Pub Date : 2018-12-12DOI: 10.1163/23751606-01402002
Gunnar Skirbekk
We may ask what is typical of processes of modernisation in Scandinavia? What does Scandinavia have, in this respect, that no one else has? As I see it, what is unique to modernisation processes in Scandinavia, from the eighteenth century and throughout the nineteenth, is a contentious interplay between state officials and popular movements; between enlightened state officials and successful popular movements. Prussia, too, had enlightened state officials; but, in the German realm, popular movements did not turn out to be successful in this respect.
{"title":"Processes of Modernisation: Scandinavian Experiences","authors":"Gunnar Skirbekk","doi":"10.1163/23751606-01402002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/23751606-01402002","url":null,"abstract":"We may ask what is typical of processes of modernisation in Scandinavia? What does Scandinavia have, in this respect, that no one else has? As I see it, what is unique to modernisation processes in Scandinavia, from the eighteenth century and throughout the nineteenth, is a contentious interplay between state officials and popular movements; between enlightened state officials and successful popular movements. Prussia, too, had enlightened state officials; but, in the German realm, popular movements did not turn out to be successful in this respect.","PeriodicalId":42064,"journal":{"name":"Transcultural Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1163/23751606-01402002","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46416642","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-12-12DOI: 10.1163/23751606-01402003
Oili Pulkkinen
In this article, I shall examine the European part of the Russian Empire, Russian culture and Russians in eighteenth century handbooks of geography when “the Newtonian turn” took place in that discipline. Thanks to travel literature and history writing, we are used to thinking of the Russians as representing “otherness” in Europe. Still, in handbooks of geography, Russia was the gate between Asia and Europe. This article will explicate the stereotype(s) of the British characterisations of the Russian national character and the European part of the Russian Empire (excluding ethnic minorities in Russia), in order to reconstruct the idea of Russia in the British (and Irish) geography books.
{"title":"Russia and Euro-Centric Geography During the British Enlightenment","authors":"Oili Pulkkinen","doi":"10.1163/23751606-01402003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/23751606-01402003","url":null,"abstract":"In this article, I shall examine the European part of the Russian Empire, Russian culture and Russians in eighteenth century handbooks of geography when “the Newtonian turn” took place in that discipline. Thanks to travel literature and history writing, we are used to thinking of the Russians as representing “otherness” in Europe. Still, in handbooks of geography, Russia was the gate between Asia and Europe. This article will explicate the stereotype(s) of the British characterisations of the Russian national character and the European part of the Russian Empire (excluding ethnic minorities in Russia), in order to reconstruct the idea of Russia in the British (and Irish) geography books.","PeriodicalId":42064,"journal":{"name":"Transcultural Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1163/23751606-01402003","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47463516","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-12-12DOI: 10.1163/23751606-01402006
T. Artemyeva
Among various approaches to intellectual processes in history we can find some space for new aspects of the history of visuality, including emblem studies.The visual part of the emblem depends on the conceptual description, and its artistic value or the quality of its image is not as important as its textual part. We can compare this with the calligraphic status of handwriting, or the particular configuration and style of a typeface. They are not important for the content of the text, although we can include them in our consideration. Paradoxically, the textual part of the emblem usually contains visual descriptions as explanations and can completely replace the image. The sustained connection between an image and a description of an emblem allows us to give it the status of a concept. In this paper, I use examples from the Russian emblematic discourse of the Enlightenment to contextualise an illustrated edition of the poetry of Gavriil Derzhavin.
{"title":"Emblems as “Metaphysical Essays”: An Illustrated Edition of the Russian Poet G. Derzhavin","authors":"T. Artemyeva","doi":"10.1163/23751606-01402006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/23751606-01402006","url":null,"abstract":"Among various approaches to intellectual processes in history we can find some space for new aspects of the history of visuality, including emblem studies.The visual part of the emblem depends on the conceptual description, and its artistic value or the quality of its image is not as important as its textual part. We can compare this with the calligraphic status of handwriting, or the particular configuration and style of a typeface. They are not important for the content of the text, although we can include them in our consideration. Paradoxically, the textual part of the emblem usually contains visual descriptions as explanations and can completely replace the image. The sustained connection between an image and a description of an emblem allows us to give it the status of a concept. In this paper, I use examples from the Russian emblematic discourse of the Enlightenment to contextualise an illustrated edition of the poetry of Gavriil Derzhavin.","PeriodicalId":42064,"journal":{"name":"Transcultural Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1163/23751606-01402006","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46252475","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-12-12DOI: 10.1163/23751606-01402007
M. Levitt
Scholars have traditionally sought the sources of Mikhail Chulkov’s The Comely Cook, or the Adventures of a Depraved Woman [Prigozhaia povarikha, ili pokhozhdeniia razvratnoi zhenshchiny] of 1770 in Western European novels. In contrast, this article examines Chulkov’s work as a complex example of cultural transfer that took place on several levels: among languages and national traditions; between poetry and prose; on the somewhat indeterminate level of genre; between oral and print, verbal and visual media; and between high and low, popular and highbrow cultural registers.
{"title":"Cultural Transfer: The Case of Mikhail Chulkov’s The Comely Cook","authors":"M. Levitt","doi":"10.1163/23751606-01402007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/23751606-01402007","url":null,"abstract":"Scholars have traditionally sought the sources of Mikhail Chulkov’s The Comely Cook, or the Adventures of a Depraved Woman [Prigozhaia povarikha, ili pokhozhdeniia razvratnoi zhenshchiny] of 1770 in Western European novels. In contrast, this article examines Chulkov’s work as a complex example of cultural transfer that took place on several levels: among languages and national traditions; between poetry and prose; on the somewhat indeterminate level of genre; between oral and print, verbal and visual media; and between high and low, popular and highbrow cultural registers.","PeriodicalId":42064,"journal":{"name":"Transcultural Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1163/23751606-01402007","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46602657","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-12-12DOI: 10.1163/23751606-01402008
J. Stén
The life of the Finnish mathematician Anders Johan Lexell (1740–1784) offers an interesting example of internationalisation of the sciences in the 18th century. Born and educated in Åbo (Turku), Finland, then a part of Sweden, he became a lecturer at the local university, visited Uppsala briefly, but due to lack of prospects for an academic career, he decided to move to nearby St. Petersburg, Russia, to make use of his talents at the Imperial Academy of Sciences. There, starting in 1768, he became a close associate of the leading mathematician of the era, Leonhard Euler. Moreover, he corresponded assiduously with Swedish scientists, including Carl Linnaeus, in all areas of science. We show in this article that his correspondence provides plenty of information about the Republic of Letters and, in particular, the Russo-Swedish scientific relations of the day.
{"title":"The Petersburg Academy of Sciences as Seen by the Finnish Mathematician Anders Johan Lexell","authors":"J. Stén","doi":"10.1163/23751606-01402008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/23751606-01402008","url":null,"abstract":"The life of the Finnish mathematician Anders Johan Lexell (1740–1784) offers an interesting example of internationalisation of the sciences in the 18th century. Born and educated in Åbo (Turku), Finland, then a part of Sweden, he became a lecturer at the local university, visited Uppsala briefly, but due to lack of prospects for an academic career, he decided to move to nearby St. Petersburg, Russia, to make use of his talents at the Imperial Academy of Sciences. There, starting in 1768, he became a close associate of the leading mathematician of the era, Leonhard Euler. Moreover, he corresponded assiduously with Swedish scientists, including Carl Linnaeus, in all areas of science. We show in this article that his correspondence provides plenty of information about the Republic of Letters and, in particular, the Russo-Swedish scientific relations of the day.","PeriodicalId":42064,"journal":{"name":"Transcultural Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1163/23751606-01402008","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46649294","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-12-12DOI: 10.1163/23751606-01402004
Vesa Oittinen
The paper deals with the meeting of Catherine ii and Denis Diderot in 1773–1774, which is interpreted as an archetypal event of the clash of Western Enlightenment with a country on the periphery of Western civilisation. Diderot was one of the few Enlightenment thinkers who saw the problems associated with the globalisation of Enlightenment ideas and practices. The problem of “enlightened despotism” is discussed; the suggestion is that it foreshadows the 20th century dictatorial regimes pursuing modernisation.
{"title":"When Diderot Met Catherine: Some Reflections on an Archetypic Event","authors":"Vesa Oittinen","doi":"10.1163/23751606-01402004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/23751606-01402004","url":null,"abstract":"The paper deals with the meeting of Catherine ii and Denis Diderot in 1773–1774, which is interpreted as an archetypal event of the clash of Western Enlightenment with a country on the periphery of Western civilisation. Diderot was one of the few Enlightenment thinkers who saw the problems associated with the globalisation of Enlightenment ideas and practices. The problem of “enlightened despotism” is discussed; the suggestion is that it foreshadows the 20th century dictatorial regimes pursuing modernisation.","PeriodicalId":42064,"journal":{"name":"Transcultural Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1163/23751606-01402004","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44541583","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-12-12DOI: 10.1163/23751606-01402005
M. Mikeshin
To decode what Russian reformers meant when borrowing their wording from the West, one should try to immerse oneself into their context. The paper considers an example of Alexander I’s reforms at the very beginning of the nineteenth century. The political struggle and ideas of the Vorontsov brothers’ “Senatorial party” and the “Secret Committee” are studied in two ways. A straightforward “European” interpretation of concepts they all used is found to be misleading. Given the main principle of the Russian political system, autocracy, the Senatorial party understood “despotism” as “ministerial despotism” and fought not for reforms, but for access to the autocrat.
{"title":"Talking of Reforms that Failed: Some Ideas about Alexander’s “Secret Committee”","authors":"M. Mikeshin","doi":"10.1163/23751606-01402005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/23751606-01402005","url":null,"abstract":"To decode what Russian reformers meant when borrowing their wording from the West, one should try to immerse oneself into their context. The paper considers an example of Alexander I’s reforms at the very beginning of the nineteenth century. The political struggle and ideas of the Vorontsov brothers’ “Senatorial party” and the “Secret Committee” are studied in two ways. A straightforward “European” interpretation of concepts they all used is found to be misleading. Given the main principle of the Russian political system, autocracy, the Senatorial party understood “despotism” as “ministerial despotism” and fought not for reforms, but for access to the autocrat.","PeriodicalId":42064,"journal":{"name":"Transcultural Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1163/23751606-01402005","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41961023","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-12-12DOI: 10.1163/23751606-01402001
Vesa Oittinen, T. Artemyeva, M. Mikeshin
{"title":"Introduction","authors":"Vesa Oittinen, T. Artemyeva, M. Mikeshin","doi":"10.1163/23751606-01402001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/23751606-01402001","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":42064,"journal":{"name":"Transcultural Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1163/23751606-01402001","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41875248","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A la lumiere d’une prise de conscience tardive de la crise climatique, le besoin de limiter — la production, la consommation, la domination de la « Nature » et l’exercice du pouvoir — est devenu urgent. Cela etant, les limites seules suffiront-elles a inflechir les plus nefastes des repercussions, et meme si elles y suffisaient, par le biais de quel mecanisme politique y arriverait-on ? Cet article demontre comment le double mouvement du capitalisme et de la techno-science (Ellul, Charbonneau, Castoriadis) a constamment mene a un stade de l’histoire de l’humanite ou la limitation intervient trop tard pour sauver le systeme existant. La societe mondiale tout entiere doit dorenavant modifier de maniere radicale son exploitation des ressources planetaires pour creer une nouvelle culture dans laquelle la production et le travail inutile (Rensi, Gorz) seront remplaces par une facon de vivre qui respectera non seulement l’environnement ou habite l’humanite, mais l’humanite elle-meme. Pour arriver a une telle transformation culturelle, l’exercice meme du pouvoir doit etre bride (Castoriadis, Zhuangzi, Billeter) pour ceder la place a une pratique democratique et populaire.
{"title":"Au-delà des limites : pour un nouvel imaginaire culturel","authors":"Gregory B. Lee","doi":"10.4000/TRANSTEXTS.1223","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4000/TRANSTEXTS.1223","url":null,"abstract":"A la lumiere d’une prise de conscience tardive de la crise climatique, le besoin de limiter — la production, la consommation, la domination de la « Nature » et l’exercice du pouvoir — est devenu urgent. Cela etant, les limites seules suffiront-elles a inflechir les plus nefastes des repercussions, et meme si elles y suffisaient, par le biais de quel mecanisme politique y arriverait-on ? Cet article demontre comment le double mouvement du capitalisme et de la techno-science (Ellul, Charbonneau, Castoriadis) a constamment mene a un stade de l’histoire de l’humanite ou la limitation intervient trop tard pour sauver le systeme existant. La societe mondiale tout entiere doit dorenavant modifier de maniere radicale son exploitation des ressources planetaires pour creer une nouvelle culture dans laquelle la production et le travail inutile (Rensi, Gorz) seront remplaces par une facon de vivre qui respectera non seulement l’environnement ou habite l’humanite, mais l’humanite elle-meme. Pour arriver a une telle transformation culturelle, l’exercice meme du pouvoir doit etre bride (Castoriadis, Zhuangzi, Billeter) pour ceder la place a une pratique democratique et populaire.","PeriodicalId":42064,"journal":{"name":"Transcultural Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72456413","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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