Journal of Ancient Near Eastern Religions最新文献

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3区哲学 Q2 HISTORY

Journal of Ancient Near Eastern Religions

Pub Date : 2023-08-24 DOI: 10.1163/15692124-02301000

引用次数: 0

“When Everything Is Human, the Human Is an Entirely Different Thing …” Animal Powers in the Ancient Egyptian Demonic Imagery and Beyond “当一切都是人类时，人类是完全不同的东西……”古埃及恶魔意象中的动物力量及其他

IF 0.1 3区哲学 Q2 HISTORY

Journal of Ancient Near Eastern Religions

Pub Date : 2023-08-24 DOI: 10.1163/15692124-12341336

R. Lucarelli

This article attempts a comparative analysis of the ancient Egyptian demonic imagery of animal and hybrid figures, according to anthropological studies and theories of perspectivism, as well as by referring to studies of Monster Theory and Cryptozoology. The aim is to disclose what kind of agency real and imaginary animals of the ancient Egyptian Duat (Beyond) possess and how it relates to the agency of humans and other non-human beings populating the Realm of the Dead.

本文试图根据人类学研究和透视主义理论，并参考怪物论和神秘动物学的研究，对古埃及的动物和混合人物的恶魔形象进行比较分析。目的是揭示古埃及Duat(超越)的真实和想象的动物拥有什么样的代理，以及它与人类和其他非人类居住在死亡领域的代理有什么关系。

引用次数: 0

Atraḫasīs, behind the First Sin That Cried to Heaven and Related Matters Atraḫasīs，第一宗向天呼求的罪背后及相关事宜

IF 0.1 3区哲学 Q2 HISTORY

Journal of Ancient Near Eastern Religions

Pub Date : 2023-08-24 DOI: 10.1163/15692124-12341337

Abraham Winitzer

This paper inquires about the source of human blood in the Biblical Primeval History, beginning with the report in the Cain and Abel story of bloodshed and a related cosmic-upsetting noise. It is posited that this unique report and the sophisticated case of ancient philology extending to it from the Eden story and relating ʾādām, “Adam,” dām, “blood,” and ʾădāmâ, “earth” are inspired by the Mesopotamian myth of Atraḫasīs, in which an equally complex case of philological speculation concerning anthropogeny also relates to an outstanding account of bloodshed and a cosmic-upsetting noise. This occasion of a posited transformation of Mesopotamian lore in the Primeval History is considered within the broader context of this intercultural contact and its underlying philological and theological assumptions and motivations.

本文从《圣经原始史》中关于流血事件的报道和相关的宇宙扰乱噪音入手，探讨了《圣经原始历史》中人类血液的来源。据推测，这份独特的报告和从伊甸园故事延伸到它的古代语言学的复杂案例，以及与ʾādām、“Adam”、“dān”、“blood”和ʾḫasīs，其中关于人类发生学的文献学推测的一个同样复杂的案例也与对流血事件和宇宙混乱噪音的杰出描述有关。在这种跨文化接触及其潜在的语言学和神学假设和动机的更广泛背景下，人们认为美索不达米亚传说在原始历史中发生了假定的转变。

引用次数: 0

A Perilous Sailing and a Lion: Comparative Evidence for a Phoenician Afterlife Motif 危险的航行和狮子:腓尼基人来世主题的比较证据

IF 0.1 3区哲学 Q2 HISTORY

Journal of Ancient Near Eastern Religions

Pub Date : 2023-05-24 DOI: 10.1163/15692124-12341332

C. López-Ruiz, E. Rodríguez González

This essay introduces new evidence for an eschatological Phoenician motif that alludes to a final sailing and its perils, represented by a monstrous lion attacking or sinking a boat. The lion-and-boat motif was, so far, only documented in a Phoenician funerary stela from late classical Athens, the Antipatros/Shem stela. Excavations at the fifth-century BCE Tartessic site of Casas del Turuñuelo in southwestern Spain has revealed a set of ivory and bone panels that decorated a wooden box, bearing relevant iconography in the so-called orientalizing style. Additional comparanda from the Levant, Iberia, and Tunisia in various media (coins, ivories, amulets), add weight to this interpretation. Our analysis highlights how the artists behind the Athenian and Tartessic artifacts were innovative in their way of representing a theme that was not codified iconographically. Most remarkable is the use of an ivory-carving convention (the Phoenician palmette motif) to portray the stylized boat, a choice corroborated by a painted pottery sherd from Olympia. This “palmette-boat” depiction, in our view, is coherent with Egyptian Nilotic boats, but also with the use of flat or shallow river-boats in the Tagus and Guadiana region, illustrating mechanisms of local adaptation of Phoenician sailing and life-death “passing” symbolism. If, as we suggest, this representation can be added to that in the Athenian document, we now have testimonies of two different local adaptations of a Phoenician theme at the two ends of the Mediterranean oikoumene between the archaic and late classical periods.

这篇文章介绍了一个末世论腓尼基主题的新证据，暗指最后的航行及其危险，以一只巨大的狮子攻击或击沉一艘船为代表。到目前为止，狮子和船的主题只记录在古典雅典晚期的腓尼基葬礼石碑上，即Antipatros/Shem石碑。在西班牙西南部Casas del Turuñuelo的公元前5世纪的Tartessic遗址的挖掘中，发现了一套象牙和骨头面板，装饰着一个木箱，上面刻有所谓的东方风格的相关图像。来自黎凡特、伊比利亚和突尼斯的其他各种媒介(硬币、象牙、护身符)的比较物增加了这种解释的分量。我们的分析强调了雅典和塔尔忒西文物背后的艺术家是如何以创新的方式表现一个没有被编纂成图像的主题的。最引人注目的是使用象牙雕刻惯例(腓尼基棕榈图案)来描绘这艘风格化的船，这一选择得到了来自奥林匹亚的彩绘陶器碎片的证实。在我们看来，这种“棕榈船”的描绘与埃及的尼罗河船是一致的，但也与塔古斯和瓜迪亚纳地区使用的平坦或浅河船一致，说明了腓尼基航行和生死“传递”象征的当地适应机制。如果，正如我们所建议的那样，这种表述可以添加到雅典文献中，我们现在有证据表明，在古代和古典晚期之间，在地中海的两端，腓尼基主题的两个不同的地方改编。

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引用次数: 0

Sacred Texts and the First Myth about the Creation of Writing 神圣文本与关于写作创造的第一个神话

IF 0.1 3区哲学 Q2 HISTORY

Journal of Ancient Near Eastern Religions

Pub Date : 2023-05-24 DOI: 10.1163/15692124-12341333

Annette Zgoll

No myth about the origin of writing is known so far for Mesopotamia (only a legend). By applying the new Hylistic methodology for research into mythology, the first known myth of the creation of writing can be reconstructed. The myth we call Nissaba Creates Writing for the Sacred Song of Enlil narrates the creation of writing, which serves to immortalise the divine song at the very moment when the supreme god is creating it orally.Results of this investigation bear important implications for two phenomena, concerning sacred texts and the origin of writing. (1) From an emic perspective, texts created by the gods turn out to be sacred, even numinous, in their conception. Further analysis of the subscript “Nissaba praise!” or of the subscript ka enim-ma, the latter properly understood as “wording of the divine words,” demonstrates that many Sumerian and Akkadian texts were indeed regarded as sacred texts. Ancient Mesopotamia thus proves to be a culture based on sacred texts. (2) The myth Nissaba Creates Writing for the Sacred Song of Enlil sheds new light on the origins of writing as perceived from the culture of the inventors of writing: the decisive function of the creation of writing was seen not in overcoming economic challenges, but in coping with ritual needs. Re-examining the historical evidence from this perspective opens up new possibilities for a cultural history of the origins of writing.

到目前为止，美索不达米亚还没有关于文字起源的神话（只是一个传说）。通过运用新的Hylistic方法论对神话进行研究，可以重建已知的第一个创造文字的神话。我们称之为Nissaba为Enlil圣歌创作的神话讲述了文字的创作，它在至高无上的上帝口头创作的时刻使圣歌不朽。这项调查的结果对两种现象具有重要意义，即神圣文本和写作的起源。（1）从主位的角度来看，神创造的文本在其概念中是神圣的，甚至是神秘的。进一步分析下标“Nissaba赞美！”或下标ka enim ma，后者被恰当地理解为“神圣话语的措辞”，表明许多苏美尔语和阿卡德语文本确实被视为神圣文本。因此，古代美索不达米亚被证明是一种基于神圣文本的文化。（2） Nissaba为Enlil圣歌创作的神话为从写作发明者的文化中感知到的写作的起源提供了新的线索：写作的决定性作用不是克服经济挑战，而是应对仪式需求。从这个角度重新审视历史证据，为书写起源的文化史开辟了新的可能性。

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引用次数: 0

Becoming Marduk: A New Look at a Commentary on Marduk’s Address to the Demons from Assur 成为马杜克:重新审视马杜克对亚述恶魔的讲话

IF 0.1 3区哲学 Q2 HISTORY

Journal of Ancient Near Eastern Religions

Pub Date : 2023-05-24 DOI: 10.1163/15692124-12341330

Uri Gabbay

The article deals with a commentary on the Akkadian composition Marduk’s Address to the Demons from the city of Assur. The first part of the article discusses the unique religious view found in Marduk’s Address and its commentary, in which the āšipu priest is identified with the god Marduk. The second part presents a new philological edition of the commentary.

本文讨论了阿卡德语作品《马杜克致恶魔的演说》在亚述城的评论。文章的第一部分讨论了在马杜克的演讲及其评论中发现的独特的宗教观，其中āšipu牧师被认为是马杜克神。第二部分提出了一个新的语言学版的评论。

引用次数: 1

Upon the Roof of the Temple: Reconstructing Cognitive Aspects of Ancient Levantine Small-Scale Altar Usage 在神庙的屋顶上:重建古代黎凡特小型祭坛使用的认知方面

IF 0.1 3区哲学 Q2 HISTORY

Journal of Ancient Near Eastern Religions

Pub Date : 2023-05-24 DOI: 10.1163/15692124-12341331

J. Hutton

Among the ritual practices denigrated through explicit or implicit criticism levied by the biblical writers is the worship of a deity or deities on the rooftops – sometimes of royal architecture, and at other times on private houses. In the present study I interpret this practice using concepts derived from the cognitive science of religion (CSR) and cognitive linguistics. I summarize previous typologies of objects employed in the sacrificial cult of the ancient Southern Levant, confirming prior arguments for understanding shaft-type limestone altars as stylized models of architectural precursors. From a cognitive perspective, these stylized architectural models prompted offrants to run a conceptual blend that replaced the modest small-scale vegetable or incense offering of the offrant’s small-scale input space with the more sumptuous small-scale offering – or even large-scale animal sacrifice – of the monumental-scale input. This cognitive explanation provides explanation for Deuteronomistic and Priestly attempts to limit the practice, and occasions insight into the temporal aspects of “sacred space.”

《圣经》作者通过明确或含蓄的批评诋毁了在屋顶上崇拜一个或多个神灵的仪式——有时是在皇家建筑上，有时是在私人住宅上。在本研究中，我使用源自宗教认知科学(CSR)和认知语言学的概念来解释这种做法。我总结了古代南黎凡特祭祀仪式中使用的物品的类型学，证实了先前将竖井式石灰石祭坛理解为建筑先驱的风格化模型的论点。从认知的角度来看，这些风格化的建筑模型促使出借人进行概念性的融合，将出借人小规模输入空间中适度的小规模蔬菜或香祭，替换为更豪华的小规模供品——甚至是大规模的动物祭祀——纪念性规模的输入空间。这种认知解释为申命记和祭司试图限制实践，以及对“神圣空间”的时间方面的见解提供了解释。

引用次数: 0

Light of the Land, Sun of the People: The Solarization of Ancient Near Eastern and Biblical Lawgivers 土地之光，人民之太阳:古代近东和圣经律法制定者的太阳化

IF 0.1 3区哲学 Q2 HISTORY

Journal of Ancient Near Eastern Religions

Pub Date : 2022-06-14 DOI: 10.1163/15692124-12341326

Dylan R. Johnson

Ancient Near Eastern kings were always assumed to mediate between the divine and human worlds, but where they fell in the spectrum between mortal and divine varied from one king or dynasty to the next. Additionally, human kings could claim divine or semi-divine status through certain activities attached to the office of kingship. Through a diachronic survey, this study examines how the royal act of lawgiving elevated human rulers above other people. As lawgivers, these rulers could embody certain attributes of gods of justice within their political realms – most evident in metaphors attributing solar imagery and solar language to human rulers in royal ideology. Using cognitive metaphor theory, I examine the various ways that ancient audiences received and processed this figurative language, answering for themselves how the king could simultaneously be a mortal man and represent a solar god of justice.

古代近东的国王总是被认为是神和人类世界之间的中间人，但他们在凡人和神之间的光谱中所处的位置因国王或王朝的不同而不同。此外，人类国王可以通过与王权职位相关的某些活动来宣称自己是神或半神的地位。通过历时调查，本研究考察了王室的立法行为是如何使人类统治者凌驾于他人之上的。作为立法者，这些统治者可以在他们的政治领域中体现正义之神的某些属性-最明显的是在皇室意识形态中将太阳图像和太阳语言归因于人类统治者的隐喻。运用认知隐喻理论，我研究了古代观众接受和处理这种比喻性语言的各种方式，自己回答了国王如何同时是一个凡人和代表太阳神的正义。

引用次数: 0

Revisiting the Hurrian Section of RS 24.643 (KTU 1.148) 重访RS 24.643 (KTU 1.148)的飓风部分

IF 0.1 3区哲学 Q2 HISTORY

Journal of Ancient Near Eastern Religions

Pub Date : 2022-06-14 DOI: 10.1163/15692124-12341325

Arnaud Fournet

The paper revisits the Hurrian section that is inserted in the Ugaritic-language tablet RS 24.643 (KTU 1.148). The present work comprises two main parts: an individual analysis of each line and clause and a structural analysis of the whole hymn. A near complete elucidation of the hymn is proposed.

本文回顾了乌加里特语平板RS 24.643 (KTU 1.148)中插入的Hurrian部分。目前的工作包括两个主要部分:每一行和子句的单独分析和整首赞美诗的结构分析。对这首赞美诗提出了一个近乎完整的解释。

引用次数: 0

Demons in Egyptian Medical Texts of the New Kingdom: A New Perspective 恶魔在新王国的埃及医学文本:一个新的视角

IF 0.1 3区哲学 Q2 HISTORY

Journal of Ancient Near Eastern Religions

Pub Date : 2022-06-14 DOI: 10.1163/15692124-12341328

Elena Urzì

This paper investigates the presence and action of demons in New Kingdom medical texts, in which these supernatural beings are recognisable only by their determinative, whereas the etymology of certain names is not always clearly understood. Several scholars have presented their own interpretations about this topic, most of whom believe these names can be ascribed to illnesses or to the supernatural sphere, though others have expressed reservations about these ascriptions. A fresh analysis of medical texts from an emic perspective helps in reconsidering this topic: prescriptions and incantations suggest the ancient Egyptians really perceived these entities as supernatural beings and not merely as manifestations of illnesses. The presence of the same demons in other contexts, such as funerary texts, confirms this hypothesis and encourages an in-depth study of the medical sources.

本文调查了新王国医学文本中恶魔的存在和行为，其中这些超自然的生物只能通过它们的决定性来识别，而某些名称的词源并不总是清楚地理解。一些学者对这个话题提出了自己的解释，他们中的大多数人认为这些名字可以归因于疾病或超自然的领域，尽管其他人对这些归属表示保留意见。一项对医学文献的全新分析，从医学的角度帮助我们重新思考这个话题:处方和咒语表明，古埃及人真的认为这些实体是超自然的存在，而不仅仅是疾病的表现。同样的恶魔出现在其他情况下，如葬礼文本，证实了这一假设，并鼓励对医学来源进行深入研究。

引用次数: 0

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