","url":null,"abstract":"As a result of anthropogenic activities, the environment is polluted by heavy metals. The most important task is to find methods to control their content in water. Track-etched membranes (TeMs) can be relatively easily modified by nanometer layers of functional materials with using the Langmuir‒Blodgett technique, which makes it possible to specifically change the structural, selective properties of the membrane surface and obtain new materials with desired properties. The aim of the work was to develop flexible sensors for the analysis of lead ions in water based on poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) TeMs with perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA) nanolayers. Techniques for modifying TeMs based on PET with a monolayer coating based on PFDA by the Langmuir‒Blodgett method, and with two-layer coatings, formed by soaking PET TeMs/PFDA in xylenol orange solutions have been developed. The microstructure and local mechanical properties of the sensor surface were studied by atomic force microscopy, and the wettability and values of the specific surface energy of PET TeMs before and after modification were evaluated using the ''sessile'' drop method. Based on the measurement of electrochemical characteristics, it was found that PET TeMs/PFDA have a higher response of electrochemical characteristics compared to PET TeMs and PET TeMs/PFDA/XO. The limit of detection for lead ions in aqueous solutions at pH = 12 was of 0.652 µg/l within 5 measurements.","PeriodicalId":41798,"journal":{"name":"Devices and Methods of Measurements","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2024-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140711569","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-12DOI: 10.21122/2220-9506-2023-14-4-296-307
T. Pratasenia, A. P. Kren
Innovative production technologies, such as additive synthesis, is inextricably linked with the development of methods for assessing the quality of manufactured products. At the initial stage of introducing of new production methods into various industries, the most studied and widely used control methods are usually used. In most cases these are standard destructive tests. As an alternative to standard tensile tests used to evaluate the elastic and strength properties of polymer products produced using SLA-technology, the dynamic indentation method is studed in this work. Using the samples of the high-temperature photopolymer resin High Temp RS-F2-HTAM-01, the possibility of optimizing 3D printing methods and post-processing modes based on dynamic indentation data is shown. It has been shown that non-pigmented photopolymers are most susceptible to embrittlement due to their ability to transmit UV radiation into the volume of the synthesized material. It was found that the embrittlement of a polymer material has a lesser effect on the result of measuring its dynamic hardness than on its tensile strength. It has been established that post-curing of polymer products at high temperatures (up to 160 °C) and UV radiation with a power of 39 W can increase their strength and elastic modulus by 170 % and 85 %, respectively, compared to the state before treatment. It has been proven that the sensitivity of the dynamic indentation method to changes in the physical and mechanical characteristics of products obtained using SLA-technology under various types and modes of their post-processing is comparable to the sensitivity of standard tensile tests.
添加剂合成等创新生产技术与制成品质量评估方法的发展密不可分。在将新生产方法引入各行各业的初期阶段，通常会使用研究最深入、使用最广泛的控制方法。在大多数情况下，这些都是标准的破坏性试验。作为评估使用 SLA 技术生产的聚合物产品的弹性和强度特性的标准拉伸试验的替代方法，本工作研究了动态压痕法。通过使用高温光聚合物树脂 High Temp RS-F2-HTAM-01 样品，显示了根据动态压痕数据优化 3D 打印方法和后处理模式的可能性。研究表明，非色素光聚合物最容易发生脆化，这是因为它们能够将紫外线辐射传输到合成材料的体积中。研究发现，与拉伸强度相比，聚合物材料的脆化对动态硬度测量结果的影响较小。研究证实，在高温（最高 160 ℃）和功率为 39 W 的紫外线辐射下对聚合物产品进行后固化，可使其强度和弹性模量分别比处理前提高 170 % 和 85 %。事实证明，动态压痕法对使用 SLA 技术生产的产品在各种类型和模式的后处理情况下物理和机械特性变化的灵敏度与标准拉伸试验的灵敏度相当。
{"title":"Optimal Printing and Post-Processing Modes of Polymer Products Manufactured Using SLA-Technology of Additive Мanufacturing","authors":"T. Pratasenia, A. P. Kren","doi":"10.21122/2220-9506-2023-14-4-296-307","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21122/2220-9506-2023-14-4-296-307","url":null,"abstract":"Innovative production technologies, such as additive synthesis, is inextricably linked with the development of methods for assessing the quality of manufactured products. At the initial stage of introducing of new production methods into various industries, the most studied and widely used control methods are usually used. In most cases these are standard destructive tests. As an alternative to standard tensile tests used to evaluate the elastic and strength properties of polymer products produced using SLA-technology, the dynamic indentation method is studed in this work. Using the samples of the high-temperature photopolymer resin High Temp RS-F2-HTAM-01, the possibility of optimizing 3D printing methods and post-processing modes based on dynamic indentation data is shown. It has been shown that non-pigmented photopolymers are most susceptible to embrittlement due to their ability to transmit UV radiation into the volume of the synthesized material. It was found that the embrittlement of a polymer material has a lesser effect on the result of measuring its dynamic hardness than on its tensile strength. It has been established that post-curing of polymer products at high temperatures (up to 160 °C) and UV radiation with a power of 39 W can increase their strength and elastic modulus by 170 % and 85 %, respectively, compared to the state before treatment. It has been proven that the sensitivity of the dynamic indentation method to changes in the physical and mechanical characteristics of products obtained using SLA-technology under various types and modes of their post-processing is comparable to the sensitivity of standard tensile tests. ","PeriodicalId":41798,"journal":{"name":"Devices and Methods of Measurements","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2023-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139009209","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-12DOI: 10.21122/2220-9506-2023-14-4-277-283
V. Lapitskaya, T. A. Kuznetsova, S. Chizhik
The influence of temperature in the range from 20 to 100 °C on the specific surface energy and fracture toughness of standard silicon wafers of three orientations (100), (110) and (111) was studied. Silicon wafers were heated on a special thermal platform with an autonomous heating controller, which was installed under the samples. At each temperature, the samples were kept for 10 min. The specific surface energy γ after exposure to temperature was determined by atomic force microscopy (AFM). Fracture toughness during and after exposure to temperature was determined by indentation followed by visualization of the deformation region using AFM. It has been established that the specific surface energy γ of Si wafers with orientation (100) and (111) increases with increasing temperature from 20 to 100 °C, and for orientation (110) it increases at temperatures from 20 to 80 °C, and then decreases. The diagonal length d of indentation marks, performed both during the heating process and after heating, decreases by increasing the temperature from 20 to 100 °C. The crack length c decreases on silicon wafers during indentation during heating from 20 to 100 °C, and after exposure to temperature, the length increases. When the plates are exposed to temperature, the fracture toughness KIC increases with increasing temperature: for orientation (100) – up to 1.61 ± 0.08 MPa·m1/2, for (110) – up to 1.60 ± 0.08 MPa·m1/2 and for (111) – up to 1.66 ± 0.04 MPa·m1/2. A direct correlation was established between KIC, measured during exposure to temperature, and an inverse correlation between KIC measured after exposure to temperature and specific surface energy for the (100) and (111) orientations. An inverse correlation was obtained by KIC at the (110) orientation when exposed to temperatures of 20–40 and 80–100 °C, and after exposure, a direct correlation was obtained. At 60 °C there is no correlation. The results obtained can be used to improve the mechanical properties of silicon wafers used in solar cells and microelectromechanical systems (operating at temperatures up to 100 °C).
{"title":"Influence of Temperature from 20 to 100 °C on Specific Surface Energy and Fracture Toughness of Silicon Wafers","authors":"V. Lapitskaya, T. A. Kuznetsova, S. Chizhik","doi":"10.21122/2220-9506-2023-14-4-277-283","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21122/2220-9506-2023-14-4-277-283","url":null,"abstract":"The influence of temperature in the range from 20 to 100 °C on the specific surface energy and fracture toughness of standard silicon wafers of three orientations (100), (110) and (111) was studied. Silicon wafers were heated on a special thermal platform with an autonomous heating controller, which was installed under the samples. At each temperature, the samples were kept for 10 min. The specific surface energy γ after exposure to temperature was determined by atomic force microscopy (AFM). Fracture toughness during and after exposure to temperature was determined by indentation followed by visualization of the deformation region using AFM. It has been established that the specific surface energy γ of Si wafers with orientation (100) and (111) increases with increasing temperature from 20 to 100 °C, and for orientation (110) it increases at temperatures from 20 to 80 °C, and then decreases. The diagonal length d of indentation marks, performed both during the heating process and after heating, decreases by increasing the temperature from 20 to 100 °C. The crack length c decreases on silicon wafers during indentation during heating from 20 to 100 °C, and after exposure to temperature, the length increases. When the plates are exposed to temperature, the fracture toughness KIC increases with increasing temperature: for orientation (100) – up to 1.61 ± 0.08 MPa·m1/2, for (110) – up to 1.60 ± 0.08 MPa·m1/2 and for (111) – up to 1.66 ± 0.04 MPa·m1/2. A direct correlation was established between KIC, measured during exposure to temperature, and an inverse correlation between KIC measured after exposure to temperature and specific surface energy for the (100) and (111) orientations. An inverse correlation was obtained by KIC at the (110) orientation when exposed to temperatures of 20–40 and 80–100 °C, and after exposure, a direct correlation was obtained. At 60 °C there is no correlation. The results obtained can be used to improve the mechanical properties of silicon wafers used in solar cells and microelectromechanical systems (operating at temperatures up to 100 °C).","PeriodicalId":41798,"journal":{"name":"Devices and Methods of Measurements","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2023-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139009303","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-12DOI: 10.21122/2220-9506-2023-14-4-268-276
K. V. Yumashev, V. I. Goman, L. K. Pavlovski, A. V. Hertsova, A. Malyarevich
Results of use of the laser beam deflection technique for determination of thermo-optic coefficients (TOCs) of the Er3+-doped gadolinium-yttrium oxyorthosilicate crystal (Er3+:(GdY) SiO– Er:GYSO) are presented. A 0.1 at.% Er-doped gadolinium-yttrium oxyorthosilicate crystal was grown by the Czochralski method under nitrogen atmosphere. Raw materials such as Er2O3, Gd2O3, Y2O3, and SiO2 were weighed according to the formula (Er0.001Gd0.8995Y0.0995)2SiO5. Optical properties of the biaxial Er:GYSO crystal are described within the frame of the optical indicatrix with orthogonal principal axes Np , Nm , and Ng . To characterize the anisotropy of the TOCs a sample from the grown Er:GYSO crystal was prepared in a shape of a rectangular parallelepiped with dimensions of 7.0 (Np ) × 8.0 (Nm ) × 8.5 (Ng ) mm3. Each face of the sample is perpendicular to one of the optical indicatrix axes Np , Nm and Ng . For determination of the TOCs the laser beam deflection technique for a material with a linear temperature gradient is used. Measurements are performed at the wavelength of 632.8 nm. The thermal coefficient of the optical path (TCOP) for the Er:GYSO crystal measured at the wavelength of 632.8 nm at different light polarization E and propagation direction k were obtained. The TCOP values are positive for all directions of the light propagation k // Np , Nm , Ng . This means that the sign of the thermal lens which is directly related to the TCOP value will also be positive, and the positive thermal lens is then expected for Np Nm-, and Ng -cut Er:GYSO. Applying an analysis of the thermal lensing the dn /dT value for Yb:GYSO is estimated to be 6.5×10–6 K–1.
本文介绍了利用激光束偏转技术测定掺铒钆钇氧正硅酸盐晶体（Er3+:(GdY) SiO- Er:GYSO）热光学系数（TOC）的结果。在氮气环境下，采用 Czochralski 法生长出了 0.1 at.% Er 掺杂钆钇氧正硅酸盐晶体。按照 (Er0.001Gd0.8995Y0.0995)2SiO5 的公式称量了 Er2O3、Gd2O3、Y2O3 和 SiO2 等原材料。双轴 Er:GYSO 晶体的光学特性是在具有正交主轴 Np、Nm 和 Ng 的光学指示矩阵框架内描述的。为了描述 TOC 的各向异性，我们从生长的 Er:GYSO 晶体中制备了一个矩形平行四边形样品，尺寸为 7.0 (Np ) × 8.0 (Nm ) × 8.5 (Ng ) mm3。样品的每个面都垂直于 Np、Nm 和 Ng 中的一个光学指示轴。在测定总有机碳时，使用的是线性温度梯度材料的激光束偏转技术。测量波长为 632.8 纳米。在不同的光偏振 E 和传播方向 k 下，在 632.8 纳米波长处测量 Er:GYSO 晶体的光路热系数（TCOP）。所有光传播方向 k // Np , Nm , Ng 的 TCOP 值均为正值。这意味着与 TCOP 值直接相关的热透镜的符号也将是正的，因此预计 Np Nm 和 Ng 切割的 Er:GYSO 都会产生正的热透镜。根据热透镜分析，Yb:GYSO 的 dn /dT 值估计为 6.5×10-6 K-1。
{"title":"Use of the Laser Beam Deflection Technique for Thermo-Optic Coefficients Study in Gadolinium-Yttrium Oxyorthosilicate Doped with Erbium Ions","authors":"K. V. Yumashev, V. I. Goman, L. K. Pavlovski, A. V. Hertsova, A. Malyarevich","doi":"10.21122/2220-9506-2023-14-4-268-276","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21122/2220-9506-2023-14-4-268-276","url":null,"abstract":"Results of use of the laser beam deflection technique for determination of thermo-optic coefficients (TOCs) of the Er3+-doped gadolinium-yttrium oxyorthosilicate crystal (Er3+:(GdY) SiO– Er:GYSO) are presented. A 0.1 at.% Er-doped gadolinium-yttrium oxyorthosilicate crystal was grown by the Czochralski method under nitrogen atmosphere. Raw materials such as Er2O3, Gd2O3, Y2O3, and SiO2 were weighed according to the formula (Er0.001Gd0.8995Y0.0995)2SiO5. Optical properties of the biaxial Er:GYSO crystal are described within the frame of the optical indicatrix with orthogonal principal axes Np , Nm , and Ng . To characterize the anisotropy of the TOCs a sample from the grown Er:GYSO crystal was prepared in a shape of a rectangular parallelepiped with dimensions of 7.0 (Np ) × 8.0 (Nm ) × 8.5 (Ng ) mm3. Each face of the sample is perpendicular to one of the optical indicatrix axes Np , Nm and Ng . For determination of the TOCs the laser beam deflection technique for a material with a linear temperature gradient is used. Measurements are performed at the wavelength of 632.8 nm. The thermal coefficient of the optical path (TCOP) for the Er:GYSO crystal measured at the wavelength of 632.8 nm at different light polarization E and propagation direction k were obtained. The TCOP values are positive for all directions of the light propagation k // Np , Nm , Ng . This means that the sign of the thermal lens which is directly related to the TCOP value will also be positive, and the positive thermal lens is then expected for Np Nm-, and Ng -cut Er:GYSO. Applying an analysis of the thermal lensing the dn /dT value for Yb:GYSO is estimated to be 6.5×10–6 K–1. ","PeriodicalId":41798,"journal":{"name":"Devices and Methods of Measurements","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2023-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139007001","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-12DOI: 10.21122/2220-9506-2023-14-4-251-267
S. F. Egorov
Development of rifle electronic simulators (i.e. for hand weapons and not using ammunition) is an important task, since the production of any type of small arms according to regulatory documents also requires the production of a simulator to instill aiming and firing skills. A family of electronic shooting simulators "STrIzh" of four levels of implementation: initial, basic, professional and special is described. Structural diagrams of different configurations are given, functional purpose and capabilities of each level of simulators are shown. The initial level allows independent assemble the simulator from publicly available elements (laptop, webcam, weapon layouts, IR LEDs), which can contribute to widespread use both in schools and at home, but is low in accuracy and manufacturabili (requires daily calibration). The basic level also allows independent assemble the simulator, and less publicly available elements (laptop, projector, mockup weapons, laser emitters, FHD camera), which allows to be used both in schools and in DOSAAF structures, and has acceptable accuracy and manufacturability (a weekly calibration is enough, but assembling a mock-up weapon with laser emitters requires adjustments). It is recommended to limit the special level to virtual reality simulators, including a helmet with a smartphone and a mockup of a weapon with its smartphone which also contributes to its public availability and widespread use. The simulator software algorithm should fully support all implementation levels with different configurations and include a multimedia shooting training system. Mathematical models of external ballistics of thrown equipment for Kalashnikov assault rifle, Makarov pistol, hand-held anti-tank grenade launcher 7 products are described in detail, taking into account changes in atmospheric factors (temperature, air pressure, wind force) and dispersion of various types of ammunition. The above review of rifle simulators and their experience revealed the main trends of improvement – use of virtual reality and training not only direct shooting skills, but also training in the eligibility of the use of weapons, safe handling of them and even tactical interaction in the group.
{"title":"Electronic Shooting Simulator Family \"STrIzh\": Implementation Levels and Free Software Structure","authors":"S. F. Egorov","doi":"10.21122/2220-9506-2023-14-4-251-267","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21122/2220-9506-2023-14-4-251-267","url":null,"abstract":"Development of rifle electronic simulators (i.e. for hand weapons and not using ammunition) is an important task, since the production of any type of small arms according to regulatory documents also requires the production of a simulator to instill aiming and firing skills. A family of electronic shooting simulators \"STrIzh\" of four levels of implementation: initial, basic, professional and special is described. Structural diagrams of different configurations are given, functional purpose and capabilities of each level of simulators are shown. The initial level allows independent assemble the simulator from publicly available elements (laptop, webcam, weapon layouts, IR LEDs), which can contribute to widespread use both in schools and at home, but is low in accuracy and manufacturabili (requires daily calibration). The basic level also allows independent assemble the simulator, and less publicly available elements (laptop, projector, mockup weapons, laser emitters, FHD camera), which allows to be used both in schools and in DOSAAF structures, and has acceptable accuracy and manufacturability (a weekly calibration is enough, but assembling a mock-up weapon with laser emitters requires adjustments). It is recommended to limit the special level to virtual reality simulators, including a helmet with a smartphone and a mockup of a weapon with its smartphone which also contributes to its public availability and widespread use. The simulator software algorithm should fully support all implementation levels with different configurations and include a multimedia shooting training system. Mathematical models of external ballistics of thrown equipment for Kalashnikov assault rifle, Makarov pistol, hand-held anti-tank grenade launcher 7 products are described in detail, taking into account changes in atmospheric factors (temperature, air pressure, wind force) and dispersion of various types of ammunition. The above review of rifle simulators and their experience revealed the main trends of improvement – use of virtual reality and training not only direct shooting skills, but also training in the eligibility of the use of weapons, safe handling of them and even tactical interaction in the group. ","PeriodicalId":41798,"journal":{"name":"Devices and Methods of Measurements","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2023-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139008053","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-12DOI: 10.21122/2220-9506-2023-14-4-284-295
O. Reutskaya, S. V. Denisuk, A. M. Kudanovich, N. I. Mukhurov, I. A. Taratyn, V. G. Luhin
Monitoring of air pollutions is one of actual trends in the development of industrial and domestic instrumentation. There are sets of tasks for improving gas analytical instruments because of increasing demand for control of a concentration of explosive and toxic gases on a level with maximum allowable concentration. The aim of the paper was to investigate the methods of formation and elemental composition of indium oxide films modified with tin oxide on the surface of gas sensor elements as one of the promising compounds for improving the detection efficiency of explosive and toxic gases in the environment. The processes of formation of gas-sensitive films deposited on the surface of nichrome alloy information electrodes were studied in this article. Substrates of anodic aluminum oxide with area of 10 × 10 mm2 and a thickness of 45 ± 0,5 μm were chosen for research. Two layers on the surface of the samples were formed. The first layer was formed from NiCr alloy (Ni – 80 %, Cr – 20 %) with a thickness of ≈ 0.3 μm by ion-plasma sputtering. The second layer was based on indium oxide with addition of tin oxide with thicknesses from ≈ 0.3 μm to ≈ 1.0 µm and coated with sol-gel technology. Five samples of gas-sensitive films were formed with different methods of deposition and heat treatment. Scanning electron microscopy was used for study of films’ morphology and elemental compositions of samples. The most perfect continuous semiconductor films were obtained by multilayer applying of a sol-gel paste. When semiconductor films were processed at annealing temperatures of 700 °C and higher in vacuum so there was observed cracking of semiconductor films up to a layer of NiCr alloy. The developed surface of gas-sensitive films allows to reach high sensitivity and affectivity of semiconductor sensors for control of air gas composition.
{"title":"Tin Oxide Modification of Indium Oxide Gas Sensitive Layers to Increase Efficiency of Gas Sensors","authors":"O. Reutskaya, S. V. Denisuk, A. M. Kudanovich, N. I. Mukhurov, I. A. Taratyn, V. G. Luhin","doi":"10.21122/2220-9506-2023-14-4-284-295","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21122/2220-9506-2023-14-4-284-295","url":null,"abstract":"Monitoring of air pollutions is one of actual trends in the development of industrial and domestic instrumentation. There are sets of tasks for improving gas analytical instruments because of increasing demand for control of a concentration of explosive and toxic gases on a level with maximum allowable concentration. The aim of the paper was to investigate the methods of formation and elemental composition of indium oxide films modified with tin oxide on the surface of gas sensor elements as one of the promising compounds for improving the detection efficiency of explosive and toxic gases in the environment. The processes of formation of gas-sensitive films deposited on the surface of nichrome alloy information electrodes were studied in this article. Substrates of anodic aluminum oxide with area of 10 × 10 mm2 and a thickness of 45 ± 0,5 μm were chosen for research. Two layers on the surface of the samples were formed. The first layer was formed from NiCr alloy (Ni – 80 %, Cr – 20 %) with a thickness of ≈ 0.3 μm by ion-plasma sputtering. The second layer was based on indium oxide with addition of tin oxide with thicknesses from ≈ 0.3 μm to ≈ 1.0 µm and coated with sol-gel technology. Five samples of gas-sensitive films were formed with different methods of deposition and heat treatment. Scanning electron microscopy was used for study of films’ morphology and elemental compositions of samples. The most perfect continuous semiconductor films were obtained by multilayer applying of a sol-gel paste. When semiconductor films were processed at annealing temperatures of 700 °C and higher in vacuum so there was observed cracking of semiconductor films up to a layer of NiCr alloy. The developed surface of gas-sensitive films allows to reach high sensitivity and affectivity of semiconductor sensors for control of air gas composition.","PeriodicalId":41798,"journal":{"name":"Devices and Methods of Measurements","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2023-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139009512","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-11DOI: 10.21122/2220-9506-2023-14-4-242-250
T. A. Bokova, A. G. Meluzov, N. S. Volkov, A. Marov, A. V. Lviv
The topic of research stands on heavy liquid metal coolants is currently undergoing a rebirth. Experimental stands have been built, for example, LILLA SCK CEN (Center for Nuclear Research in Belgium, Mol). This is one of the most famous stands that uses heavy liquid metal heat carriers. But a sufficiently complete description of the equipment line-up and the application of specific solutions for monitoring and maintaining the operability of the stands at the heavy liquid metal coolants is not published in the open press. Most likely, this is due to the specifics of research where there is a sufficient amount of secrecy. The aim of the work was to conduct a comprehensive review of various equipment use in this field. This will make it possible to plan more efficient composition of new research stands at heavy liquid metal coolants and avoid unnecessary mistakes when operating them. Heavy liquid metal heat carriers of nuclear power plants such as lead, eutectic lead-bismuth alloy, lead-lithium, gallium alloys differ significantly in their physicochemical properties from traditional and well-studied, widely used water, sodium, as well as liquid salt heat carriers, potassium, gases (helium, etc.).
{"title":"Operational Characteristics of Research and Test Benches and Installations with Heavy Liquid Metal Heat Carriers","authors":"T. A. Bokova, A. G. Meluzov, N. S. Volkov, A. Marov, A. V. Lviv","doi":"10.21122/2220-9506-2023-14-4-242-250","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21122/2220-9506-2023-14-4-242-250","url":null,"abstract":"The topic of research stands on heavy liquid metal coolants is currently undergoing a rebirth. Experimental stands have been built, for example, LILLA SCK CEN (Center for Nuclear Research in Belgium, Mol). This is one of the most famous stands that uses heavy liquid metal heat carriers. But a sufficiently complete description of the equipment line-up and the application of specific solutions for monitoring and maintaining the operability of the stands at the heavy liquid metal coolants is not published in the open press. Most likely, this is due to the specifics of research where there is a sufficient amount of secrecy. The aim of the work was to conduct a comprehensive review of various equipment use in this field. This will make it possible to plan more efficient composition of new research stands at heavy liquid metal coolants and avoid unnecessary mistakes when operating them. Heavy liquid metal heat carriers of nuclear power plants such as lead, eutectic lead-bismuth alloy, lead-lithium, gallium alloys differ significantly in their physicochemical properties from traditional and well-studied, widely used water, sodium, as well as liquid salt heat carriers, potassium, gases (helium, etc.).","PeriodicalId":41798,"journal":{"name":"Devices and Methods of Measurements","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2023-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138981468","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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