Rosnita A.talib, Mazween Mohamad Mazlan, N. Chin, R. Shukri, F. Taip, M. Z. Mohd Nor, N. Abdullah
The effect of screw speed and oyster mushroom addition on the texture characteristics (hardness, gumminess, and chewiness) and specific mechanical energy (SME) was determined via factorial experiment design. Individually increasing screw speeds had little effect compared to the effects of oyster mushroom addition. However, the combined effects of screw speed and oyster mushroom addition significantly reduced (p ≤ 0.05) all the texture characteristics. The hardness (3521.35 g) and gumminess (2717.85) of the meat analog extruded at the maximum screw speed of 160 rpm and 15% oyster mushroom addition are close to the chicken breast’s characteristics, respectively. The oyster mushroom–soy protein extrudates are chewier than the non-hydrated texturized vegetable protein (TVP) and chicken meats. The SME values of the single-screw extrusion were linearly affected by the increasing screw speed, which also lies in the range < 200 kJ/kg for producing meat analog with acceptable characteristics. Applying the superposition technique successfully shifted the individual curves of the SME into a smooth master curve vertically, allowing an interpolating in the prediction of SME value at a given screw speed value.
{"title":"Effect of Screw Speed and Oyster Mushroom Addition on Textural Characteristics of Soy Protein Extrudates and Master Curve of Specific Mechanical Energy","authors":"Rosnita A.talib, Mazween Mohamad Mazlan, N. Chin, R. Shukri, F. Taip, M. Z. Mohd Nor, N. Abdullah","doi":"10.36877/aafrj.a0000322","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36877/aafrj.a0000322","url":null,"abstract":"The effect of screw speed and oyster mushroom addition on the texture characteristics (hardness, gumminess, and chewiness) and specific mechanical energy (SME) was determined via factorial experiment design. Individually increasing screw speeds had little effect compared to the effects of oyster mushroom addition. However, the combined effects of screw speed and oyster mushroom addition significantly reduced (p ≤ 0.05) all the texture characteristics. The hardness (3521.35 g) and gumminess (2717.85) of the meat analog extruded at the maximum screw speed of 160 rpm and 15% oyster mushroom addition are close to the chicken breast’s characteristics, respectively. The oyster mushroom–soy protein extrudates are chewier than the non-hydrated texturized vegetable protein (TVP) and chicken meats. The SME values of the single-screw extrusion were linearly affected by the increasing screw speed, which also lies in the range < 200 kJ/kg for producing meat analog with acceptable characteristics. Applying the superposition technique successfully shifted the individual curves of the SME into a smooth master curve vertically, allowing an interpolating in the prediction of SME value at a given screw speed value.","PeriodicalId":420247,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Agricultural and Food Research Journal","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130741644","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mohd Khairul Fadzly Md Radzi, Mohd Azwan Mohd Bakri, Mohd Ramdhan Mohd Khalid, Mohd Ikmal Hafizi Azaman, M. R. Ahmad
Exoskeletons have been widely used in rehabilitation and heavy work. The concept of exoskeleton technology showed encouraging results in helping to reduce workload and limb movements. In fact, exoskeleton worn on the upper or lower limbs is seen to increase workers productivity when used in agricultures. A preliminary capability evaluation on the current active exoskeleton suit (CAE) was explored and observed through implementation of Fresh Fruits Bunch (FFB) collections. Significant lower part body motions were assisted by the CAE suit when worker lifted the FFB especially motions of the lower extremity which posed a threat of hyperextension including the knee, hip, and back. Another concern that needed attention that is the assisted lower back body could not stand on its own while having to bear the stress from upper limbs. Joint motions that posed risk of hyperflexion such as shoulders and elbows need to be protected as well from injury while carrying the FFB loads. Results showed that the CAE used did not significantly support full muscle activities when workers performed lifting of FFB. In addition, the lower back body assisted by CAE suit could not stand on its own while continuing to bear the stress from the upper limbs, which may be harmed without any assistance and support. Hence, joint motions that posed risk of hyperflexion such as shoulders and elbows need to be protected as well by the exoskeleton suits while carrying the FFB loads.
{"title":"Preliminary Assessment of Exoskeleton Suit Assistance for Fresh Fruit Bunch (FFB) Collecting Task in Oil Palm Plantation","authors":"Mohd Khairul Fadzly Md Radzi, Mohd Azwan Mohd Bakri, Mohd Ramdhan Mohd Khalid, Mohd Ikmal Hafizi Azaman, M. R. Ahmad","doi":"10.36877/aafrj.a0000313","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36877/aafrj.a0000313","url":null,"abstract":"Exoskeletons have been widely used in rehabilitation and heavy work. The concept of exoskeleton technology showed encouraging results in helping to reduce workload and limb movements. In fact, exoskeleton worn on the upper or lower limbs is seen to increase workers productivity when used in agricultures. A preliminary capability evaluation on the current active exoskeleton suit (CAE) was explored and observed through implementation of Fresh Fruits Bunch (FFB) collections. Significant lower part body motions were assisted by the CAE suit when worker lifted the FFB especially motions of the lower extremity which posed a threat of hyperextension including the knee, hip, and back. Another concern that needed attention that is the assisted lower back body could not stand on its own while having to bear the stress from upper limbs. Joint motions that posed risk of hyperflexion such as shoulders and elbows need to be protected as well from injury while carrying the FFB loads. Results showed that the CAE used did not significantly support full muscle activities when workers performed lifting of FFB. In addition, the lower back body assisted by CAE suit could not stand on its own while continuing to bear the stress from the upper limbs, which may be harmed without any assistance and support. Hence, joint motions that posed risk of hyperflexion such as shoulders and elbows need to be protected as well by the exoskeleton suits while carrying the FFB loads.","PeriodicalId":420247,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Agricultural and Food Research Journal","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117112210","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. N. Ahmad, M. Anuar, Nordiana Abd Aziz, Mohd Azwan Mohd Bakri, Zulkifli Hashim, Idris Abu Seman
This paper presents and explores the functionalities of automation and agricultural robotics (agribots) in recent years for agricultural operations. The explicit challenges fronting agribots and automation with regards to the operative implementation of Industry 4.0 are discussed. In this paper, several research works and developments on automation and agribots from different scopes and field areas are reviewed to explore recent agricultural practices. The first technology is on the automation work on developing a control algorithm that uses a single sensor that could recognise landmarks in the row-type plantation environment. This is followed by the navigation of a vehicle using a laser range finder (LRF) to a point-to-go aim location in the plantation by generating a control algorithm equipped with a sensor for an autonomous agricultural vehicle to detect the landmarks in the row-type plantation setting. The second technology is related to an automation device by developing an automated detector and counter (Oto-BaCTM) for bagworm census using deep learning with a Faster Regional Convolutional Neural Network (Faster R-CNN) and normal camera. Meanwhile the third technology is related to agribots via the design and development of a fully automated Agriculture robot (Agribot) for harvesting underground plants (rhizomes) with the assistance of transmission and receiving parts using microcontroller software. Another agribot technology would be on the development of Thorvald II agricultural robotic system, utilising a modularity hardware whereby the robot consists of standard modules and can be reconstructed to handle tasks in various types of environments. The first automation technology results showed the performance of the navigation systems to operate the tractor autonomously along the test path without any crashes on the guide cones. The second automation technology on the Oto-BaCTM performance, produced a positive Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient between the two variables (percentages of detection and temperature), R2 = 0.997 and p = 0.02 for Trial 1 and R2 = 0.888 and p = 0.04 for Trial 2. Meanwhile, the third technology on the Agribot, successfully picked up the rhizome plants, sprayed pesticides, and traced of the soil moisture content. Finally, the last automation technology which was on the development of Thorvald II, came out with positive results on the pass traction test, all obstacles, and the incline test. The harvesting robot detected the ripe tomatoes at a 95% success rate by implementing the self-developed algorithm that applied the Adaboost and APV classifiers. However, a 5% miss detection occurred due to the leaf obstruction. The multi-robot system can be designed to handle pest control tasks via UAVs and UGVs. For weed patch recognition, the developed algorithms showed their robustness by precisely distinguishing and mapping the crop rows with a 100% accuracy, while the inter-row weed patches with an accuracy of 8
{"title":"Addressing functionalities of agricultural robotic (agribots) and automation in the agriculture practices: What’s next?","authors":"M. N. Ahmad, M. Anuar, Nordiana Abd Aziz, Mohd Azwan Mohd Bakri, Zulkifli Hashim, Idris Abu Seman","doi":"10.36877/aafrj.a0000298","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36877/aafrj.a0000298","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents and explores the functionalities of automation and agricultural robotics (agribots) in recent years for agricultural operations. The explicit challenges fronting agribots and automation with regards to the operative implementation of Industry 4.0 are discussed. In this paper, several research works and developments on automation and agribots from different scopes and field areas are reviewed to explore recent agricultural practices. The first technology is on the automation work on developing a control algorithm that uses a single sensor that could recognise landmarks in the row-type plantation environment. This is followed by the navigation of a vehicle using a laser range finder (LRF) to a point-to-go aim location in the plantation by generating a control algorithm equipped with a sensor for an autonomous agricultural vehicle to detect the landmarks in the row-type plantation setting. The second technology is related to an automation device by developing an automated detector and counter (Oto-BaCTM) for bagworm census using deep learning with a Faster Regional Convolutional Neural Network (Faster R-CNN) and normal camera. Meanwhile the third technology is related to agribots via the design and development of a fully automated Agriculture robot (Agribot) for harvesting underground plants (rhizomes) with the assistance of transmission and receiving parts using microcontroller software. Another agribot technology would be on the development of Thorvald II agricultural robotic system, utilising a modularity hardware whereby the robot consists of standard modules and can be reconstructed to handle tasks in various types of environments. The first automation technology results showed the performance of the navigation systems to operate the tractor autonomously along the test path without any crashes on the guide cones. The second automation technology on the Oto-BaCTM performance, produced a positive Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient between the two variables (percentages of detection and temperature), R2 = 0.997 and p = 0.02 for Trial 1 and R2 = 0.888 and p = 0.04 for Trial 2. Meanwhile, the third technology on the Agribot, successfully picked up the rhizome plants, sprayed pesticides, and traced of the soil moisture content. Finally, the last automation technology which was on the development of Thorvald II, came out with positive results on the pass traction test, all \u0000obstacles, and the incline test. The harvesting robot detected the ripe tomatoes at a 95% success rate by implementing the self-developed algorithm that applied the Adaboost and APV classifiers. However, a 5% miss detection occurred due to the leaf obstruction. The multi-robot system can be designed to handle pest control tasks via UAVs and UGVs. For weed patch recognition, the developed algorithms showed their robustness by precisely distinguishing and mapping the crop rows with a 100% accuracy, while the inter-row weed patches with an accuracy of 8","PeriodicalId":420247,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Agricultural and Food Research Journal","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124386992","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Watermelon is a seasonal fruit high in essential ingredients such as lycopene. Due to high water content and water activity, watermelon fruit is susceptible to microbial and enzymatic deterioration. Thus, drying fruit juices into powders has been one of the common methods used to preserve the fruit. A study was conducted to produce watermelon powders using spray dryer and freeze dryer techniques. The major concern is to produce high-quality watermelon fruit powders. Four watermelon extract samples were used on two concentrations of maltodextrin, which were 5% and 13% towards spray drying and freeze-drying technique. The powders were analysed for water content, water activity, colour, and solubility. Results demonstrated that the water activity of watermelon powder using the spray drying technique is less than freeze-drying (0.23-0.27 and 0.44-0.47, respectively). The colour analysis showed that freeze-dried watermelon powder has higher redness (a* value), and yellowness (b* value) than the spray dried powder. The water content of the watermelon powder showed that spray-drying yields lower water content than freeze-drying techniques for both 5% (w/w) and 13% (w/w) of maltodextrin. The solubility of the watermelon powder showed that freeze-drying has a higher solubility time than spray drying. The study found that the spray drying technique is the preferable method to preserve and producing high quality watermelon powder.
{"title":"Effect of Different Drying Processing Method on the Physicochemical Properties of Watermelon Powder","authors":"A. Shahar","doi":"10.36877/aafrj.a0000305","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36877/aafrj.a0000305","url":null,"abstract":"Watermelon is a seasonal fruit high in essential ingredients such as lycopene. Due to high water content and water activity, watermelon fruit is susceptible to microbial and enzymatic deterioration. Thus, drying fruit juices into powders has been one of the common methods used to preserve the fruit. A study was conducted to produce watermelon powders using spray dryer and freeze dryer techniques. The major concern is to produce high-quality watermelon fruit powders. Four watermelon extract samples were used on two concentrations of maltodextrin, which were 5% and 13% towards spray drying and freeze-drying technique. The powders were analysed for water content, water activity, colour, and solubility. Results demonstrated that the water activity of watermelon powder using the spray drying technique is less than freeze-drying (0.23-0.27 and 0.44-0.47, respectively). The colour analysis showed that freeze-dried watermelon powder has higher redness (a* value), and yellowness (b* value) than the spray dried powder. The water content of the watermelon powder showed that spray-drying yields lower water content than freeze-drying techniques for both 5% (w/w) and 13% (w/w) of maltodextrin. The solubility of the watermelon powder showed that freeze-drying has a higher solubility time than spray drying. The study found that the spray drying technique is the preferable method to preserve and producing high quality watermelon powder.","PeriodicalId":420247,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Agricultural and Food Research Journal","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130950219","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Stingless bee honey (SBH) has been the focus of various drying studies with the aim of lowering the moisture content to an acceptable limit of less than 20%. The low moisture level of SBH has been found to slow yeast development and hinder the fermentation process, thereby prolonging its shelf-life. Conventionally, SBH is treated using thermal treatment to lower its moisture content. Due to issues with quality degradation of thermal-treated SBH, other alternatives are being explored. Non-thermal treatment, namely ultraviolet (UV-C) assisted drying, has been proposed in this study with the expectation of replacing conventional heat treatment. The UV-C closed system, when properly employed, will provide enough radiation energy (below 40°C) to evaporate the moisture bound in the honey. Hence, this study was aimed at determining and correlating the effects of the UV-C assisted drying process on the quality of UV-C treated SBH. The experiment was carried out on SBH (Heterotrigona itama) under UV-C treatment with the stated parameters; wavelength: 254 nm, power: 7 W, UV-C dose: 8 mJ/cm2, thickness of SBH: 3 mm for 0, 30, 50, 75, and 120 minutes in a controlled environment (35 ± 5% relative humidity and 25 ± 5 °C temperature). The results of this study showed that the moisture level of SBH was below the critical moisture content of 20%, with the lowest moisture content recorded at 17.42% after 120 minutes of UV-C treatment time (moisture loss: 3.5%) and the highest moisture content of 18.40% after 30 minutes of treatment time (moisture loss: 2.21%). However, the value of 5-HMF obtained in this study was significantly high (above 80 mg/ kg), might be due to the high content of fructose to glucose ratio in SBH. Nevertheless, while it has been demonstrated that UV-C assisted drying was be able to lower the moisture content of SBH, further study is necessary to evaluate its effectiveness without compromising on the quality of SBH.
{"title":"Impact of UV-C Assisted Drying Treatment on the Quality of Malaysian Stingless Bee Honey","authors":"Nur Afendi, Nor Nadiah Abdul Karim Shah","doi":"10.36877/aafrj.a0000306","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36877/aafrj.a0000306","url":null,"abstract":"Stingless bee honey (SBH) has been the focus of various drying studies with the aim of lowering the moisture content to an acceptable limit of less than 20%. The low moisture level of SBH has been found to slow yeast development and hinder the fermentation process, thereby prolonging its shelf-life. Conventionally, SBH is treated using thermal treatment to lower its moisture content. Due to issues with quality degradation of thermal-treated SBH, other alternatives are being explored. Non-thermal treatment, namely ultraviolet (UV-C) assisted drying, has been proposed in this study with the expectation of replacing conventional heat treatment. The UV-C closed system, when properly employed, will provide enough radiation energy (below 40°C) to evaporate the moisture bound in the honey. Hence, this study was aimed at determining and correlating the effects of the UV-C assisted drying process on the quality of UV-C treated SBH. The experiment was carried out on SBH (Heterotrigona itama) under UV-C treatment with the stated parameters; wavelength: 254 nm, power: 7 W, UV-C dose: 8 mJ/cm2, thickness of SBH: 3 mm for 0, 30, 50, 75, and 120 minutes in a controlled environment (35 ± 5% relative humidity and 25 ± 5 °C temperature). The results of this study showed that the moisture level of SBH was below the critical moisture content of 20%, with the lowest moisture content recorded at 17.42% after 120 minutes of UV-C treatment time (moisture loss: 3.5%) and the highest moisture content of 18.40% after 30 minutes of treatment time (moisture loss: 2.21%). However, the value of 5-HMF obtained in this study was significantly high (above 80 mg/ kg), might be due to the high content of fructose to glucose ratio in SBH. Nevertheless, while it has been demonstrated that UV-C assisted drying was be able to lower the moisture content of SBH, further study is necessary to evaluate its effectiveness without compromising on the quality of SBH.","PeriodicalId":420247,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Agricultural and Food Research Journal","volume":"78 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121685740","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nor Hayati Mat Nor, Noor Izma Ab Ghani, Affidah Mardziah Mukhtar
Isu longkang tersumbat nampak remeh, namun ia memberikan kesan yang tidak baik kepada persekitaran, kesihatan dan pekerja kebersihan. Norhidayah (2019) melalui Berita Harian telah menulis berkaitan isu sisa daun dan ranting kering yang menutup longkang di Serdang, Selangor. Terdapat banyak sebab yang menjadikan longkang tersumbat seperti dipenuhi sampah sarap, pasir dan tanah serta daun dan ranting kering. Berikutan dengan itu satu kajian rekabentuk Eco2GC Drain Cover dihasilkan bagi mengatasi masalah longkang tersumbat. Eco2GC Drain Cover adalah singkatan bagi Economic To Green Concrete Drain Cover di mana produk ini direkabentuk selaras dengan saliran mesra alam (MSMA). Objektif rekabentuk produk ini adalah untuk mengenalpasti kadar aliran air, mengenalpasti kekuatan mampatan, dan mengenalpasti penjimatan masa penyelenggaraan longkang yang menggunakan Eco2GC Drain Cover. Konsep asas rekabentuk Eco2GC Drain Cover adalah menekankan kepada fungsi asal longkang untuk mengalirkan air namun ia juga dapat mengelakkan daripada sampah, tanah, pasir, daun dan ranting dari masuk ke longkang. Hasil daripada kajian rekabentuk longkang ini didapati, ujian pengaliran air Eco2GC Drain Cover melalui poros adalah 1.999 liter/saat, ujian kekuatan mampatan adalah 43.63N/mm2 pada umur 28 hari, penjimatan masa pekerja menyelenggara longkang adalah 72.5%. Dengan itu, produk Eco2GC Drain Cover ini memberikan kesan yang amat baik kepada pengurusan sisa dan dapat mengelakkan longkang tersumbat daripada sampah, tanah, pasir, daun dan ranting kering.
{"title":"Kajian Rekabentuk Eco2GC Drain Cover","authors":"Nor Hayati Mat Nor, Noor Izma Ab Ghani, Affidah Mardziah Mukhtar","doi":"10.36877/aafrj.a0000289","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36877/aafrj.a0000289","url":null,"abstract":"Isu longkang tersumbat nampak remeh, namun ia memberikan kesan yang tidak baik kepada persekitaran, kesihatan dan pekerja kebersihan. Norhidayah (2019) melalui Berita Harian telah menulis berkaitan isu sisa daun dan ranting kering yang menutup longkang di Serdang, Selangor. Terdapat banyak sebab yang menjadikan longkang tersumbat seperti dipenuhi sampah sarap, pasir dan tanah serta daun dan ranting kering. Berikutan dengan itu satu kajian rekabentuk Eco2GC Drain Cover dihasilkan bagi mengatasi masalah longkang tersumbat. Eco2GC Drain Cover adalah singkatan bagi Economic To Green Concrete Drain Cover di mana produk ini direkabentuk selaras dengan saliran mesra alam (MSMA). Objektif rekabentuk produk ini adalah untuk mengenalpasti kadar aliran air, mengenalpasti kekuatan mampatan, dan mengenalpasti penjimatan masa penyelenggaraan longkang yang menggunakan Eco2GC Drain Cover. Konsep asas rekabentuk Eco2GC Drain Cover adalah menekankan kepada fungsi asal longkang untuk mengalirkan air namun ia juga dapat mengelakkan daripada sampah, tanah, pasir, daun dan ranting dari masuk ke longkang. Hasil daripada kajian rekabentuk longkang ini didapati, ujian pengaliran air Eco2GC Drain Cover melalui poros adalah 1.999 liter/saat, ujian kekuatan mampatan adalah 43.63N/mm2 pada umur 28 hari, penjimatan masa pekerja menyelenggara longkang adalah 72.5%. Dengan itu, produk Eco2GC Drain Cover ini memberikan kesan yang amat baik kepada pengurusan sisa dan dapat mengelakkan longkang tersumbat daripada sampah, tanah, pasir, daun dan ranting kering.","PeriodicalId":420247,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Agricultural and Food Research Journal","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131235478","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Water is the main resource of rice cultivar input for growth development and yield production. The water quality can affect the rice yield. The aim of the study is to analyze the water quality at the rivers that are directly supplied to the paddy fields. The water quality of the river at Merlimau paddy field was tested using Cyberscan 600 series. The variables taken are pH, conductivity level, sodium chloride (NaCl) and resistivity level. The monitoring was conducted at three stages of the paddy cultivation process which are during land preparation, vegetative stage and maturing stage to see the variables supplied to the paddy fields. This study can help the farmers to know the state of water quality that has been used to irrigate the paddy field.
{"title":"River Water Quality Monitoring at Paddy Field in Merlimau, Melaka","authors":"S. Mustaffha, Mohammad Shamsul Sabran","doi":"10.36877/aafrj.a0000286","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36877/aafrj.a0000286","url":null,"abstract":"Water is the main resource of rice cultivar input for growth development and yield production. The water quality can affect the rice yield. The aim of the study is to analyze the water quality at the rivers that are directly supplied to the paddy fields. The water quality of the river at Merlimau paddy field was tested using Cyberscan 600 series. The variables taken are pH, conductivity level, sodium chloride (NaCl) and resistivity level. The monitoring was conducted at three stages of the paddy cultivation process which are during land preparation, vegetative stage and maturing stage to see the variables supplied to the paddy fields. This study can help the farmers to know the state of water quality that has been used to irrigate the paddy field. ","PeriodicalId":420247,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Agricultural and Food Research Journal","volume":"76 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127286339","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Arinah Adila Abdul Halim, R. Shamsudin, S. H. Ariffin, Wan Nor Zanariah Zainol@Abdullah, N. Azmi
Blanching have been used as a thermal treatment in food processing especially as a pre-treatment of processes such as drying, freezing and canning that includes fruits and vegetables. Blanching treatment helps to remove the microorganisms, lengthen the shelf life and enhancing the color, flavor and texture of the fruits and vegetables. However, blanching affected the nutrients and characteristics of fruits and vegetables that contributes to the quality changes of the fruits and vegetables fruit. Thus, it is necessary to study about the quality changes during heat blanching of fruits and vegetables fruit to study the changes of the characteristics, nutrients and properties of the fruits and vegetables fruit. Kinetic modelling on the quality changes of fruits and vegetables fruit is crucial for quality modelling and quality control of fruits and vegetables fruit during the heat blanching treatment. Kinetic modelling is also important to identify which temperature and time that is optimum for the quality of fruits and vegetables after the heat blanching treatment, also to identify the kinetic trend of the properties of fruits and vegetables fruit that were affected. In this paper, general aspects of blanching process are discussed. Properties and methods to measure the quality changes were discussed. Models of kinetic according to the properties and characteristics affected by the blanching treatment were also reviewed. Keywords: fruits and vegetables; blanching; kinetic modelling; quality changes; thermal treatment
{"title":"Kinetic Model on Quality Changes During Heat Blanching of Some Fruit and Vegetables","authors":"Arinah Adila Abdul Halim, R. Shamsudin, S. H. Ariffin, Wan Nor Zanariah Zainol@Abdullah, N. Azmi","doi":"10.36877/aafrj.a0000265","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36877/aafrj.a0000265","url":null,"abstract":"Blanching have been used as a thermal treatment in food processing especially as a pre-treatment of processes such as drying, freezing and canning that includes fruits and vegetables. Blanching treatment helps to remove the microorganisms, lengthen the shelf life and enhancing the color, flavor and texture of the fruits and vegetables. However, blanching affected the nutrients and characteristics of fruits and vegetables that contributes to the quality changes of the fruits and vegetables fruit. Thus, it is necessary to study about the quality changes during heat blanching of fruits and vegetables fruit to study the changes of the characteristics, nutrients and properties of the fruits and vegetables fruit. Kinetic modelling on the quality changes of fruits and vegetables fruit is crucial for quality modelling and quality control of fruits and vegetables fruit during the heat blanching treatment. Kinetic modelling is also important to identify which temperature and time that is optimum for the quality of fruits and vegetables after the heat blanching treatment, also to identify the kinetic trend of the properties of fruits and vegetables fruit that were affected. In this paper, general aspects of blanching process are discussed. Properties and methods to measure the quality changes were discussed. Models of kinetic according to the properties and characteristics affected by the blanching treatment were also reviewed. Keywords: fruits and vegetables; blanching; kinetic modelling; quality changes; thermal treatment","PeriodicalId":420247,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Agricultural and Food Research Journal","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122270009","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Surface water are being contaminated by various toxic elements through anthropogenic activities and natural sources between residential and premises. Studies had shown that aquatic plants had its ability to improve water quality in purifying polluted surface water. Many studies had been introduced to treat the sewerage water and had been a cost to public to pay monthly. Thus, increasing living cost after water and electrical tariff. In this study, sewerage water at urban, rural, remote or even island could possibly use some aquatic plant as alternative sewerage water treatment. The objective of the study is to identify the effectiveness level of certain aquatic species suitable for sewerage water treatment. Some aquatic plants will be used in this study to identify the level of chemical absorption from wastewater. The testing plot located in a small basin with constant, controlled water flow from the sewerage holding tank. In this study, sewerage, water from Puchong Sewerage Treatment Plant had been used as a polluted source. The water quality at each basin will be monitored and recorded daily and end at a constant reading of water quality. From the study, it was found that certain aquatic species could absorb some chemical characteristic during phytoremediation processed as founded by many previous studies nationally and internationally. The treatment of sewerage sources for this study had been deteriorated over 20% from the sewerage characteristics using different types of species. This had identified that alternative wastewater treatment using some species could possibly treated the sewerage water within a period of time. Further study could be done for improving wastewater treatment timeframe either in a different scale or in an integrated mode of treatment in order to treat others characteristics sources of wastewater.
{"title":"Sewerage Water Treatment Using Phytoremediation","authors":"N. Omar","doi":"10.36877/aafrj.a0000262","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36877/aafrj.a0000262","url":null,"abstract":"Surface water are being contaminated by various toxic elements through anthropogenic activities and natural sources between residential and premises. Studies had shown that aquatic plants had its ability to improve water quality in purifying polluted surface water. Many studies had been introduced to treat the sewerage water and had been a cost to public to pay monthly. Thus, increasing living cost after water and electrical tariff. In this study, sewerage water at urban, rural, remote or even island could possibly use some aquatic plant as alternative sewerage water treatment. The objective of the study is to identify the effectiveness level of certain aquatic species suitable for sewerage water treatment. \u0000Some aquatic plants will be used in this study to identify the level of chemical absorption from wastewater. The testing plot located in a small basin with constant, controlled water flow from the sewerage holding tank. In this study, sewerage, water from Puchong Sewerage Treatment Plant had been used as a polluted source. The water quality at each basin will be monitored and recorded daily and end at a constant reading of water quality. \u0000From the study, it was found that certain aquatic species could absorb some chemical characteristic during phytoremediation processed as founded by many previous studies nationally and internationally. The treatment of sewerage sources for this study had been deteriorated over 20% from the sewerage characteristics using different types of species. This had identified that alternative wastewater treatment using some species could possibly treated the sewerage water within a period of time. Further study could be done for improving wastewater treatment timeframe either in a different scale or in an integrated mode of treatment in order to treat others characteristics sources of wastewater.","PeriodicalId":420247,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Agricultural and Food Research Journal","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131404712","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
C. Chia, S. Zakaria, Mohd Shaiful Sajab, M. J. Saad
Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and potassium hydroxide (KOH) rice husk activated carbon were prepared using a method of two-step comprising of carbonisation and activation processes. These adsorbent samples were used to remove methylene blue (MB) solution. Some chemical and physical characteristics of adsorbents were determined using proximate analysis, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller surface area (BET) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) before carrying out the MB adsorption experiments. The analyses of adsorption kinetics were performed at several conditions of pH, MB concentration and temperature to investigate the efficiency of adsorption of the samples on the MB solution. The analyses of adsorption kinetics related to the pseudo-second-order model. The capacity of adsorption of the KOH rice husk activated carbon (RHACK) on MB achieved a maximum of adsorption at 317.24 mg/g as compared to the NaOH rice husk activated carbon (RHACNa) at 210.90 mg/g. The model of intraparticle diffusion showed that the process of adsorption of RHACK and RHACNa against MB included the diffusion of MB molecules and external mass transfer to the surface of adsorbents.
{"title":"Activated Carbon Produced from Rice Husk by NaOH and KOH Activation and its Adsorption in Methylene Blue","authors":"C. Chia, S. Zakaria, Mohd Shaiful Sajab, M. J. Saad","doi":"10.36877/aafrj.a0000297","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36877/aafrj.a0000297","url":null,"abstract":"Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and potassium hydroxide (KOH) rice husk activated carbon were prepared using a method of two-step comprising of carbonisation and activation processes. These adsorbent samples were used to remove methylene blue (MB) solution. Some chemical and physical characteristics of adsorbents were determined using proximate analysis, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller surface area (BET) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) before carrying out the MB adsorption experiments. The analyses of adsorption kinetics were performed at several conditions of pH, MB concentration and temperature to investigate the efficiency of adsorption of the samples on the MB solution. The analyses of adsorption kinetics related to the pseudo-second-order model. The capacity of adsorption of the KOH rice husk activated carbon (RHACK) on MB achieved a maximum of adsorption at 317.24 mg/g as compared to the NaOH rice husk activated carbon (RHACNa) at 210.90 mg/g. The model of intraparticle diffusion showed that the process of adsorption of RHACK and RHACNa against MB included the diffusion of MB molecules and external mass transfer to the surface of adsorbents.","PeriodicalId":420247,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Agricultural and Food Research Journal","volume":"157 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134359188","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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