Pub Date : 2023-02-06DOI: 10.1163/15700577-20221410
O. Shelekhan
The article examines Scythian long knives that are similar in length to double-edged daggers. Critically analysing the hypothesis which interprets these items as weapons, it shows that the difference between a fighting knife and utilitarian knife consists not in their measurements, but in their constructive features. In particular, long knives have much slimmer proportions, unlike daggers. They have neither cross guards nor pommels. This study is concerned with both flat full-metal knives and knives with a short tang. Considering those knives with a partial tang, even the longest ones looks less durable when compared with samples truly designed for combat, as the construction was not intended for heavy strikes. As a result, only full-metal specimens with organic plates on the hilt are here interpreted as weapons. They are similar to those finds from the Northern Balkan region and their morphological features allow us to consider them to be much like daggers. One can suppose that some of the long knives could have been used in ritual proceedings, during feasts or sacrificial offerings. In some cases, it is also possible to consider long knives as a symbolic alternative to the weapon in the burial inventory. At the same time, it is clear that long knives were in use mostly as utilitarian tools. The difference in morphology between the Archaic and Classical knives shows the variation in the culture of these two periods of the Scythian culture. The spread of the long knives across the Steppe and Forest-Steppe areas also indicates the cultural connections between these regions.
{"title":"Long Knives of the Scythian Culture: Tool or Weapon?","authors":"O. Shelekhan","doi":"10.1163/15700577-20221410","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15700577-20221410","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000The article examines Scythian long knives that are similar in length to double-edged daggers. Critically analysing the hypothesis which interprets these items as weapons, it shows that the difference between a fighting knife and utilitarian knife consists not in their measurements, but in their constructive features.\u0000In particular, long knives have much slimmer proportions, unlike daggers. They have neither cross guards nor pommels. This study is concerned with both flat full-metal knives and knives with a short tang. Considering those knives with a partial tang, even the longest ones looks less durable when compared with samples truly designed for combat, as the construction was not intended for heavy strikes. As a result, only full-metal specimens with organic plates on the hilt are here interpreted as weapons. They are similar to those finds from the Northern Balkan region and their morphological features allow us to consider them to be much like daggers.\u0000One can suppose that some of the long knives could have been used in ritual proceedings, during feasts or sacrificial offerings. In some cases, it is also possible to consider long knives as a symbolic alternative to the weapon in the burial inventory. At the same time, it is clear that long knives were in use mostly as utilitarian tools.\u0000The difference in morphology between the Archaic and Classical knives shows the variation in the culture of these two periods of the Scythian culture. The spread of the long knives across the Steppe and Forest-Steppe areas also indicates the cultural connections between these regions.","PeriodicalId":41854,"journal":{"name":"Ancient Civilizations from Scythia to Siberia","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2023-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45530318","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-02-06DOI: 10.1163/15700577-20221409
G. Garbuzov, Irina V. Tolochko
Two ancient roads have been revealed with the help of remote sensing data near Tanais, ancient Greek city in Southern Russia. These roads belong to the class of hollow ways which are often found in the vicinities of Greek settlements in the Northern Black Sea region. Very alike hollow ways were discovered in space photographs around the Bronze Age settlements in Upper Mesopotamia. It is assumed that the mechanisms for the formation of such roads both in the Northern Black Sea region and in Upper Mesopotamia are similar. The development of hollow ways is mainly associated with certain environmental conditions and a special economic model.
{"title":"Hollow Ways near Tanais","authors":"G. Garbuzov, Irina V. Tolochko","doi":"10.1163/15700577-20221409","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15700577-20221409","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Two ancient roads have been revealed with the help of remote sensing data near Tanais, ancient Greek city in Southern Russia. These roads belong to the class of hollow ways which are often found in the vicinities of Greek settlements in the Northern Black Sea region. Very alike hollow ways were discovered in space photographs around the Bronze Age settlements in Upper Mesopotamia. It is assumed that the mechanisms for the formation of such roads both in the Northern Black Sea region and in Upper Mesopotamia are similar. The development of hollow ways is mainly associated with certain environmental conditions and a special economic model.","PeriodicalId":41854,"journal":{"name":"Ancient Civilizations from Scythia to Siberia","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2023-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47001012","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-02-06DOI: 10.1163/15700577-20221412
A. Kazakov, O. Kazakova
The Great Migration period is closely connected with the culture of ancient multi- ethnic society known as the Huns. Although the Hunnic archaeology is well developed, there are still many issues to be solved. One of them is where was the eastern border of the Hunnic culture marking the areas of their influence. The article tries to answer the question and presents materials, which at present are the most eastern finds of polychrome style objects that became markers for the Huns’ burials. They were found on the Eras’ka River burial in the Kalmanskii District of the Altai Territory, Russia. The authors consider technological methods used by craftsmen in the Great Migration period for making polychrome style jewelry.
{"title":"Huns in the East: The Polychrome Style","authors":"A. Kazakov, O. Kazakova","doi":"10.1163/15700577-20221412","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15700577-20221412","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000The Great Migration period is closely connected with the culture of ancient multi- ethnic society known as the Huns. Although the Hunnic archaeology is well developed, there are still many issues to be solved. One of them is where was the eastern border of the Hunnic culture marking the areas of their influence. The article tries to answer the question and presents materials, which at present are the most eastern finds of polychrome style objects that became markers for the Huns’ burials. They were found on the Eras’ka River burial in the Kalmanskii District of the Altai Territory, Russia. The authors consider technological methods used by craftsmen in the Great Migration period for making polychrome style jewelry.","PeriodicalId":41854,"journal":{"name":"Ancient Civilizations from Scythia to Siberia","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2023-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49258179","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-02-06DOI: 10.1163/15700577-20221406
Alla V. Buiskikh, J. Fornasier
This article is devoted to the urban space of Pontic Olbia – to the growth of its territory, and the emergence of its early defensive system consisting of earthworks with moats, which had surrounded the city as early as the Late Archaic period. Conclusions are drawn about the role of the settlement structure in the western part of the city, which had earlier been interpreted as Herodotus’ proasteion, but which – in the light of discoveries made by a Ukrainian-German research project – has been recognised as an integral part of the city. The chronology of the mud-brick and stone fortifications erected no later than in the middle of the 4th century BC, before Olbia was besieged by Zopyrion in 331 BC, has been amended. This work has made it possible to propose a new diagram for Olbia’s spatial development in the Late Archaic and Classical periods.
{"title":"The City Versus Its Suburb: The Spatial Development of Pontic Olbia","authors":"Alla V. Buiskikh, J. Fornasier","doi":"10.1163/15700577-20221406","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15700577-20221406","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000This article is devoted to the urban space of Pontic Olbia – to the growth of its territory, and the emergence of its early defensive system consisting of earthworks with moats, which had surrounded the city as early as the Late Archaic period. Conclusions are drawn about the role of the settlement structure in the western part of the city, which had earlier been interpreted as Herodotus’ proasteion, but which – in the light of discoveries made by a Ukrainian-German research project – has been recognised as an integral part of the city. The chronology of the mud-brick and stone fortifications erected no later than in the middle of the 4th century BC, before Olbia was besieged by Zopyrion in 331 BC, has been amended. This work has made it possible to propose a new diagram for Olbia’s spatial development in the Late Archaic and Classical periods.","PeriodicalId":41854,"journal":{"name":"Ancient Civilizations from Scythia to Siberia","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2023-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42223632","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-02-06DOI: 10.1163/15700577-20221413
N. Boroffka
{"title":"Archaeological Gazetteer of Afghanistan. Revised edition, written by Warwick BallThe archaeology of Afghanistan. From the earliest times to the Timurid Period, edited by Warwick Ball and Norman Hammond","authors":"N. Boroffka","doi":"10.1163/15700577-20221413","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15700577-20221413","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":41854,"journal":{"name":"Ancient Civilizations from Scythia to Siberia","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2023-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44303285","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-02-06DOI: 10.1163/15700577-20221411
M. Treister, I. Ravich
The paper discusses the find of a Chinese mirror with T-shaped hieroglyphs, dated to the last third of the 5th–the first half of the 4th century BC and originating from a nomadic burial in the Southern Urals. This is not only the oldest find of a mirror of this type outside China, but also the most western find of a mirror of the Warring States Period in Eurasia. The chemical and technological characteristics of the mirror, studied with the help of scanning electron microscopy and metallography, demonstrate that they are close to the data given in the publications of mirrors from China and thus give no grounds for doubting the origin of the mirror.
{"title":"The Most Western Find of a Chinese Mirror with T-shaped Hieroglyphs in Eurasia","authors":"M. Treister, I. Ravich","doi":"10.1163/15700577-20221411","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15700577-20221411","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000The paper discusses the find of a Chinese mirror with T-shaped hieroglyphs, dated to the last third of the 5th–the first half of the 4th century BC and originating from a nomadic burial in the Southern Urals. This is not only the oldest find of a mirror of this type outside China, but also the most western find of a mirror of the Warring States Period in Eurasia. The chemical and technological characteristics of the mirror, studied with the help of scanning electron microscopy and metallography, demonstrate that they are close to the data given in the publications of mirrors from China and thus give no grounds for doubting the origin of the mirror.","PeriodicalId":41854,"journal":{"name":"Ancient Civilizations from Scythia to Siberia","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2023-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46545590","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-02-06DOI: 10.1163/15700577-20221408
Alfred Twardecki, Y. Yanish
The authors present an analysis of the bone material obtained during the excavations of the Polish-Ukrainian archaeological mission in Olbia in 2016–2018. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of the chronologically homogeneous deposit of about 6,000 bones, which are mostly raw materials or semi-finished products and rarely the final products for a workshop producing bone tools. This analysis allows for the determination of the meat part of the diet of Olbia inhabitants at the turn of the 4th and 5th centuries, as well as assumptions related to the climate prevailing in Olbia at that time.
{"title":"Preliminary Results of Analysis of Osteological Material from the Polish-Ukrainian Excavations in Olbia (2016–2018)","authors":"Alfred Twardecki, Y. Yanish","doi":"10.1163/15700577-20221408","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15700577-20221408","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000The authors present an analysis of the bone material obtained during the excavations of the Polish-Ukrainian archaeological mission in Olbia in 2016–2018. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of the chronologically homogeneous deposit of about 6,000 bones, which are mostly raw materials or semi-finished products and rarely the final products for a workshop producing bone tools. This analysis allows for the determination of the meat part of the diet of Olbia inhabitants at the turn of the 4th and 5th centuries, as well as assumptions related to the climate prevailing in Olbia at that time.","PeriodicalId":41854,"journal":{"name":"Ancient Civilizations from Scythia to Siberia","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2023-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43290136","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-19DOI: 10.1163/15700577-20221401
M. Treister
This article concerns a gold pectoral found in burial No. 1/1984 in Kosika in the Lower Volga area. The destroyed burial was dated by us to the third quarter of the 1st century BC. Based on visual examination of the pectoral in 2015, an attempt is made to re-establish its history: to determine when it was created – no later than the first half of the 5th century BC – and when it was repaired and re-worked at the end of the 5th century or during the first third of the 4th century BC and also to explain how this unique object of Scythian culture of the North Pontic area, insignia of royal power and one of the earliest works depicting scenes of animal combat, appearing at the very beginning of the Graeco-Scythian style in toreutics, found its way into a far later burial (at least 300 years after it had been re-worked), that of a representative of the highest Sarmatian élite.
{"title":"The Pectoral from Kosika and the Origin of the Scenes of Animal Combat in Graeco-Scythian Goldwork","authors":"M. Treister","doi":"10.1163/15700577-20221401","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15700577-20221401","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This article concerns a gold pectoral found in burial No. 1/1984 in Kosika in the Lower Volga area. The destroyed burial was dated by us to the third quarter of the 1st century BC. Based on visual examination of the pectoral in 2015, an attempt is made to re-establish its history: to determine when it was created – no later than the first half of the 5th century BC – and when it was repaired and re-worked at the end of the 5th century or during the first third of the 4th century BC and also to explain how this unique object of Scythian culture of the North Pontic area, insignia of royal power and one of the earliest works depicting scenes of animal combat, appearing at the very beginning of the Graeco-Scythian style in toreutics, found its way into a far later burial (at least 300 years after it had been re-worked), that of a representative of the highest Sarmatian élite.","PeriodicalId":41854,"journal":{"name":"Ancient Civilizations from Scythia to Siberia","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2022-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46966675","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-19DOI: 10.1163/15700577-20221399
Alla V. Buiskikh, A. Naso
Three Etruscan bucchero kantharoi have recently been found in the North Pontic settlements at modern-day Berezan island (ancient Borysthenes), and Taganrog (ancient Kremnoi), both Milesian foundations of the 7th century BC. Both centres yielded several vessels of Greek pottery dated from the early 7th century onwards. As the only finds of Etruscan bucchero in the Northern Black Sea area, the kantharoi are noteworthy. Miletus founded several colonies in the Black Sea and yielded the largest collection of Etruscan bucchero pottery in the eastern Mediterranean, suggesting it may have played the role of a distribution centre for these goods to the North Pontic area.
{"title":"Etruscan Bucchero Pottery in the Northern Black Sea Littoral","authors":"Alla V. Buiskikh, A. Naso","doi":"10.1163/15700577-20221399","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15700577-20221399","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Three Etruscan bucchero kantharoi have recently been found in the North Pontic settlements at modern-day Berezan island (ancient Borysthenes), and Taganrog (ancient Kremnoi), both Milesian foundations of the 7th century BC. Both centres yielded several vessels of Greek pottery dated from the early 7th century onwards. As the only finds of Etruscan bucchero in the Northern Black Sea area, the kantharoi are noteworthy. Miletus founded several colonies in the Black Sea and yielded the largest collection of Etruscan bucchero pottery in the eastern Mediterranean, suggesting it may have played the role of a distribution centre for these goods to the North Pontic area.","PeriodicalId":41854,"journal":{"name":"Ancient Civilizations from Scythia to Siberia","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2022-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46559663","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-19DOI: 10.1163/15700577-20221402
Vakhtang Licheli, R. Dan, P. Vitolo, T. Chogovadze, Andrea Cesaretti, Tornike Chilingarashvili, Tommaso Saccone, O. Gasparro
The present article is devoted to a new study of two archaeological complexes, Abuli and Shaori in the Samtskhe-Javakheti region of Georgia, that are known in the research literature. The sites discussed in this article have been visited and studied multiple times during the first three years of activities in the region in the frame of the Georgian-Italian Samtskhe-Javakheti Project. They have been carefully examined from both architectural and environmental perspectives and new hypotheses about their function have been proposed. Due to their unique geographical position and architectural features, the protohistoric fortified shelters of Abuli and Shaori may be considered exceptional archaeological sites not only in the archaeological panorama of Georgia but in the entire South Caucasus region.
{"title":"Cyclopean Fortresses, Royal Cities or Mountain Shelters?","authors":"Vakhtang Licheli, R. Dan, P. Vitolo, T. Chogovadze, Andrea Cesaretti, Tornike Chilingarashvili, Tommaso Saccone, O. Gasparro","doi":"10.1163/15700577-20221402","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15700577-20221402","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The present article is devoted to a new study of two archaeological complexes, Abuli and Shaori in the Samtskhe-Javakheti region of Georgia, that are known in the research literature. The sites discussed in this article have been visited and studied multiple times during the first three years of activities in the region in the frame of the Georgian-Italian Samtskhe-Javakheti Project. They have been carefully examined from both architectural and environmental perspectives and new hypotheses about their function have been proposed. Due to their unique geographical position and architectural features, the protohistoric fortified shelters of Abuli and Shaori may be considered exceptional archaeological sites not only in the archaeological panorama of Georgia but in the entire South Caucasus region.","PeriodicalId":41854,"journal":{"name":"Ancient Civilizations from Scythia to Siberia","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2022-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47599942","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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