The editorial introduces original articles, a commentary and book review.
社论介绍了原创文章、评论和书评。
{"title":"Freedom to avoid harm","authors":"A. Alvarez, E. D. Stabell, M. Thorseth","doi":"10.5324/eip.v16i1.4935","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5324/eip.v16i1.4935","url":null,"abstract":"The editorial introduces original articles, a commentary and book review.","PeriodicalId":42362,"journal":{"name":"Etikk I Praksis","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2022-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82557164","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A commentary on Trygve Lavik's article "Climate change denial, freedom of speech and global justice".
对Trygve Lavik文章《否认气候变化、言论自由与全球正义》的评论。
{"title":"Revisiting the limits of free speech: Lavik's ban on climate denialism","authors":"Efren Alverio II","doi":"10.5324/eip.v16i1.4919","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5324/eip.v16i1.4919","url":null,"abstract":"A commentary on Trygve Lavik's article \"Climate change denial, freedom of speech and global justice\".","PeriodicalId":42362,"journal":{"name":"Etikk I Praksis","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2022-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77043138","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Many people who stand to pee raise the toilet seat so that they have a larger target to aim at. However, if the seat is left in this position, any subsequent toilet user who defecates or pees sitting down will need to lower the seat. Some of us believe that this inconvenience should not be visited on those who pee sitting down, while others deny that there is anything wrong with leaving the toilet seat in the position that you used it. This article offers the first scholarly defense of the seat-down norm. In so doing, it shows that recent claims that this norm would be unfair and inefficient are unwarranted. Keywords: Toilet seats; Toilets; Bathrooms; Gender Inequality; Urination; Defecation; Expensive tastes; Stehpinkler; Sitzpinkler
{"title":"Lowering Toilet Seats","authors":"Bouke de Vries","doi":"10.5324/eip.v16i1.4112","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5324/eip.v16i1.4112","url":null,"abstract":"Many people who stand to pee raise the toilet seat so that they have a larger target to aim at. However, if the seat is left in this position, any subsequent toilet user who defecates or pees sitting down will need to lower the seat. Some of us believe that this inconvenience should not be visited on those who pee sitting down, while others deny that there is anything wrong with leaving the toilet seat in the position that you used it. This article offers the first scholarly defense of the seat-down norm. In so doing, it shows that recent claims that this norm would be unfair and inefficient are unwarranted.\u0000Keywords: Toilet seats; Toilets; Bathrooms; Gender Inequality; Urination; Defecation; Expensive tastes; Stehpinkler; Sitzpinkler","PeriodicalId":42362,"journal":{"name":"Etikk I Praksis","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2022-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85841104","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Helsevesenet har blitt en sentral samfunnsaktør og medisinen dets førende fag. Hvordan har det blitt slik? En grunn er at medisinen fører sammen sfærer som ellers har vært adskilt: det sanne, det skjønne og det gode. Medisinen som fag og helsevesenet som institusjon, har blitt et fascinerende skjæringspunkt nettopp mellom evidens, estetikk og etikk. Her kobles kunnskap til det som er vondt og skjønnhet til det som er friskt. Kunnskapsproduksjonen dirigeres ut fra ønsket om å gjøre det gode ved å unngå det vonde. Samtidig styres helsevesenets normer også av estetikkens normer. Koblingene mellom evidens, estetikk og etikk gir noen grunnleggende utfordringer, som det er viktig at vi oppmerksomme på. Riktig håndtert gjør de helsevesenet generelt og medisinen spesielt til et fascinerende og fruktbart skjæringspunkt mellom det sanne, det skjønne og det gode.
{"title":"Evidens, estetikk og etikk","authors":"B. Hofmann","doi":"10.5324/eip.v16i1.4822","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5324/eip.v16i1.4822","url":null,"abstract":"Helsevesenet har blitt en sentral samfunnsaktør og medisinen dets førende fag. Hvordan har det blitt slik? En grunn er at medisinen fører sammen sfærer som ellers har vært adskilt: det sanne, det skjønne og det gode. Medisinen som fag og helsevesenet som institusjon, har blitt et fascinerende skjæringspunkt nettopp mellom evidens, estetikk og etikk. Her kobles kunnskap til det som er vondt og skjønnhet til det som er friskt. Kunnskapsproduksjonen dirigeres ut fra ønsket om å gjøre det gode ved å unngå det vonde. Samtidig styres helsevesenets normer også av estetikkens normer. Koblingene mellom evidens, estetikk og etikk gir noen grunnleggende utfordringer, som det er viktig at vi oppmerksomme på. Riktig håndtert gjør de helsevesenet generelt og medisinen spesielt til et fascinerende og fruktbart skjæringspunkt mellom det sanne, det skjønne og det gode.","PeriodicalId":42362,"journal":{"name":"Etikk I Praksis","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2022-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84700597","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Alvarez, Espen Dyrnes Stabell, G. Koksvik, M. Thorseth
This special issue of Etikk i Praksis – Nordic Journal of Applied Ethics features four articles that address a number of urgent ethical issues that arise in the COVID-19 pandemic.
{"title":"Fostering hope and resilience amidst intractable ethical dilemmas brought about by the COVID-19 pandemic","authors":"A. Alvarez, Espen Dyrnes Stabell, G. Koksvik, M. Thorseth","doi":"10.5324/eip.v15i2.4537","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5324/eip.v15i2.4537","url":null,"abstract":"This special issue of Etikk i Praksis – Nordic Journal of Applied Ethics features four articles that address a number of urgent ethical issues that arise in the COVID-19 pandemic.","PeriodicalId":42362,"journal":{"name":"Etikk I Praksis","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2021-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75080300","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In response to the COVID pandemic, the Norwegian government implemented the strictest border controls in modern Norwegian history, barring entry to most foreign nationals. The Prime Minister, Erna Solberg, justified these policies with reference to the rise of new COVID variants and the need to limit visitors to Norway as much as possible. As this approach has severe adverse effects on many people, there is a need to critically examine the justification given for closing the border. In this paper, we argue that while many border restrictions are legitimate, (1) the arguments given for the recent banning of entry for groups of people are not convincing, and (2) that the ban unduly limits personal freedoms and places an unjust burden on transnational citizens and Norwegians with close relations abroad. Keywords: COVID-19, Border Closure, Border Restrictions, Justice, Sovereignty, Nationalism, Immigration, Freedom, Ignorance
{"title":"The ”foreign” virus?","authors":"Attila Tanyi, M. Egan","doi":"10.5324/eip.v15i2.4093","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5324/eip.v15i2.4093","url":null,"abstract":"In response to the COVID pandemic, the Norwegian government implemented the strictest border controls in modern Norwegian history, barring entry to most foreign nationals. The Prime Minister, Erna Solberg, justified these policies with reference to the rise of new COVID variants and the need to limit visitors to Norway as much as possible. As this approach has severe adverse effects on many people, there is a need to critically examine the justification given for closing the border. In this paper, we argue that while many border restrictions are legitimate, (1) the arguments given for the recent banning of entry for groups of people are not convincing, and (2) that the ban unduly limits personal freedoms and places an unjust burden on transnational citizens and Norwegians with close relations abroad.\u0000Keywords: COVID-19, Border Closure, Border Restrictions, Justice, Sovereignty, Nationalism, Immigration, Freedom, Ignorance","PeriodicalId":42362,"journal":{"name":"Etikk I Praksis","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2021-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83511421","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The COVID-19 pandemic has occasioned a great deal of ethical reflection both in general and on the issue of reverse triage; a practice that effectively reallocates resources from one patient to another on the basis of the latter having a more favourable clinical prognosis. This paper addresses a specific concern that has arisen in relation to such proposals: the potential reallocation of ventilators relied upon by disabled or chronically ill patients. This issue is examined via three morally parallel scenarios. First, the standard reallocation of a ventilator in accordance with reverse triage protocols; second, the reallocation of a personal ventilator from a chronically ill patient ordinarily reliant on it; and, third, the reallocation of a personal ventilator owned by a financially privileged individual but who is not ordinarily reliant on it. This paper suggests that whilst property rights cannot resolve these scenarios in a satisfactory manner, it may be possible to do so if we draw on the resources of phenomenology. However, in contradistinction to a recent paper on this topic (Reynolds et al. 2021), we argue that ethical claims to ventilators are not well grounded by the overly demanding notion that they are embodied objects. We suggest that the alternative phenomenological notion of homelikeness provides for a more plausible resolution of the issue. The personal ventilators of individuals who commonly rely upon them become part of their ordinary, everyday or homelike being. They are a necessary part of the continuation or maintenance of their basic state of health or wellbeing and the reallocation of such objects is unethical. Keywords: Phenomenology, COVID-19, Pandemic, Triage, Reverse triage, Ventilation, Chronic illness, Allocation of resources
2019冠状病毒病大流行引发了广泛的伦理反思，无论是在总体上还是在逆向分诊问题上;一种将资源从一名患者有效地重新分配给另一名患者的做法，其基础是后者具有较好的临床预后。本文解决了与此类建议相关的一个具体问题:残疾或慢性病患者依赖的呼吸机的潜在重新分配。这个问题是通过三个道德上平行的场景来检验的。首先，按照逆向分诊方案标准重新分配呼吸机;第二，重新分配通常依赖个人呼吸机的慢性病患者的个人呼吸机;第三，重新分配拥有经济特权但通常不依赖它的个人呼吸机。本文认为，虽然产权不能以令人满意的方式解决这些情况，但如果我们利用现象学的资源，就有可能做到这一点。然而，与最近关于这一主题的一篇论文(Reynolds et al. 2021)不同，我们认为，对呼吸机的伦理主张并没有很好地建立在它们是具身物体的过分要求的概念上。我们认为，另一种现象学的相似性概念为这个问题提供了一个更合理的解决方案。通常依赖呼吸机的人的个人呼吸机成为他们日常生活或家庭生活的一部分。它们是延续或维持其基本健康或幸福状态的必要组成部分，重新分配这些物品是不道德的。关键词:现象学，COVID-19，大流行，分诊，逆向分诊，通气，慢性病，资源分配
{"title":"Reverse Triage and People Whose Disabilities Render Them Dependent on Ventilators","authors":"N. Emmerich, Patrick O. McConville","doi":"10.5324/eip.v15i2.4092","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5324/eip.v15i2.4092","url":null,"abstract":"The COVID-19 pandemic has occasioned a great deal of ethical reflection both in general and on the issue of reverse triage; a practice that effectively reallocates resources from one patient to another on the basis of the latter having a more favourable clinical prognosis. This paper addresses a specific concern that has arisen in relation to such proposals: the potential reallocation of ventilators relied upon by disabled or chronically ill patients. This issue is examined via three morally parallel scenarios. First, the standard reallocation of a ventilator in accordance with reverse triage protocols; second, the reallocation of a personal ventilator from a chronically ill patient ordinarily reliant on it; and, third, the reallocation of a personal ventilator owned by a financially privileged individual but who is not ordinarily reliant on it. This paper suggests that whilst property rights cannot resolve these scenarios in a satisfactory manner, it may be possible to do so if we draw on the resources of phenomenology. However, in contradistinction to a recent paper on this topic (Reynolds et al. 2021), we argue that ethical claims to ventilators are not well grounded by the overly demanding notion that they are embodied objects. We suggest that the alternative phenomenological notion of homelikeness provides for a more plausible resolution of the issue. The personal ventilators of individuals who commonly rely upon them become part of their ordinary, everyday or homelike being. They are a necessary part of the continuation or maintenance of their basic state of health or wellbeing and the reallocation of such objects is unethical.\u0000Keywords: Phenomenology, COVID-19, Pandemic, Triage, Reverse triage, Ventilation, Chronic illness, Allocation of resources","PeriodicalId":42362,"journal":{"name":"Etikk I Praksis","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2021-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79054939","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In Norway, priority for health interventions is assigned on the basis of three official criteria: health benefit, resources, and severity. Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic have mainly happened through intersectoral public health efforts such as lockdowns, quarantines, information campaigns, social distancing and, more recently, vaccine distribution. The aim of this article is to evaluate potential priority setting criteria for public health interventions. We argue in favour of the following three criteria for public health priority setting: benefit, resources and improving the well-being of the worse off. We argue that benefits and priority to the worse off may reasonably be understood in terms of individual well-being, rather than only health, for public health priority setting. We argue that lessons from the COVID-19 pandemic support our conclusions. Keywords: COVID-19, Prioritarianism, Priority Setting, Public Health, Severity
{"title":"Public health priority setting: A case for priority to the worse off in well-being during the COVID-19 pandemic","authors":"S. A. Horn, Mathias Barra, O. Norheim, C. Solberg","doi":"10.5324/eip.v15i2.4097","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5324/eip.v15i2.4097","url":null,"abstract":"In Norway, priority for health interventions is assigned on the basis of three official criteria: health benefit, resources, and severity. Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic have mainly happened through intersectoral public health efforts such as lockdowns, quarantines, information campaigns, social distancing and, more recently, vaccine distribution. The aim of this article is to evaluate potential priority setting criteria for public health interventions. We argue in favour of the following three criteria for public health priority setting: benefit, resources and improving the well-being of the worse off. We argue that benefits and priority to the worse off may reasonably be understood in terms of individual well-being, rather than only health, for public health priority setting. We argue that lessons from the COVID-19 pandemic support our conclusions.\u0000Keywords: COVID-19, Prioritarianism, Priority Setting, Public Health, Severity","PeriodicalId":42362,"journal":{"name":"Etikk I Praksis","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2021-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89684993","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This is a commentary to Mat Rozas "Two asymmetries in population and general normative ethics".
这是对Mat Rozas“人口和一般规范伦理的两种不对称”的评论。
{"title":"Comments on Rozas","authors":"Krister Bykvist","doi":"10.5324/eip.v15i2.4083","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5324/eip.v15i2.4083","url":null,"abstract":"This is a commentary to Mat Rozas \"Two asymmetries in population and general normative ethics\".","PeriodicalId":42362,"journal":{"name":"Etikk I Praksis","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2021-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78338142","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This open issue of the Nordic Journal of Applied Ethics consists of four papers that discuss topics covering fetal diagnostics ethics, value conflicts in the use of artificial intelligence, abortion and population ethics.
{"title":"What our hopes and fears tell us about our values","authors":"A. Alvarez, E. D. Stabell, M. Thorseth","doi":"10.5324/eip.v15i1.4036","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5324/eip.v15i1.4036","url":null,"abstract":"This open issue of the Nordic Journal of Applied Ethics consists of four papers that discuss topics covering fetal diagnostics ethics, value conflicts in the use of artificial intelligence, abortion and population ethics.","PeriodicalId":42362,"journal":{"name":"Etikk I Praksis","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2021-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84062227","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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