Pub Date : 2021-05-25DOI: 10.1179/152153807794774046
Elizabeth Vander Ven
{"title":"It's Time for School: The Introduction of the New Calendar in Haicheng County Primary Schools, Northeast China, 1905-1919","authors":"Elizabeth Vander Ven","doi":"10.1179/152153807794774046","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1179/152153807794774046","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":42116,"journal":{"name":"Twentieth-Century China","volume":"32 1","pages":"60 - 83"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2021-05-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42322522","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Mao’s Third Front: The Militarization of Cold War China by Covell F. Meyskens (review)","authors":"Taomo Zhou","doi":"10.1353/TCC.2021.0018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/TCC.2021.0018","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":42116,"journal":{"name":"Twentieth-Century China","volume":"46 1","pages":"E-14 - E-15"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2021-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1353/TCC.2021.0018","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45202749","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Chinese Revolution on the Tibetan Frontier by Benno Weiner (review)","authors":"Hannah Theaker","doi":"10.1353/TCC.2021.0017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/TCC.2021.0017","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":42116,"journal":{"name":"Twentieth-Century China","volume":"46 1","pages":"E-16 - E-17"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2021-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1353/TCC.2021.0017","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44074854","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:Photographs and paintings of “iron girls,” militia members, and other women performing hard labor are frequently discussed with regard to gender roles and gendered representation in Maoist China. This article sheds new light on the workings of Maoist-period propaganda images in general and photography in particular by showing how pictures of militant women such as female militia and Red Guards not only conveyed new gender models and norms but also functioned as allegories of class and the socialist nation. The female gender and the beauty of the depicted women were essential to this function. The images turned the harsh realities of revolutionary struggle and military conflict into aesthetic experiences that were consumed by female and male audiences alike. By unpacking the personal histories of some of the women in the photographs, I draw attention to the experiences, desires, and conflicts subsumed in the propagandistic function of the images.
{"title":"Militiawomen, Red Guards, and Images of Female Militancy in Maoist China","authors":"J. Noth","doi":"10.1353/TCC.2021.0013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/TCC.2021.0013","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:Photographs and paintings of “iron girls,” militia members, and other women performing hard labor are frequently discussed with regard to gender roles and gendered representation in Maoist China. This article sheds new light on the workings of Maoist-period propaganda images in general and photography in particular by showing how pictures of militant women such as female militia and Red Guards not only conveyed new gender models and norms but also functioned as allegories of class and the socialist nation. The female gender and the beauty of the depicted women were essential to this function. The images turned the harsh realities of revolutionary struggle and military conflict into aesthetic experiences that were consumed by female and male audiences alike. By unpacking the personal histories of some of the women in the photographs, I draw attention to the experiences, desires, and conflicts subsumed in the propagandistic function of the images.","PeriodicalId":42116,"journal":{"name":"Twentieth-Century China","volume":"46 1","pages":"153 - 180"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2021-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1353/TCC.2021.0013","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46519352","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:The Second World War has been understood as a war of production, not only in instruments of assault and defense but also in the civic imagination of the nation-state. Mass mobilization for war fundamentally reshaped the relationship between the state and the knowledge industry. In China, the retreat of the Nationalist government from Nanjing to Chongqing saw China’s worst refugee crisis, but it also resulted in the country’s most dramatic growth of publicly funded education for primary and secondary schools and caused a shift in how knowledge came to be embodied in the materiality of wartime textbooks. Based on archival research, this article tells the story of the Second Sino-Japanese War by tracing the lives of textbooks produced and consumed during this period, and it assesses how the wartime experience fundamentally changed the textbook industry.
{"title":"The War of Textbooks: Educating Children during the Second Sino-Japanese War, 1937–1945","authors":"J. Day","doi":"10.1353/TCC.2021.0011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/TCC.2021.0011","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:The Second World War has been understood as a war of production, not only in instruments of assault and defense but also in the civic imagination of the nation-state. Mass mobilization for war fundamentally reshaped the relationship between the state and the knowledge industry. In China, the retreat of the Nationalist government from Nanjing to Chongqing saw China’s worst refugee crisis, but it also resulted in the country’s most dramatic growth of publicly funded education for primary and secondary schools and caused a shift in how knowledge came to be embodied in the materiality of wartime textbooks. Based on archival research, this article tells the story of the Second Sino-Japanese War by tracing the lives of textbooks produced and consumed during this period, and it assesses how the wartime experience fundamentally changed the textbook industry.","PeriodicalId":42116,"journal":{"name":"Twentieth-Century China","volume":"46 1","pages":"105 - 129"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2021-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1353/TCC.2021.0011","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45638064","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Red Silk: Class, Gender, and Revolution in China’s Yangzi Delta Silk Industry by Robert Cliver (review)","authors":"Juanjuan Peng","doi":"10.1353/TCC.2021.0020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/TCC.2021.0020","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":42116,"journal":{"name":"Twentieth-Century China","volume":"46 1","pages":"E-10 - E-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2021-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1353/TCC.2021.0020","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47613146","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:This article explores the impact of agricultural science and extension on the cotton industry in interwar Shandong Province. It shows that cotton experts played an important role in breeding upland or “American” cotton and in organizing communities to maintain the quality of the improved varieties. In the 1910s and early 1920s, cotton experts focused primarily on acclimatizing and improving American cotton varieties. Early approaches to distributing improved varieties failed to account for the difficulties of maintaining seed purity. Subsequently, in the 1930s, cotton scientists and extension agents worked together with industrialists, bankers, local government, rural reformers, and farmers to promote production and marketing cooperatives to manage how cotton was grown, ginned, and sold in a given community. These regulatory measures helped prevent seed degeneration and produced large supplies of pure-seed cotton for local production and factory consumption.
{"title":"A Community Crop: Cotton, Science, and Extension in Interwar Shandong, 1918–1937","authors":"Spencer Stewart","doi":"10.1353/TCC.2021.0015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/TCC.2021.0015","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:This article explores the impact of agricultural science and extension on the cotton industry in interwar Shandong Province. It shows that cotton experts played an important role in breeding upland or “American” cotton and in organizing communities to maintain the quality of the improved varieties. In the 1910s and early 1920s, cotton experts focused primarily on acclimatizing and improving American cotton varieties. Early approaches to distributing improved varieties failed to account for the difficulties of maintaining seed purity. Subsequently, in the 1930s, cotton scientists and extension agents worked together with industrialists, bankers, local government, rural reformers, and farmers to promote production and marketing cooperatives to manage how cotton was grown, ginned, and sold in a given community. These regulatory measures helped prevent seed degeneration and produced large supplies of pure-seed cotton for local production and factory consumption.","PeriodicalId":42116,"journal":{"name":"Twentieth-Century China","volume":"46 1","pages":"199 - 219"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2021-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1353/TCC.2021.0015","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41820155","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:This article explores the designing, construction, and uses of the public park known as Huagang guanyu, “Watching Fish at the Flower Harbor,” in Hangzhou, China, during the time of Mao (1949–1976). While the existing scholarship has documented the transformation of the city into a political space after 1949, the present study emphasizes the diverse uses of this public site. My study on the construction and different uses—as political, mnemonic, and experiential spaces—of this public park sheds light on the intersection of three such spaces, allowing individuals to variously subscribe to, negotiate with, and appropriate the official rhetoric and practices. Thus, I argue that the politicization of the urban space in mid-century China was merely one of numerous “spatial practices.” It was the interactions of differing spatial practices that constituted the very essence of the development and transformation of cities in Mao-era China.
{"title":"“Watching Fish at the Flower Harbor”: Landscape, Space, and the Propaganda State in Mao’s China","authors":"Qiliang He","doi":"10.1353/TCC.2021.0014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/TCC.2021.0014","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:This article explores the designing, construction, and uses of the public park known as Huagang guanyu, “Watching Fish at the Flower Harbor,” in Hangzhou, China, during the time of Mao (1949–1976). While the existing scholarship has documented the transformation of the city into a political space after 1949, the present study emphasizes the diverse uses of this public site. My study on the construction and different uses—as political, mnemonic, and experiential spaces—of this public park sheds light on the intersection of three such spaces, allowing individuals to variously subscribe to, negotiate with, and appropriate the official rhetoric and practices. Thus, I argue that the politicization of the urban space in mid-century China was merely one of numerous “spatial practices.” It was the interactions of differing spatial practices that constituted the very essence of the development and transformation of cities in Mao-era China.","PeriodicalId":42116,"journal":{"name":"Twentieth-Century China","volume":"46 1","pages":"181 - 198"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2021-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1353/TCC.2021.0014","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43037488","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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