Pub Date : 2022-04-25DOI: 10.1109/piers55526.2022.9793267
Xing Wang, Pei Xu, M. Tong
High speed interconnects at various design levels are commonly modeled mathematically to analysis signal integrity issues. In this paper, minimal state space realization method was applied in delay-rational model of multiconductor transmission lines. The proposed method ensured that state space converted from rational formulation did not contain redundant state variables. As a result, state space representations of the system can generate equivalent circuit optimally in macromodel synthesis. The experimental results showed that there was a reduction in the number of netlist nodes and the computational expense of time domain simulation.
{"title":"Minimal State Space Realization on Delay Rational Green’s Function-based Macromodel","authors":"Xing Wang, Pei Xu, M. Tong","doi":"10.1109/piers55526.2022.9793267","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/piers55526.2022.9793267","url":null,"abstract":"High speed interconnects at various design levels are commonly modeled mathematically to analysis signal integrity issues. In this paper, minimal state space realization method was applied in delay-rational model of multiconductor transmission lines. The proposed method ensured that state space converted from rational formulation did not contain redundant state variables. As a result, state space representations of the system can generate equivalent circuit optimally in macromodel synthesis. The experimental results showed that there was a reduction in the number of netlist nodes and the computational expense of time domain simulation.","PeriodicalId":422383,"journal":{"name":"2022 Photonics & Electromagnetics Research Symposium (PIERS)","volume":"51 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133806750","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-25DOI: 10.1109/piers55526.2022.9793226
Huafei Wang, Xianpeng Wang, Mengxing Huang, Xiang Lan, Liangtian Wan
In the field of array signal parameter estimation, the research on direction-of-arrival estimation (DOA) by using the sparse Bayesian learning (SBL) technique has always been a very important aspect. Most of the existing SBL-based methods are not consider the temporal correlation between snapshots, which is not consistent with the real environment. Hence, the block sparse Bayesian learning (Block-SBL) has recently received a lot of attention. To enhance the robustness of the traditional Block-SBL based method to mutual coupling (MC), a robust Block-SBL method is proposed to achieve off-grid DOA estimation for temporally correlated source in this paper. Firstly, in the proposed method, a linear transformation is conducted based on the banded complex symmetric Toeplitz structure of the mutual coupling matrix (MCM) to eliminate the influence of MC between the array elements. Then, in order to improve the estimation performance, the signal subspace fitting (SSF) technique is introduced to construct an equivalent signal model, which is realized by eigenvalue decomposition of the received signal covariance matrix. Based on the constructed equivalent signal model, the SBL process is finally utilized to estimate parameters. In the process of the estimation of parameters, the equivalent signal variance is estimation by expectation maximization (EM) method and the off-grid error is reduced by the dynamic updating of spatial discrete grid points, which is realized by finding the roots of a polynomial. The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed method is more robust to the off-grid error and array mutual coupling, and can provide better DOA estimation performance than the traditional SBL and Block-SBL method.
{"title":"Off-grid DOA Estimation for Temporally Correlated Source via Robust Block-SBL in Mutual Coupling","authors":"Huafei Wang, Xianpeng Wang, Mengxing Huang, Xiang Lan, Liangtian Wan","doi":"10.1109/piers55526.2022.9793226","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/piers55526.2022.9793226","url":null,"abstract":"In the field of array signal parameter estimation, the research on direction-of-arrival estimation (DOA) by using the sparse Bayesian learning (SBL) technique has always been a very important aspect. Most of the existing SBL-based methods are not consider the temporal correlation between snapshots, which is not consistent with the real environment. Hence, the block sparse Bayesian learning (Block-SBL) has recently received a lot of attention. To enhance the robustness of the traditional Block-SBL based method to mutual coupling (MC), a robust Block-SBL method is proposed to achieve off-grid DOA estimation for temporally correlated source in this paper. Firstly, in the proposed method, a linear transformation is conducted based on the banded complex symmetric Toeplitz structure of the mutual coupling matrix (MCM) to eliminate the influence of MC between the array elements. Then, in order to improve the estimation performance, the signal subspace fitting (SSF) technique is introduced to construct an equivalent signal model, which is realized by eigenvalue decomposition of the received signal covariance matrix. Based on the constructed equivalent signal model, the SBL process is finally utilized to estimate parameters. In the process of the estimation of parameters, the equivalent signal variance is estimation by expectation maximization (EM) method and the off-grid error is reduced by the dynamic updating of spatial discrete grid points, which is realized by finding the roots of a polynomial. The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed method is more robust to the off-grid error and array mutual coupling, and can provide better DOA estimation performance than the traditional SBL and Block-SBL method.","PeriodicalId":422383,"journal":{"name":"2022 Photonics & Electromagnetics Research Symposium (PIERS)","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116954428","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-25DOI: 10.1109/PIERS55526.2022.9793091
Xin He, Yonghui Zhang, Zhenjia Chen, Lihui Wang
The difficulty of spectrum detection and signal source perceivement is growing because of the increase in electromagnetic interference. Due to the complexity of the electromagnetic environment and the diversity of system components, micro or even weak signals sometimes submerge in noise and interference, difficult to detect. Aiming at a problem that the signal is not easy to detect, a signal detection algorithm based on electromagnetic spectrum monitoring combined with adaptive filtering method is proposed. In terms of theoretical verification, simulation analysis using analog simulation platform, and the algorithm performs performance testing. The main research contents of this paper are as follows: LMS algorithm simulation experiments are performed on the sinusoidal cycle signal. In response to the limitations of the fixed step LMS algorithm on convergence speed, the wavelet transform is used to perform frequency band separation, and the wavelet transform method is combined with the LMS algorithm to perform signal detection simulation. The simulation results show that the proposition combined with the wavelet transform and the LMS algorithm can detect useful signals. The convergence speed of the adaptive filtering algorithm is effectively improved compared to the LMS algorithm before the improvement. And the scheme can reduce steady state disorders, while effective elimination of interference on the spectrum, enhanced noise elimination capability.
{"title":"Least Mean Square Adaptive Filter Detection Based on Wavelet Transform in Spectrum Monitoring","authors":"Xin He, Yonghui Zhang, Zhenjia Chen, Lihui Wang","doi":"10.1109/PIERS55526.2022.9793091","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PIERS55526.2022.9793091","url":null,"abstract":"The difficulty of spectrum detection and signal source perceivement is growing because of the increase in electromagnetic interference. Due to the complexity of the electromagnetic environment and the diversity of system components, micro or even weak signals sometimes submerge in noise and interference, difficult to detect. Aiming at a problem that the signal is not easy to detect, a signal detection algorithm based on electromagnetic spectrum monitoring combined with adaptive filtering method is proposed. In terms of theoretical verification, simulation analysis using analog simulation platform, and the algorithm performs performance testing. The main research contents of this paper are as follows: LMS algorithm simulation experiments are performed on the sinusoidal cycle signal. In response to the limitations of the fixed step LMS algorithm on convergence speed, the wavelet transform is used to perform frequency band separation, and the wavelet transform method is combined with the LMS algorithm to perform signal detection simulation. The simulation results show that the proposition combined with the wavelet transform and the LMS algorithm can detect useful signals. The convergence speed of the adaptive filtering algorithm is effectively improved compared to the LMS algorithm before the improvement. And the scheme can reduce steady state disorders, while effective elimination of interference on the spectrum, enhanced noise elimination capability.","PeriodicalId":422383,"journal":{"name":"2022 Photonics & Electromagnetics Research Symposium (PIERS)","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116963305","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-25DOI: 10.1109/piers55526.2022.9793105
Qi Sun, Lei Ji, Xiaochun Li, Junfa Mao
In this paper, by analyzing the dispersion characteristics of the dielectric waveguide (DWG) and the return loss of the transition with different lengths, a back-to-back coplanar waveguide (CPW)-DWG-CPW transition is proposed. In the transition part, a DWG with a wedge-shaped structure is placed on the center of the CPW transmission line without gap. In order to bind electromagnetic waves in waveguides, the DWG uses dielectric material with high dielectric constant. The back-to-back CPW-DWG-CPW transition is designed based on PCB process.The transition and DWG designed in this paper work at 125 GHz–155 GHz and the minimum insertion loss is 1. 7dB at 152 GHz.
{"title":"A Low-loss CPW-DWG-CPW Transition","authors":"Qi Sun, Lei Ji, Xiaochun Li, Junfa Mao","doi":"10.1109/piers55526.2022.9793105","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/piers55526.2022.9793105","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, by analyzing the dispersion characteristics of the dielectric waveguide (DWG) and the return loss of the transition with different lengths, a back-to-back coplanar waveguide (CPW)-DWG-CPW transition is proposed. In the transition part, a DWG with a wedge-shaped structure is placed on the center of the CPW transmission line without gap. In order to bind electromagnetic waves in waveguides, the DWG uses dielectric material with high dielectric constant. The back-to-back CPW-DWG-CPW transition is designed based on PCB process.The transition and DWG designed in this paper work at 125 GHz–155 GHz and the minimum insertion loss is 1. 7dB at 152 GHz.","PeriodicalId":422383,"journal":{"name":"2022 Photonics & Electromagnetics Research Symposium (PIERS)","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115135068","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-25DOI: 10.1109/piers55526.2022.9793069
Jieying He, Guo-zhen Yang, Shengwei Zhang, Na Li
The MWHTS onboard FY-3C/D/E satellite has 15 channels at frequencies ranging from 89-191GHz, which allows simultaneous retrieval of the atmospheric temperature and humidity profiles with good temporal and spatial sampling under all weather and all day. On-orbit, without the benefit of known calibration sources at intermediate brightness temperatures (such as were available during T/V testing), it is not possible to directly measure the nonlinearity. But, the nonlinearity correction is a function of the physical temperature of the detectors. So, on-orbit, we will rely on temperature readings from temperature sensors located near the detectors to determine the correction values to apply. Depending on the magnitude of the estimated nonlinearity and its rate of change, a decision can be made regarding how often the correction value needs to be updated. This has potential implications for climate data records.
{"title":"Investigation on Calibration and Validation for FY-3 Series Microwave Humidity Sounders","authors":"Jieying He, Guo-zhen Yang, Shengwei Zhang, Na Li","doi":"10.1109/piers55526.2022.9793069","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/piers55526.2022.9793069","url":null,"abstract":"The MWHTS onboard FY-3C/D/E satellite has 15 channels at frequencies ranging from 89-191GHz, which allows simultaneous retrieval of the atmospheric temperature and humidity profiles with good temporal and spatial sampling under all weather and all day. On-orbit, without the benefit of known calibration sources at intermediate brightness temperatures (such as were available during T/V testing), it is not possible to directly measure the nonlinearity. But, the nonlinearity correction is a function of the physical temperature of the detectors. So, on-orbit, we will rely on temperature readings from temperature sensors located near the detectors to determine the correction values to apply. Depending on the magnitude of the estimated nonlinearity and its rate of change, a decision can be made regarding how often the correction value needs to be updated. This has potential implications for climate data records.","PeriodicalId":422383,"journal":{"name":"2022 Photonics & Electromagnetics Research Symposium (PIERS)","volume":"395 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115213277","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-25DOI: 10.1109/piers55526.2022.9792955
V. Anand, S. H. Ng, T. Katkus, S. Juodkazis
Holography technologies (HOLOTECH) are attractive than lens-based direct imagers due to the capabilities of HOLOTECH to record and reconstruct complete three-dimensional information of an object or an event with one or a few camera shots. In the past, HOLOTECH was mainly associated with coherent light and as a matter of fact, the development and application of HOLOTECH waited several years until the invention of laser even though the idea of holography was introduced much earlier. As the initial HOLOTECH concepts were based on two-beam interference, the lack of spatial and temporal coherence in incoherent light introduced numerous challenges and demanded stringent optical configuration requirements. For this reason, HOLOTECH was mostly applied with coherent light sources and for the “light in/from space” which is spatially and temporally incoherent, HOLOTECH could not be applied efficiently for three-dimensional imaging. In the recent years, there has been a transformation in the concepts of HOLOTECH which is rapidly reshaping the field of incoherent imaging. The invention of inter-ferenceless coded aperture correlation holography (I-COACH) has rekindled the area of spatially incoherent holography and the two-beam interference is no longer a requirement to record and reconstruct three-dimensional information. I-COACH concept was adapted into satellite telescope applications as partial aperture imaging technique and synthetic aperture imaging method. Both have proven to perform better than lens-based imagers under extreme imaging conditions. In this study, we extend the concept of I-COACH to a land-based telescope. This concept is called as 3D telescope with sparse coded apertures (3D-TELESCA). The 3D-TELESCA concept consists of quasi-random coded apertures with different sizes that are sparsely distributed within the aperture. Every coded aperture consists of two phase functions: quadratic and linear to generate carrier waves to deliver the intensity distribution to the sensor within the sensor area. The linear and quadratic phase depends upon the radius vector of the coded aperture to the center of the sensor. This aperture consists of circular zones capable of rotating about the center independently of one another. The above rotation enables multiple aperture configurations that can generate intensity distributions with cross-correlation significantly lower than autocorrelation which is desirable for statistical averaging. The imaging process consists of four steps: PSF training, PSF engineering, recording and reconstruction in which the first two are one-time offline procedure and the next two are online procedures and so only the final two steps impact the temporal resolution of the system. In the first step, a pinhole is scanned axially, and the corresponding PSF intensity distributions are recorded and saved as a library. The PSF library is engineered using phase-retrieval algorithms and computationally processed to reduce background noise.
{"title":"White Light Correlation Holography Using a Random Lens for Astronomical Imaging Applications","authors":"V. Anand, S. H. Ng, T. Katkus, S. Juodkazis","doi":"10.1109/piers55526.2022.9792955","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/piers55526.2022.9792955","url":null,"abstract":"Holography technologies (HOLOTECH) are attractive than lens-based direct imagers due to the capabilities of HOLOTECH to record and reconstruct complete three-dimensional information of an object or an event with one or a few camera shots. In the past, HOLOTECH was mainly associated with coherent light and as a matter of fact, the development and application of HOLOTECH waited several years until the invention of laser even though the idea of holography was introduced much earlier. As the initial HOLOTECH concepts were based on two-beam interference, the lack of spatial and temporal coherence in incoherent light introduced numerous challenges and demanded stringent optical configuration requirements. For this reason, HOLOTECH was mostly applied with coherent light sources and for the “light in/from space” which is spatially and temporally incoherent, HOLOTECH could not be applied efficiently for three-dimensional imaging. In the recent years, there has been a transformation in the concepts of HOLOTECH which is rapidly reshaping the field of incoherent imaging. The invention of inter-ferenceless coded aperture correlation holography (I-COACH) has rekindled the area of spatially incoherent holography and the two-beam interference is no longer a requirement to record and reconstruct three-dimensional information. I-COACH concept was adapted into satellite telescope applications as partial aperture imaging technique and synthetic aperture imaging method. Both have proven to perform better than lens-based imagers under extreme imaging conditions. In this study, we extend the concept of I-COACH to a land-based telescope. This concept is called as 3D telescope with sparse coded apertures (3D-TELESCA). The 3D-TELESCA concept consists of quasi-random coded apertures with different sizes that are sparsely distributed within the aperture. Every coded aperture consists of two phase functions: quadratic and linear to generate carrier waves to deliver the intensity distribution to the sensor within the sensor area. The linear and quadratic phase depends upon the radius vector of the coded aperture to the center of the sensor. This aperture consists of circular zones capable of rotating about the center independently of one another. The above rotation enables multiple aperture configurations that can generate intensity distributions with cross-correlation significantly lower than autocorrelation which is desirable for statistical averaging. The imaging process consists of four steps: PSF training, PSF engineering, recording and reconstruction in which the first two are one-time offline procedure and the next two are online procedures and so only the final two steps impact the temporal resolution of the system. In the first step, a pinhole is scanned axially, and the corresponding PSF intensity distributions are recorded and saved as a library. The PSF library is engineered using phase-retrieval algorithms and computationally processed to reduce background noise.","PeriodicalId":422383,"journal":{"name":"2022 Photonics & Electromagnetics Research Symposium (PIERS)","volume":"52 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114675302","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-25DOI: 10.1109/piers55526.2022.9792803
Longlong Yang, Wenxin Liu, Yue Ou, Zhengyuan Zhao
Extended Interaction Klystron (EIK) is a high power, high efficiency and high gain vacuum electronic device (VED) based on high power klystron, which uses extended interaction cavity technology to achieve high power, high efficiency and high gain in millimeter wave and terahertz wave band. In this paper, the G-band high-power EIK high-frequency interaction circuit is designed and optimized, and the PIC three-dimensional particle simulation software is used to simulate it. The calculation results show that the terahertz power output with electronic efficiency of more than 6% and peak power of more than 278 W is obtained when the operating voltage is 18.4 kV, the beam current is 0.25 A and the center frequency is 234.2 GHz. The -3 dB bandwidth is more than 250 MHz and the gain is more than 34 dB. This work is of great significance to the development of high-power terahertz EIK and its application in national defense, satellite, high-resolution radar and other fields.
{"title":"Investigation of G-band Extended Interaction Klystron Broadband Beam-wave Interaction","authors":"Longlong Yang, Wenxin Liu, Yue Ou, Zhengyuan Zhao","doi":"10.1109/piers55526.2022.9792803","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/piers55526.2022.9792803","url":null,"abstract":"Extended Interaction Klystron (EIK) is a high power, high efficiency and high gain vacuum electronic device (VED) based on high power klystron, which uses extended interaction cavity technology to achieve high power, high efficiency and high gain in millimeter wave and terahertz wave band. In this paper, the G-band high-power EIK high-frequency interaction circuit is designed and optimized, and the PIC three-dimensional particle simulation software is used to simulate it. The calculation results show that the terahertz power output with electronic efficiency of more than 6% and peak power of more than 278 W is obtained when the operating voltage is 18.4 kV, the beam current is 0.25 A and the center frequency is 234.2 GHz. The -3 dB bandwidth is more than 250 MHz and the gain is more than 34 dB. This work is of great significance to the development of high-power terahertz EIK and its application in national defense, satellite, high-resolution radar and other fields.","PeriodicalId":422383,"journal":{"name":"2022 Photonics & Electromagnetics Research Symposium (PIERS)","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116698047","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this article, we prove a new type of opto-mechanical microwave metasurface with reflected and controllable beam through theory and simulation. The unit structure of the metasurface prepares an ELC metal resonance ring on a flexible medium FPC, and air is filled between the flexible medium FPC and the metal back plate at the bottom. Through the independent design of the cantilever arm and the air gap of each unit, the non-linear response characteristics of each unit in the metasurface are different under the excitation of electromagnetic waves of different intensities. It is based on the generalized Snell’s law to realize the abnormal deflection of the reflected beam.This research paper briefly analyzes the geometry and working mechanism of opto-mechanical metamaterials. Furthermore, the size of the cantilever arm corresponding to each unit structure is designed. Compared with the traditional nonlinear metasurface and its reconfigurable metasurface, the goal of this design is to achieve more flexible and reconfigurable functions. In addition, the electromagnetic response characteristics of each unit in the metasurface are independently controlled. Our findings will enrich the research field of nonlinear controllable metasurface technology on the coupling mechanism of electromagnetic energy and structural potential energy, which may lead to many interesting applications, such as beam scanning reflector antennas, planar devices with adjustable focal length and so on.
{"title":"Numerical Demonstrations of Beam Reconfigurable Reflective-type Opto-mechanical Metasurface","authors":"Yifeng Liu, Yuedan Zhou, Wenxian Zheng, Xueming Wei, Jian Li, Yongjun Huang, G. Wen","doi":"10.1109/piers55526.2022.9793200","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/piers55526.2022.9793200","url":null,"abstract":"In this article, we prove a new type of opto-mechanical microwave metasurface with reflected and controllable beam through theory and simulation. The unit structure of the metasurface prepares an ELC metal resonance ring on a flexible medium FPC, and air is filled between the flexible medium FPC and the metal back plate at the bottom. Through the independent design of the cantilever arm and the air gap of each unit, the non-linear response characteristics of each unit in the metasurface are different under the excitation of electromagnetic waves of different intensities. It is based on the generalized Snell’s law to realize the abnormal deflection of the reflected beam.This research paper briefly analyzes the geometry and working mechanism of opto-mechanical metamaterials. Furthermore, the size of the cantilever arm corresponding to each unit structure is designed. Compared with the traditional nonlinear metasurface and its reconfigurable metasurface, the goal of this design is to achieve more flexible and reconfigurable functions. In addition, the electromagnetic response characteristics of each unit in the metasurface are independently controlled. Our findings will enrich the research field of nonlinear controllable metasurface technology on the coupling mechanism of electromagnetic energy and structural potential energy, which may lead to many interesting applications, such as beam scanning reflector antennas, planar devices with adjustable focal length and so on.","PeriodicalId":422383,"journal":{"name":"2022 Photonics & Electromagnetics Research Symposium (PIERS)","volume":"101 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114892841","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-25DOI: 10.1109/piers55526.2022.9792799
D. P. Egorov, B. Kutuza
Results of atmospheric downwelling radiation brightness temperature spectral measurements in the band of water vapor resonant absorption near 22.235 GHz line are considered. The experiment has been going on for over four years. Ground-based observations have been carrying out by means of special multichannel microwave radiometer-spectrometer with improved fluctuation sensitivity and high temperature stability of gain coefficient. Two meteostations located nearby have been registering near-surface meteorological parameters change in addition to radiometric data. All the data obtained have been properly calibrated and divided by seasons. A part of data have been categorized by cloud species observed by video recordings. Atmospheric moisture content parameters (total water vapor mass and cloud liquid water content) have been retrieved using multi-frequency radiometric method. Kolmogorov’s structural functions for brightness temperatures at different frequencies and structural functions of moisture content parameters have been evaluated for a wide range of temporal intervals. The square root of structural function for a parameter is taken as a native measure of the parameter’s fluctuation intensity in this work.
{"title":"Spatio-temporal Fluctuations in Downwelling K-band Radiation of Atmosphere in the Presence of Clouds","authors":"D. P. Egorov, B. Kutuza","doi":"10.1109/piers55526.2022.9792799","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/piers55526.2022.9792799","url":null,"abstract":"Results of atmospheric downwelling radiation brightness temperature spectral measurements in the band of water vapor resonant absorption near 22.235 GHz line are considered. The experiment has been going on for over four years. Ground-based observations have been carrying out by means of special multichannel microwave radiometer-spectrometer with improved fluctuation sensitivity and high temperature stability of gain coefficient. Two meteostations located nearby have been registering near-surface meteorological parameters change in addition to radiometric data. All the data obtained have been properly calibrated and divided by seasons. A part of data have been categorized by cloud species observed by video recordings. Atmospheric moisture content parameters (total water vapor mass and cloud liquid water content) have been retrieved using multi-frequency radiometric method. Kolmogorov’s structural functions for brightness temperatures at different frequencies and structural functions of moisture content parameters have been evaluated for a wide range of temporal intervals. The square root of structural function for a parameter is taken as a native measure of the parameter’s fluctuation intensity in this work.","PeriodicalId":422383,"journal":{"name":"2022 Photonics & Electromagnetics Research Symposium (PIERS)","volume":"196 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115185076","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-25DOI: 10.1109/piers55526.2022.9793306
Yury G. Pasternak, V. Pendyurin, I. Popov, S. Fedorov
In this paper, we propose a design of the multibeam antenna for cellular base stations operating in frequency band 1.7–2.2GHz. The antenna consists of a uniform linear array of 12 slot elements with rectangular directors and modification of Rotman lens used as beamforming network. Rotman lens was folded in half to reduce its dimensions: the ground plane was placed in the center of the lens; the halves of the lens body and exponential strip transformers were placed on both sides of the ground plane. To reduce the sidelobe level in receiving mode, we formed additional virtual antenna elements by array interpolation and extrapolation. Moreover, number of virtual antenna elements can exceed number of “real” antenna elements while its physical size stay the same. This property is especially useful in case of limited installation space. In addition, extrapolated antenna array can be used to increase the directivity of a receiving antenna system and resolve radio sources which are not resolvable by “real” antenna array.
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