Sharifah Hafiza Mohd Ramli, Yahya Sahari, Nur Farhana Abdullah, Siti Rajwani Hashim, Ahmad Fadhlul Wafiq Abdul Rahman, Mohd Shahrir Azizan, S. A. Azizan, Faewati Abd Karim, Amir Redzuan Shamsulkamal, Azmirredzuan Sani
Grain corn in nature possesses a tendency to absorb and release moisture even during storage. Grain respiration will lead to fungal growth, consequently mycotoxin development and decreased nutritional components. Storage in tropical weather like Malaysia, in which the temperature is constantly hot throughout the year (temperature 23–33°C, with relative humidity around 81%) will promote further spoilage to the stored grain corn. Therefore, this paper discussed the properties of grain corn during three months of storage in a Malaysian weather setting. Grain corn with the initial moisture content of 12.5± 0.02% MC bagged in the; a) woven polypropylene jumbo bags, b) woven propylene 40 kg bag and c) plastic sealed container was stored in two different storage facilities located in MARDI for three months. The grain corn after three months of storage showed a consistent water activity, a darkening value in Chroma index, within the permissible limit of fungal growth and exhibits insect pest development of two major species of Coleoptera family. Grain corn is considered safe after three months of storage because low aflatoxin levels have been found, but the physical structure has been compromised due to insect pest infestations.
{"title":"Properties of Grain Corn During Short Term Storage in Tropical Ambient Temperature","authors":"Sharifah Hafiza Mohd Ramli, Yahya Sahari, Nur Farhana Abdullah, Siti Rajwani Hashim, Ahmad Fadhlul Wafiq Abdul Rahman, Mohd Shahrir Azizan, S. A. Azizan, Faewati Abd Karim, Amir Redzuan Shamsulkamal, Azmirredzuan Sani","doi":"10.36877/aafrj.a0000210","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36877/aafrj.a0000210","url":null,"abstract":"Grain corn in nature possesses a tendency to absorb and release moisture even during storage. Grain respiration will lead to fungal growth, consequently mycotoxin development and decreased nutritional components. Storage in tropical weather like Malaysia, in which the temperature is constantly hot throughout the year (temperature 23–33°C, with relative humidity around 81%) will promote further spoilage to the stored grain corn. Therefore, this paper discussed the properties of grain corn during three months of storage in a Malaysian weather setting. Grain corn with the initial moisture content of 12.5± 0.02% MC bagged in the; a) woven polypropylene jumbo bags, b) woven propylene 40 kg bag and c) plastic sealed container was stored in two different storage facilities located in MARDI for three months. The grain corn after three months of storage showed a consistent water activity, a darkening value in Chroma index, within the permissible limit of fungal growth and exhibits insect pest development of two major species of Coleoptera family. Grain corn is considered safe after three months of storage because low aflatoxin levels have been found, but the physical structure has been compromised due to insect pest infestations.","PeriodicalId":420247,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Agricultural and Food Research Journal","volume":"102 10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115552337","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Rohazrin Abdul Rani, Adli Fikri Ahmad Sayuti, M. Khadzir, Muhammad Haniff bin Ahmad
Fertilisation in grain corn production is an important stage that must be done properly in terms of the amount of fertiliser used to reduce wastage and ensure crop growth. A fertilising implement brand Gasprado, was calibrated and evaluated for its performance to apply urea to grain corn crops at MARDI Seberang Perai, Pulau Pinang. Calibration was conducted to set the right metering for the device's opening to drop urea that meets the application rate of 130kg/ha. This was done by measuring the amount of urea dropped for a particular setting and distance. The machine has four metering devices which were labelled as MD1, MD2, MD3 and MD4. Additionally, the fertiliser applicator also comes with spring tine cultivating devices. The implement was tested for fertilising 56 rows of grain corn in the distance of 62 m long. The times taken for the tractor to finish four rows per run along the 62-m distance and to turn at the headland were recorded to evaluate the performance. The implement's metering devices MD1, MD2, MD3 and MD4 were calibrated at setting scales of B-1.5, B-0, B-0 and B-0, respectively that gave the urea application rate of 133 kg/ha, which was the nearest rate to the recommendation. The average working speed of the operation was at 4.08 km/h with the theoretical field capacity to be at 1.224 ha/h. Meanwhile, the machine's effective field capacity was 0.5208 ha/h, which had a field efficiency of 42.5 % for the particular farm design. The use of machine can speed up the operation of applying fertiliser to the grain corn crop but the performance is dependent on the farm layout.
{"title":"Calibration and Performance Evaluation of Grain Corn Fertilizing Implement","authors":"Rohazrin Abdul Rani, Adli Fikri Ahmad Sayuti, M. Khadzir, Muhammad Haniff bin Ahmad","doi":"10.36877/aafrj.a0000227","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36877/aafrj.a0000227","url":null,"abstract":"Fertilisation in grain corn production is an important stage that must be done properly in terms of the amount of fertiliser used to reduce wastage and ensure crop growth. A fertilising implement brand Gasprado, was calibrated and evaluated for its performance to apply urea to grain corn crops at MARDI Seberang Perai, Pulau Pinang. Calibration was conducted to set the right metering for the device's opening to drop urea that meets the application rate of 130kg/ha. This was done by measuring the amount of urea dropped for a particular setting and distance. The machine has four metering devices which were labelled as MD1, MD2, MD3 and MD4. Additionally, the fertiliser applicator also comes with spring tine cultivating devices. The implement was tested for fertilising 56 rows of grain corn in the distance of 62 m long. The times taken for the tractor to finish four rows per run along the 62-m distance and to turn at the headland were recorded to evaluate the performance. The implement's metering devices MD1, MD2, MD3 and MD4 were calibrated at setting scales of B-1.5, B-0, B-0 and B-0, respectively that gave the urea application rate of 133 kg/ha, which was the nearest rate to the recommendation. The average working speed of the operation was at 4.08 km/h with the theoretical field capacity to be at 1.224 ha/h. Meanwhile, the machine's effective field capacity was 0.5208 ha/h, which had a field efficiency of 42.5 % for the particular farm design. The use of machine can speed up the operation of applying fertiliser to the grain corn crop but the performance is dependent on the farm layout.","PeriodicalId":420247,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Agricultural and Food Research Journal","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129390695","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This project focus on development natural dilution process of highly concentrated conductivity from Reverse Osmosis (RO) at one of pharmaceutical company. This company is one of the pharmaceutical companies in Malaysia that is use water as base products. RO become one of the essential process need to produce water with certain grade use for production lines. The highly concentrated conductivity produce from RO cannot flush into drainage system because it can harmful the environment and also against the environmental policy. The main purpose of these studied to dilute the highly concentrated conductivity from RO using natural dilution without using chemical reaction or hazardous materials before flush into drainage system. The highly concentrated conductivity from RO flushed to the first out of five created ponds. Coco yams were plant around the all five ponds because those plants had ability to absorb dissolved metals such as magnesium, calcium, cilium and etc. from water to generate their foods. This process can reduce water conductivity. Koi fish and cat fish also used in certain ponds as indicator whether the ponds can maintain water conductivity or not. Water sample from all ponds sent to chemical laboratory every day for a year to measured conductivity. A year data of water conductivity were analyzed using Microsoft Excel to see the trending of water conductivity. From the analyzed shows this dilution process can decrease the water conductivity without using any chemical reaction or hazardous materials.
{"title":"DEVELOPMENT A NATURAL FILTRATION OF CONCENTRATED CONDUCTIVITY FROM INDUSTRIAL REVERSE OSMOSIS AT PHARMACEUTICAL COMPANY FOR CONDUCTIVITY READING","authors":"Ahmad Shamsul Wadi AHMAD SOWI","doi":"10.36877/aafrj.a0000295","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36877/aafrj.a0000295","url":null,"abstract":"This project focus on development natural dilution process of highly concentrated conductivity from Reverse Osmosis (RO) at one of pharmaceutical company. This company is one of the pharmaceutical companies in Malaysia that is use water as base products. RO become one of the essential process need to produce water with certain grade use for production lines. The highly concentrated conductivity produce from RO cannot flush into drainage system because it can harmful the environment and also against the environmental policy. The main purpose of these studied to dilute the highly concentrated conductivity from RO using natural dilution without using chemical reaction or hazardous materials before flush into drainage system. The highly concentrated conductivity from RO flushed to the first out of five created ponds. Coco yams were plant around the all five ponds because those plants had ability to absorb dissolved metals such as magnesium, calcium, cilium and etc. from water to generate their foods. This process can reduce water conductivity. Koi fish and cat fish also used in certain ponds as indicator whether the ponds can maintain water conductivity or not. Water sample from all ponds sent to chemical laboratory every day for a year to measured conductivity. A year data of water conductivity were analyzed using Microsoft Excel to see the trending of water conductivity. From the analyzed shows this dilution process can decrease the water conductivity without using any chemical reaction or hazardous materials.","PeriodicalId":420247,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Agricultural and Food Research Journal","volume":"72 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115812488","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. S. Sulaiman, A. S. Bujang, S. A. Hassim, M. Azman, M. S. Hassan Basri
A roof top garden structure was installed on top of a 20-foot freight container plant factory in MARDI Serdang, Selangor. The roof top garden consists of 3 major components which is a rain shelter, a reticulated hydroponic growing system via Nutrient Film Technique (NFT) and a chiller system to chill and control nutrient-water temperature in the fertilizer tank. Lactuca sativa was cultivated using root zone cooling, with a hydroponic setup at ambient temperature as control to study the effects of the root zone cooling system (RZC) on the crop yields in the tropics. The weight of crop, weight of root, leaf width and leaf numbers of Lactuca sativa have been selected as yield parameters, recorded and analyzed. From the results, all the growing parameters performance for Lactuca sativa grown in root zone cooling method were found to better compared to control. For yield parameters performance, Lactuca sativa grown in control were found to be better, compared to root zone cooling method. The yield weight for Lactuca sativa cultivated using control is higher than RZC system by 39.4 %, ranging from 36.69- 39.04 g using control and from 20.59-23.66 g by using RZC method. Roots weight for Lactuca sativa cultivated using control method is better than RZC by 14.1 %, ranging from 5.73- 6.22 g using control, meanwhile from 4.69-5.34 g by using RZC respectively. Number of leaves for Lactuca sativa cultivated using control method is more than RZC by 26 %, ranging from 14-15 using control and static at 11 by using RZC system. The leaves dimension for Lactuca sativa cultivated using control is bigger than RZC by 48 %. The range of Lactuca sativa leaves dimension cultivated using control method is from 580.35-670.27 cm2, meanwhile by RZC is from 318.68-348.45 cm2. Keywords: root zone cooling; roof top garden; Lactuca sativa; tropics
{"title":"Effects of Root Zone Cooling on Lactuca Sativa Cultivation Under Roof Top Garden Structure in Tropical Climatic Conditions","authors":"A. S. Sulaiman, A. S. Bujang, S. A. Hassim, M. Azman, M. S. Hassan Basri","doi":"10.36877/aafrj.a0000219","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36877/aafrj.a0000219","url":null,"abstract":"A roof top garden structure was installed on top of a 20-foot freight container plant factory in MARDI Serdang, Selangor. The roof top garden consists of 3 major components which is a rain shelter, a reticulated hydroponic growing system via Nutrient Film Technique (NFT) and a chiller system to chill and control nutrient-water temperature in the fertilizer tank. Lactuca sativa was cultivated using root zone cooling, with a hydroponic setup at ambient temperature as control to study the effects of the root zone cooling system (RZC) on the crop yields in the tropics. The weight of crop, weight of root, leaf width and leaf numbers of Lactuca sativa have been selected as yield parameters, recorded and analyzed. From the results, all the growing parameters performance for Lactuca sativa grown in root zone cooling method were found to better compared to control. For yield parameters performance, Lactuca sativa grown in control were found to be better, compared to root zone cooling method. The yield weight for Lactuca sativa cultivated using control is higher than RZC system by 39.4 %, ranging from 36.69- 39.04 g using control and from 20.59-23.66 g by using RZC method. Roots weight for Lactuca sativa cultivated using control method is better than RZC by 14.1 %, ranging from 5.73- 6.22 g using control, meanwhile from 4.69-5.34 g by using RZC respectively. Number of leaves for Lactuca sativa cultivated using control method is more than RZC by 26 %, ranging from 14-15 using control and static at 11 by using RZC system. The leaves dimension for Lactuca sativa cultivated using control is bigger than RZC by 48 %. The range of Lactuca sativa leaves dimension cultivated using control method is from 580.35-670.27 cm2, meanwhile by RZC is from 318.68-348.45 cm2. \u0000 \u0000Keywords: root zone cooling; roof top garden; Lactuca sativa; tropics ","PeriodicalId":420247,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Agricultural and Food Research Journal","volume":"57 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130611647","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Wan Mohd Fariz Wan Azman, R. Shamsudin, M. Z. Mohd Nor, Azman Hamzah
The production of Sago starch involving multiple processes and the grating process was the most important since the recovery of sago starch was directly affected. In order to produce a finer size of grated sago and high starch recovery, a new design of sago disc grating machine has been developed. A evaluation was performed to determine the optimum operation on the basis of the feeding rate and grating speed input on the sago disc grating machine, and the starch recovery as the output. The grated sago was dried and sieved at different sizes to analysis the size. A model equation was developed to predict the starch recovery. As the result, the optimum feeding rate was 0.1 m/min with 1500 rpm of grating speed produce 23.57% of sago starch recovery. Studies show that the feeding rate and grating speed affects the size of the grated sago produced (P<0.01) and directly affects starch recovery.
{"title":"Evaluation and optimization of disc grating machine for sago starch production (Metroxylon spp.).","authors":"Wan Mohd Fariz Wan Azman, R. Shamsudin, M. Z. Mohd Nor, Azman Hamzah","doi":"10.36877/aafrj.a0000217","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36877/aafrj.a0000217","url":null,"abstract":"The production of Sago starch involving multiple processes and the grating process was the most important since the recovery of sago starch was directly affected. In order to produce a finer size of grated sago and high starch recovery, a new design of sago disc grating machine has been developed. A evaluation was performed to determine the optimum operation on the basis of the feeding rate and grating speed input on the sago disc grating machine, and the starch recovery as the output. The grated sago was dried and sieved at different sizes to analysis the size. A model equation was developed to predict the starch recovery. As the result, the optimum feeding rate was 0.1 m/min with 1500 rpm of grating speed produce 23.57% of sago starch recovery. Studies show that the feeding rate and grating speed affects the size of the grated sago produced (P<0.01) and directly affects starch recovery.","PeriodicalId":420247,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Agricultural and Food Research Journal","volume":"44 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122940637","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sharinee Saallah, Normahnani Md Noh, M. A. Mohd Azmi, Meor Badli Shah Ahmad Rafie, S. Amit
Basal stem rot disease caused by Ganoderma boninense is the most predominant disease of oil palm plantations in Southeast Asia. Although an effective method for controlling the disease is elusive, research towards early detection and remedy for disease control measures remains crucial for plantation operation. Arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi (AMF) offers a practical alternative that should be seriously considered and implemented. This study evaluated the enzyme activities (TPC, PPO, PO activity) in oil palm seedlings inoculated with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and infected with G. boninense. Artificial inoculation was conducted using oil palm germinated seeds in the nursery, and plant responses were analysed at 8, 12, 16, and 20 weeks of post-inoculation (WPI). At 20 WPI, the highest accumulation of total phenolic content (TPC) was recorded in T3 (AMF + G. boninense) with 6.09 mg/g compared to T1 (untreated), T2 (G. boninense), and T4 (AMF), which recorded TPC of 3.24 mg/g, 4.19 mg/g and 3.87 mg/g respectively with no significant difference indicating the natural presence of phenol compound in healthy tissue at concentration enough for defense, whether as free compound or in the conjugated form which released after the attack. Both T2 and T3 showed higher peroxidase (PO) levels with 122.8 unit/g tissue and 116.5 unit/g tissue compared to T1 (73.63 unit/g tissue) and T4 (80.6 unit/g tissue). The polyphenoloxidase (PPO) activity was also higher in both T2 (142.3 unit/g tissue) and T3 (111.7 unit/g tissue) compared to T1 (55.3 unit/g tissue) and T4 (36.3 unit/g tissue). Seedlings treated with AMF also showed increased plant growth compared to untreated seedlings. It was observed that T3 seedlings with AMF prophylactic treatment showed the highest chlorophyll content even with G. boninense infection.
{"title":"Total Phenolic Content, Peroxidase and Polyphenoloxidase Activities in Ganoderma Infected Oil Palm Seedlings – Inoculated with Arbuscular Mycorrhiza Fungi (AMF)","authors":"Sharinee Saallah, Normahnani Md Noh, M. A. Mohd Azmi, Meor Badli Shah Ahmad Rafie, S. Amit","doi":"10.36877/aafrj.a0000235","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36877/aafrj.a0000235","url":null,"abstract":"Basal stem rot disease caused by Ganoderma boninense is the most predominant disease of oil palm plantations in Southeast Asia. Although an effective method for controlling the disease is elusive, research towards early detection and remedy for disease control measures remains crucial for plantation operation. Arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi (AMF) offers a practical alternative that should be seriously considered and implemented. This study evaluated the enzyme activities (TPC, PPO, PO activity) in oil palm seedlings inoculated with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and infected with G. boninense. Artificial inoculation was conducted using oil palm germinated seeds in the nursery, and plant responses were analysed at 8, 12, 16, and 20 weeks of post-inoculation (WPI). At 20 WPI, the highest accumulation of total phenolic content (TPC) was recorded in T3 (AMF + G. boninense) with 6.09 mg/g compared to T1 (untreated), T2 (G. boninense), and T4 (AMF), which recorded TPC of 3.24 mg/g, 4.19 mg/g and 3.87 mg/g respectively with no significant difference indicating the natural presence of phenol compound in healthy tissue at concentration enough for defense, whether as free compound or in the conjugated form which released after the attack. Both T2 and T3 showed higher peroxidase (PO) levels with 122.8 unit/g tissue and 116.5 unit/g tissue compared to T1 (73.63 unit/g tissue) and T4 (80.6 unit/g tissue). The polyphenoloxidase (PPO) activity was also higher in both T2 (142.3 unit/g tissue) and T3 (111.7 unit/g tissue) compared to T1 (55.3 unit/g tissue) and T4 (36.3 unit/g tissue). Seedlings treated with AMF also showed increased plant growth compared to untreated seedlings. It was observed that T3 seedlings with AMF prophylactic treatment showed the highest chlorophyll content even with G. boninense infection.","PeriodicalId":420247,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Agricultural and Food Research Journal","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124367621","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mohd Nadzim Nordin, Mohd shahmihaizan Mat jusoh, B. A. Abu Bakar, Mohd Taufik Ahmad, M. F. Mail, Chong Tet Vun, Teoh Chin Chuang, M. S. Hassan Basri, Ahmad Kamil Zolkafli
The application of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) in Malaysia, or best known as a drone, is changing from time to time. Today, drones are used not only in the military, but also in agriculture. The use of drones became common in agriculture due to a reduction in cultivated land, labour shortages and obsolete methods. The spraying of pesticides and herbicides may also be carried out using drones. Furthermore, the time-consumed using drone is faster compared to the conventional method. On the market, there are different kinds and types of drone sprayers. Although the manufacturer has set the Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) for drone usage, the efficacy of spraying should first be examined because of Malaysia's weather and environmental factors which vary from other countries. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effects of altitude and speed of the drone onto the coverage area during spraying application. In this study, a plot consisting of 0.5 Hectares situated at MARDI Seberang Perai was used. Three different speeds of 2 m/s, 3 m/s, and 4 m/s and three altitudes measured in heights of 1.5 m, 2.0 m, and 2.5 m from the top of the crop were tested. Wind speed and direction were recorded using an anemometer during the study. Water-sensitive paper was used during the experiment to examine the effect on spraying. In order to calculate the coverage area percentage, the spraying effect on water sensitive paper was analysed using ImageJ software. The results are expected to show which speed and altitude may contribute to the largest area of coverage percentage. The appropriate altitude and speed for the spraying operation on the basis of crop requirements can be concluded from the result which is 2 m from above crop at speed of 2.5 m/s.
{"title":"Study on Water Distribution of Spraying Drone by different Speed and Altitude","authors":"Mohd Nadzim Nordin, Mohd shahmihaizan Mat jusoh, B. A. Abu Bakar, Mohd Taufik Ahmad, M. F. Mail, Chong Tet Vun, Teoh Chin Chuang, M. S. Hassan Basri, Ahmad Kamil Zolkafli","doi":"10.36877/aafrj.a0000215","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36877/aafrj.a0000215","url":null,"abstract":"The application of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) in Malaysia, or best known as a drone, is changing from time to time. Today, drones are used not only in the military, but also in agriculture. The use of drones became common in agriculture due to a reduction in cultivated land, labour shortages and obsolete methods. The spraying of pesticides and herbicides may also be carried out using drones. Furthermore, the time-consumed using drone is faster compared to the conventional method. On the market, there are different kinds and types of drone sprayers. Although the manufacturer has set the Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) for drone usage, the efficacy of spraying should first be examined because of Malaysia's weather and environmental factors which vary from other countries. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effects of altitude and speed of the drone onto the coverage area during spraying application. In this study, a plot consisting of 0.5 Hectares situated at MARDI Seberang Perai was used. Three different speeds of 2 m/s, 3 m/s, and 4 m/s and three altitudes measured in heights of 1.5 m, 2.0 m, and 2.5 m from the top of the crop were tested. Wind speed and direction were recorded using an anemometer during the study. Water-sensitive paper was used during the experiment to examine the effect on spraying. In order to calculate the coverage area percentage, the spraying effect on water sensitive paper was analysed using ImageJ software. The results are expected to show which speed and altitude may contribute to the largest area of coverage percentage. The appropriate altitude and speed for the spraying operation on the basis of crop requirements can be concluded from the result which is 2 m from above crop at speed of 2.5 m/s.","PeriodicalId":420247,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Agricultural and Food Research Journal","volume":"83 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115683147","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The production of pineapple residue is increases in line with pineapple production in Malaysia. In order to overcome this issue, a conceptual design of harvesting and chopping machine will be developed to process the pineapple leaves. The combined-chopper is important to be developed as an alternative to the current manual handling method such as left on the ground until next plantation or burnt. This new machine will be introduced to harvest and able to chop the pineapple leaves into smaller size. This chopper machine will be comprised of a specialized blade to cut the pineapple leaves with a rotating conveyor to collect the harvested leaves prior chopping into the selected size. In this study, the average length and width of three most popular cultivars in Malaysia such as MD2 (V1), Josapine (V2) and Nanas Madu Kaca (A 11) (V3) were recorded. The results indicated that the average length and width of MD2 pineapple leaves were 742.00 mm and 58.00 mm respectively. The average length and width of Josapine pineapple leaves were 685.50 mm and 56.70 mm respectively. The average length and width of Nanas Madu Kaca (A 11) pineapple leaves were 817.75 mm and 56 mm respectively. These physical characteristics of pineapple leaf in important to design the chopper machine for pineapple leaves after the harvesting process.
菠萝渣的产量随着马来西亚菠萝产量的增加而增加。为了克服这一问题，将开发一种收割和切碎机器的概念设计来处理菠萝叶。开发联合砍刀作为目前人工处理方法的替代方法是很重要的，例如将其留在地上直到下一个种植园或焚烧。这台新机器将用于收获，并能将菠萝叶切成更小的尺寸。这台切碎机将由一个专门的刀片组成，用于切割菠萝叶，并通过旋转输送机收集收获的叶子，然后切碎成选定的大小。本研究记录了马来西亚最受欢迎的3个品种MD2 (V1)、Josapine (V2)和naras Madu Kaca (a11) (V3)的平均长度和宽度。结果表明，MD2菠萝叶片的平均长、宽分别为742.00 mm和58.00 mm。果菠萝叶片的平均长、宽分别为685.50 mm和56.70 mm。na as Madu Kaca (a11)菠萝叶片的平均长、宽分别为817.75 mm和56 mm。菠萝叶的这些物理特性对菠萝叶采收后的斩叶机设计具有重要意义。
{"title":"Some Physical Properties of Pineapple Leaves for Chopping Machine","authors":"H. Che Man","doi":"10.36877/aafrj.a0000214","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36877/aafrj.a0000214","url":null,"abstract":"The production of pineapple residue is increases in line with pineapple production in Malaysia. In order to overcome this issue, a conceptual design of harvesting and chopping machine will be developed to process the pineapple leaves. The combined-chopper is important to be developed as an alternative to the current manual handling method such as left on the ground until next plantation or burnt. This new machine will be introduced to harvest and able to chop the pineapple leaves into smaller size. This chopper machine will be comprised of a specialized blade to cut the pineapple leaves with a rotating conveyor to collect the harvested leaves prior chopping into the selected size. In this study, the average length and width of three most popular cultivars in Malaysia such as MD2 (V1), Josapine (V2) and Nanas Madu Kaca (A 11) (V3) were recorded. The results indicated that the average length and width of MD2 pineapple leaves were 742.00 mm and 58.00 mm respectively. The average length and width of Josapine pineapple leaves were 685.50 mm and 56.70 mm respectively. The average length and width of Nanas Madu Kaca (A 11) pineapple leaves were 817.75 mm and 56 mm respectively. These physical characteristics of pineapple leaf in important to design the chopper machine for pineapple leaves after the harvesting process.","PeriodicalId":420247,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Agricultural and Food Research Journal","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128235303","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. F. Mail, Mohammad Hariz Abdul Rahman, Nur Adliza Baharom, M. S. Shahrun, Mohd Ridzuan Mohd Daud
This invention describes the development and performance of a pyrolyzer to produce biochar and wood vinegar from domestic agriculture farm waste. Two pyrolyzers (fix and portable) were designed and developed in MARDI. The system consists of a kiln with ignition area and feeder, cyclone area connected with a 7.5 cm diameter pipe, two vinegar collectors and temperature data logger. The system is capable of producing two main products, biochar and wood vinegar. The main heating materials are coconut shells and other pruning wastes such as mango and carambola, burned in the kiln under limited oxygen condition. Wood vinegar is a by-product of charcoal production. The design concept is to force the gases produced into the liquid through condensation. Theoretically, the smoke from the burned pruning wastes would rise. The gases will then enter the 7.5 cm pipe. At this stage, the pipe forces the gases to hit each other and become liquid. There is a cyclonic system to optimise the conversion of gas into a liquid. At the bottom of the system, there is one connected pipe to collect wood vinegar. An additional line is connected to the cyclone system to force the remaining gases through a smaller tube to become liquid. Overall, there are two vessels to collect the vinegar. After the functional test run, the results showed that the prototype gave satisfactory results with biochar products with 60 to 70% carbon with additional wood vinegar products suitable for eventual use. The study recommends pyrolization of waste as one of the sustainable approaches to manage abundant agricultural residues.
{"title":"Development and Performance of Pyrolyzer for Production of Biochar and Wood Vinegar from Domestic Agriculture Farm Waste","authors":"M. F. Mail, Mohammad Hariz Abdul Rahman, Nur Adliza Baharom, M. S. Shahrun, Mohd Ridzuan Mohd Daud","doi":"10.36877/aafrj.a0000212","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36877/aafrj.a0000212","url":null,"abstract":"This invention describes the development and performance of a pyrolyzer to produce biochar and wood vinegar from domestic agriculture farm waste. Two pyrolyzers (fix and portable) were designed and developed in MARDI. The system consists of a kiln with ignition area and feeder, cyclone area connected with a 7.5 cm diameter pipe, two vinegar collectors and temperature data logger. The system is capable of producing two main products, biochar and wood vinegar. The main heating materials are coconut shells and other pruning wastes such as mango and carambola, burned in the kiln under limited oxygen condition. Wood vinegar is a by-product of charcoal production. The design concept is to force the gases produced into the liquid through condensation. Theoretically, the smoke from the burned pruning wastes would rise. The gases will then enter the 7.5 cm pipe. At this stage, the pipe forces the gases to hit each other and become liquid. There is a cyclonic system to optimise the conversion of gas into a liquid. At the bottom of the system, there is one connected pipe to collect wood vinegar. An additional line is connected to the cyclone system to force the remaining gases through a smaller tube to become liquid. Overall, there are two vessels to collect the vinegar. After the functional test run, the results showed that the prototype gave satisfactory results with biochar products with 60 to 70% carbon with additional wood vinegar products suitable for eventual use. The study recommends pyrolization of waste as one of the sustainable approaches to manage abundant agricultural residues.","PeriodicalId":420247,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Agricultural and Food Research Journal","volume":"237 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133612610","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
N. Zulkifli, N. Hashim, H. Harith, Mohamad Firdza Mohamad Shukery, Daniel I. Onwude, M. Sairi
Fresh agricultural products are very susceptible to physical damage resulted from the mechanical impact during post-harvest operations such as packaging, storing and transporting. Defects produce are prone to cellular damage that can then serve as infection sites for numerous wound pathogens that result in much of the postharvest diseases This paper reviewed the applicability of finite element modelling (FEM) for predicting the damage in fruits and root vegetables (FV) during the condition of static and dynamic loadings. However, many unresolved issues that need to be addressed to improve the finite element (FE) models. This work aims to provide readers with background information regarding the current state of FEM in predicting the mechanical damage in FV. A brief description of the relation between the reverse engineering approach, mechanical tests and FE method is discussed. The improvements to experimental validation techniques which allow for better-calibrated models are also explained. This article presents the recent developments in FEM, highlighting the applications and its contributions to the agricultural field as well as identifying open issues where extensive research is needed.
{"title":"Reliability of Finite Element Analysis to Determine the Mechanical Responses in Fruits and Root-Vegetables","authors":"N. Zulkifli, N. Hashim, H. Harith, Mohamad Firdza Mohamad Shukery, Daniel I. Onwude, M. Sairi","doi":"10.36877/aafrj.a0000205","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36877/aafrj.a0000205","url":null,"abstract":"Fresh agricultural products are very susceptible to physical damage resulted from the mechanical impact during post-harvest operations such as packaging, storing and transporting. Defects produce are prone to cellular damage that can then serve as infection sites for numerous wound pathogens that result in much of the postharvest diseases This paper reviewed the applicability of finite element modelling (FEM) for predicting the damage in fruits and root vegetables (FV) during the condition of static and dynamic loadings. However, many unresolved issues that need to be addressed to improve the finite element (FE) models. This work aims to provide readers with background information regarding the current state of FEM in predicting the mechanical damage in FV. A brief description of the relation between the reverse engineering approach, mechanical tests and FE method is discussed. The improvements to experimental validation techniques which allow for better-calibrated models are also explained. This article presents the recent developments in FEM, highlighting the applications and its contributions to the agricultural field as well as identifying open issues where extensive research is needed.","PeriodicalId":420247,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Agricultural and Food Research Journal","volume":"144 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124721432","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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