Pub Date : 2013-12-30DOI: 10.3989/GLADIUS.2013.0006
Mario Lafuente Gómez
In this article, we analize the tecnical conditions of the armament employed in the War called «of the Two Pedros», an important conflict developed between the monarchies from Aragon (Pedro IV) and Castille (Pedro I), between 1356 and 1366. In order to do it, we offer a definition about the main categories of combatants in the Aragonese army and, after it, we describe their equipment. Our thesis argues that, in a thecnical sense, this war can be considered as a prelude of the Military Revolution in the Crown of Aragon, because of, during the conflict, the Aragonese army employed traditional kinds of combat (large sieges and short attacks to capture people and things) and, also, little technical changes, like the use of gunpowder.
{"title":"Categorías de combatientes y su armamento en el aragón bajomedieval: la guerra de los Dos Pedros (1356-1366)","authors":"Mario Lafuente Gómez","doi":"10.3989/GLADIUS.2013.0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3989/GLADIUS.2013.0006","url":null,"abstract":"In this article, we analize the tecnical conditions of the armament employed in the War called «of the Two Pedros», an important conflict developed between the monarchies from Aragon (Pedro IV) and Castille (Pedro I), between 1356 and 1366. In order to do it, we offer a definition about the main categories of combatants in the Aragonese army and, after it, we describe their equipment. Our thesis argues that, in a thecnical sense, this war can be considered as a prelude of the Military Revolution in the Crown of Aragon, because of, during the conflict, the Aragonese army employed traditional kinds of combat (large sieges and short attacks to capture people and things) and, also, little technical changes, like the use of gunpowder.","PeriodicalId":42057,"journal":{"name":"Gladius","volume":"33 1","pages":"131-156"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2013-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70058467","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-12-30DOI: 10.3989/GLADIUS.2012.0006
N. Agrait
To understand how it was possible for Alfonso XI to triumph militarily over his enemies, it is not enough to look at his courage, leadership and military strategies and tactics. One also has to study in depth the mechanisms he used to cover the high costs of his multiple campaigns and ordinary defense costs. In addition to the Crown’s regular fiscal resources and those taxes specifically related to warfare, Alfonso came to depend more and more on extraordinary levies, like monedas foreras, servicios, alcabalas, the temporary suspension of fiscal exemptions at the local level, the wealth of the Church, loans, and the sale of parts of the royal patrimony. These financial mechanisms opened up new sources of revenue to feed his military ambitions and truly constituted one of the most fundamental reasons for Alfonso’s success as a monarch and commander.
{"title":"El asta de la lanza: los mecanismos de financiación de la guerra durante el reinado de Alfonso XI (1312-1350)","authors":"N. Agrait","doi":"10.3989/GLADIUS.2012.0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3989/GLADIUS.2012.0006","url":null,"abstract":"To understand how it was possible for Alfonso XI to triumph militarily over his enemies, it is not enough to look at his courage, leadership and military strategies and tactics. One also has to study in depth the mechanisms he used to cover the high costs of his multiple campaigns and ordinary defense costs. In addition to the Crown’s regular fiscal resources and those taxes specifically related to warfare, Alfonso came to depend more and more on extraordinary levies, like monedas foreras, servicios, alcabalas, the temporary suspension of fiscal exemptions at the local level, the wealth of the Church, loans, and the sale of parts of the royal patrimony. These financial mechanisms opened up new sources of revenue to feed his military ambitions and truly constituted one of the most fundamental reasons for Alfonso’s success as a monarch and commander.","PeriodicalId":42057,"journal":{"name":"Gladius","volume":"32 1","pages":"103-120"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2012-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70057946","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-12-30DOI: 10.3989/GLADIUS.2012.0003
R. Martínez
Several decades ago the relationship between the «bidiscoidal» type dagger (also known as «biglobular» or «doblegobular») and the Roman pugio , was generally accepted, the Celtiberian dagger being the origin of many of its most characteristic elements. However, some elements of the Roman dagger have been left without explanation, their origin unknown. This paper provides data to show the relationship between the pugio and the so called «waisted type» dagger, recently defined (formerly described as «La Osera» type or «Villanueva de Teba» type). This weapon contains those elements that are lacking in the Celtiberian bidiscoidal dagger, but are present in the pugio , which can then be considered an hybrid form.
几十年前，“双盘形”匕首(也被称为“双小叶形”或“双小叶形”)与罗马短刀之间的关系被普遍接受，凯尔特人匕首是其许多最具特色元素的起源。然而，罗马匕首的一些元素没有得到解释，它们的来源不明。本文提供的数据显示了pugio和所谓的“腰型”匕首之间的关系，最近被定义(以前被描述为“La Osera”型或“Villanueva de Teba”型)。这种武器包含了凯尔特伯利亚双盘面匕首所缺乏的元素，但在普吉欧匕首中却存在，可以被认为是一种混合形式。
{"title":"El pugio : nuevos datos para el estudio de su origen","authors":"R. Martínez","doi":"10.3989/GLADIUS.2012.0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3989/GLADIUS.2012.0003","url":null,"abstract":"Several decades ago the relationship between the «bidiscoidal» type dagger (also known as «biglobular» or «doblegobular») and the Roman pugio , was generally accepted, the Celtiberian dagger being the origin of many of its most characteristic elements. However, some elements of the Roman dagger have been left without explanation, their origin unknown. This paper provides data to show the relationship between the pugio and the so called «waisted type» dagger, recently defined (formerly described as «La Osera» type or «Villanueva de Teba» type). This weapon contains those elements that are lacking in the Celtiberian bidiscoidal dagger, but are present in the pugio , which can then be considered an hybrid form.","PeriodicalId":42057,"journal":{"name":"Gladius","volume":"32 1","pages":"49-68"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2012-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70057829","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-12-30DOI: 10.3989/GLADIUS.2012.0004
Rafael Hidalgo Prieto
In this paper we present an unpublished plaque decorated with an armed horseman found in the archaeological site of Cercadilla in Cordoba. The piece, made of calcarenite, is carved in hollow relief, which together with some of its defining features, allow us to identify it as one of the valves of a casting mould, which was used to produce ornamental items of unknown purpose. The cavalryman’s panoply especially the helmet, together with the historicarchaeological context from which it comes, allow us to date it to between the second half of the sixth century and the seventh centuries A.D., and identify the cavalryman as a member of the elite of the Visigoth period.
{"title":"Casting mould with relief of armed horseman from Cordoba","authors":"Rafael Hidalgo Prieto","doi":"10.3989/GLADIUS.2012.0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3989/GLADIUS.2012.0004","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper we present an unpublished plaque decorated with an armed horseman found in the archaeological site of Cercadilla in Cordoba. The piece, made of calcarenite, is carved in hollow relief, which together with some of its defining features, allow us to identify it as one of the valves of a casting mould, which was used to produce ornamental items of unknown purpose. The cavalryman’s panoply especially the helmet, together with the historicarchaeological context from which it comes, allow us to date it to between the second half of the sixth century and the seventh centuries A.D., and identify the cavalryman as a member of the elite of the Visigoth period.","PeriodicalId":42057,"journal":{"name":"Gladius","volume":"32 1","pages":"69-86"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2012-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70057845","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-12-30DOI: 10.3989/GLADIUS.2012.0001
J. Vidal
The aim of this paper is to compile and analyse Assyrian military camps depicted in the reliefs of Imgur-Enlil. This study enables the reconstruction of the main architectural features of the camps, as well as to notice the evolution in their design and the existence of ties of dependence between some of them.
{"title":"Campamentos militares asirios durante el reinado de Salmanasar III","authors":"J. Vidal","doi":"10.3989/GLADIUS.2012.0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3989/GLADIUS.2012.0001","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this paper is to compile and analyse Assyrian military camps depicted in the reliefs of Imgur-Enlil. This study enables the reconstruction of the main architectural features of the camps, as well as to notice the evolution in their design and the existence of ties of dependence between some of them.","PeriodicalId":42057,"journal":{"name":"Gladius","volume":"32 1","pages":"7-24"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2012-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70057768","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-12-30DOI: 10.3989/GLADIUS.2012.0005
J. Hošek, Jir̆í Kosta, P. Barta
The paper deals with a metallographic examination of a sword from grave No. 438, which was uncovered at the site of Mikulcice (Hodonin county), a former early medieval stronghold in Moravia (Czech Republic). Mikulcice was one of the main power centres of the Great Moravia – the first state formed by Slavs north of the Danube River – which was created in the first third of the 9th century and ended at the beginning of the 10th century. The sword, provided with a single flattened hemispherical pommel (Petersen X type), has a blade bearing an inscription that is no longer legible. According to the results of metallographic examination, the blade was hardened and consists of steel cutting edges welded on a core, which was composed of steel side-plates and a middle strip of iron or low-carbon steel. It was an excellent sword, undoubtedly one of the best swords excavated in Mikulcice.
{"title":"The metallographic examination of sword no. 438 as part of a systematic survey of swords from the early medieval stronghold of Mikulčice, Czech Republic","authors":"J. Hošek, Jir̆í Kosta, P. Barta","doi":"10.3989/GLADIUS.2012.0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3989/GLADIUS.2012.0005","url":null,"abstract":"The paper deals with a metallographic examination of a sword from grave No. 438, which was uncovered at the site of Mikulcice (Hodonin county), a former early medieval stronghold in Moravia (Czech Republic). Mikulcice was one of the main power centres of the Great Moravia – the first state formed by Slavs north of the Danube River – which was created in the first third of the 9th century and ended at the beginning of the 10th century. The sword, provided with a single flattened hemispherical pommel (Petersen X type), has a blade bearing an inscription that is no longer legible. According to the results of metallographic examination, the blade was hardened and consists of steel cutting edges welded on a core, which was composed of steel side-plates and a middle strip of iron or low-carbon steel. It was an excellent sword, undoubtedly one of the best swords excavated in Mikulcice.","PeriodicalId":42057,"journal":{"name":"Gladius","volume":"32 1","pages":"87-102"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2012-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70057882","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-12-30DOI: 10.3989/GLADIUS.2012.0008
Alan Williams, D. Edge, Tobias Capwell, S. Tschegg
This paper discusses the metallurgy of some jousting armours, and other aspects of their equipment. Armours for the joust with sharp lances ( scharfrennen ) were found to be sometimes thinner than armour for the joust of peace ( gestech ) but these examples were made of better metal. Appendices discuss the textile padding, which was an integral part of the protection offered by jousting armour, and some of the lances employed in the joust.
{"title":"A technical note on the armour and equipment for jousting","authors":"Alan Williams, D. Edge, Tobias Capwell, S. Tschegg","doi":"10.3989/GLADIUS.2012.0008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3989/GLADIUS.2012.0008","url":null,"abstract":"This paper discusses the metallurgy of some jousting armours, and other aspects of their equipment. Armours for the joust with sharp lances ( scharfrennen ) were found to be sometimes thinner than armour for the joust of peace ( gestech ) but these examples were made of better metal. Appendices discuss the textile padding, which was an integral part of the protection offered by jousting armour, and some of the lances employed in the joust.","PeriodicalId":42057,"journal":{"name":"Gladius","volume":"32 1","pages":"131-184"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2012-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70058159","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-12-30DOI: 10.3989/GLADIUS.2012.0002
Eduard Ble Gimeno
This paper pretends to study the use of Roman artillery in the northeast of the Iberian Peninsula during the Late Republican period (218 - 45 BC). I analyze the most abundant archaeological evidence, but also the least studied: the projectiles. I propose a typological classification based on their caliber. At the same time I suggest a functional characterization for each of the findings based on their archaeological context and dating.
{"title":"Tormenta romana . Análisis morfológico y funcional de la artillería romana tardorepublicana en el nordeste peninsular","authors":"Eduard Ble Gimeno","doi":"10.3989/GLADIUS.2012.0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3989/GLADIUS.2012.0002","url":null,"abstract":"This paper pretends to study the use of Roman artillery in the northeast of the Iberian Peninsula during the Late Republican period (218 - 45 BC). I analyze the most abundant archaeological evidence, but also the least studied: the projectiles. I propose a typological classification based on their caliber. At the same time I suggest a functional characterization for each of the findings based on their archaeological context and dating.","PeriodicalId":42057,"journal":{"name":"Gladius","volume":"13 1","pages":"25-48"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2012-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70057789","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-12-30DOI: 10.3989/GLADIUS.2012.0007
María Luisa González Castañón
This paper approach the historical and archaeological analysis of the arrowheads collection from the excavation at Corullon castle (El Bierzo, Leon), which remained unpublished in Leon Museum. These finds allow to realize a typology which related them to another medieval types of archaeological sites in Spain and Europe. At the same time it intensified the relation of this castle with «irmandina» revolution in the XV century, offering an evidence of the castle attack.
{"title":"El castillo de Corullón: estudio de un conjunto de proyectiles en el contexto de las revueltas irmandiñas","authors":"María Luisa González Castañón","doi":"10.3989/GLADIUS.2012.0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3989/GLADIUS.2012.0007","url":null,"abstract":"This paper approach the historical and archaeological analysis of the arrowheads collection from the excavation at Corullon castle (El Bierzo, Leon), which remained unpublished in Leon Museum. These finds allow to realize a typology which related them to another medieval types of archaeological sites in Spain and Europe. At the same time it intensified the relation of this castle with «irmandina» revolution in the XV century, offering an evidence of the castle attack.","PeriodicalId":42057,"journal":{"name":"Gladius","volume":"32 1","pages":"121-138"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2012-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70058078","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-12-30DOI: 10.3989/GLADIUS.2012.0009
P. F. Silva, J. J. S. Baena
This work is aimed at the analysis of an unknown piece of maritime artillery dated at the second half of the XVIth century. This piece, out of any inventory record, was located within one of the Archive-Museum chambers in the Don Alvaro Bazan Palace at El Viso del Marques, Ciudad Real province, central Spain. The specimen is a bastard esmeril here so-called «matacapitanes» («killer of captains») because it seems precisely designed to be used against the bullet-proof armour of enemy officers. By means of manuscripts and impressed documents, an approach and discussion on the typology and classification of the XVIth century´s maritime artillery is also presented.
这项工作旨在分析一件未知的海上火炮，日期为16世纪下半叶。这件作品，没有任何库存记录，位于西班牙中部雷亚尔城省El Viso del Marques的Don Alvaro Bazan宫的档案博物馆的一个房间里。这是一种杂种艾丝米尔鱼，在这里被称为“马塔卡皮坦尼斯”(“船长的杀手”)，因为它似乎是专门用来对付敌方军官的防弹盔甲的。本文还结合文献资料，对16世纪海上火炮的类型和分类进行了探讨。
{"title":"Una nueva pieza de artilleria de galeras del siglo XVI: el esmeril bastardo \"matacapitanes\"","authors":"P. F. Silva, J. J. S. Baena","doi":"10.3989/GLADIUS.2012.0009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3989/GLADIUS.2012.0009","url":null,"abstract":"This work is aimed at the analysis of an unknown piece of maritime artillery dated at the second half of the XVIth century. This piece, out of any inventory record, was located within one of the Archive-Museum chambers in the Don Alvaro Bazan Palace at El Viso del Marques, Ciudad Real province, central Spain. The specimen is a bastard esmeril here so-called «matacapitanes» («killer of captains») because it seems precisely designed to be used against the bullet-proof armour of enemy officers. By means of manuscripts and impressed documents, an approach and discussion on the typology and classification of the XVIth century´s maritime artillery is also presented.","PeriodicalId":42057,"journal":{"name":"Gladius","volume":"32 1","pages":"185-210"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2012-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70058206","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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