Pub Date : 2019-04-22DOI: 10.1163/9789004380271_083
A. Awad
The human-facilitated transfer of marine organisms between coastal ecosys-tems has become one of the more concerning issues hindering our hopes of “living with the ocean and from the ocean in a sustainable relationship.”1 Invasive species are impacting marine and freshwater ecosystems, especially areas already stressed by anthropogenic disturbance, causing irreversible changes, often with significant ecological, economic, and social impacts. Hundreds of marine species have migrated between oceans and seas following the opening of major canals around the world; furthermore, numerous species have been introduced, either intentionally or unintentionally, from fisheries, aquaculture practices and the aquarium trade. However, international shipping has come into focus as the primary vector responsible for most of the recorded marine species invasions. Commercial ships can be effective at transferring living organisms across large distances, through two equally significant mechanisms: as plankton carried in ballast water (water taken on board to stabilize the vessel at sea, an essential process for the safety of modern vessels), and as biofouling, or the species attached to the immersed parts of the vessel. Each of these vectors presents an interesting set of management challenges; however, the fact that ballast water is taken into and contained within the vessel made it the ‘low-hanging fruit’ that has been tackled first in response to heightened international awareness of threats from marine invasive species. 2017,
{"title":"The Pacing of Progress as the Secret to Success for the International Ballast Water Management Regime","authors":"A. Awad","doi":"10.1163/9789004380271_083","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004380271_083","url":null,"abstract":"The human-facilitated transfer of marine organisms between coastal ecosys-tems has become one of the more concerning issues hindering our hopes of “living with the ocean and from the ocean in a sustainable relationship.”1 Invasive species are impacting marine and freshwater ecosystems, especially areas already stressed by anthropogenic disturbance, causing irreversible changes, often with significant ecological, economic, and social impacts. Hundreds of marine species have migrated between oceans and seas following the opening of major canals around the world; furthermore, numerous species have been introduced, either intentionally or unintentionally, from fisheries, aquaculture practices and the aquarium trade. However, international shipping has come into focus as the primary vector responsible for most of the recorded marine species invasions. Commercial ships can be effective at transferring living organisms across large distances, through two equally significant mechanisms: as plankton carried in ballast water (water taken on board to stabilize the vessel at sea, an essential process for the safety of modern vessels), and as biofouling, or the species attached to the immersed parts of the vessel. Each of these vectors presents an interesting set of management challenges; however, the fact that ballast water is taken into and contained within the vessel made it the ‘low-hanging fruit’ that has been tackled first in response to heightened international awareness of threats from marine invasive species. 2017,","PeriodicalId":423731,"journal":{"name":"The Future of Ocean Governance and Capacity Development","volume":"C-31 6","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121000870","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-04-22DOI: 10.1163/9789004380271_014
François N. Bailet
Elisabeth Mann Borgese often proposed that the development of a new international framework for the law of the sea offered a laboratory for humanity within which to develop new approaches to its relationship with nature, and with itself. This proposition was firmly rooted in the conviction that we should be courageous enough to step away from our traditional land-based approaches, and leave behind some of our old ways, which have often caused conflict and inequalities, all at the expense of humanity and nature. The infectious beauty and humbleness of Mann Borgese’s positive intellect was clear to those who worked with her, or even casually conversed with her. However, she was sometimes taken very literally by her contemporaries, and her propositions provided some with the excuse to stay on land and encourage the dismissal of her vision as nothing more than naivety, or perhaps even geopolitical manipulations of the times. Unfortunately, the importance and timing of Elisabeth’s underlying ideas evaded them, as they could not see beyond the shores of their intellect. But Elisabeth was not a pessimist, nor was she easily intimidated by complexity. Quite to the contrary, such situations brought out the best in her, as well as those she so selflessly shared her life with. Armed with conviction, humble persistence, and fundamentally human propositions, she continued to explain. Many of her ideas were eventually understood in the context of the Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea, some even serving as elements of the nucleus of what has become the ‘constitution for the ocean’: the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (unclos). But Mann Borgese understood that this magnificent development could only be the beginning; hence she continued her mission within the law of the sea and the sustainable development intergovernmental processes. The convergence
{"title":"The Capacity Development Imperative: Elisabeth Mann Borgese’s Legacy","authors":"François N. Bailet","doi":"10.1163/9789004380271_014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004380271_014","url":null,"abstract":"Elisabeth Mann Borgese often proposed that the development of a new international framework for the law of the sea offered a laboratory for humanity within which to develop new approaches to its relationship with nature, and with itself. This proposition was firmly rooted in the conviction that we should be courageous enough to step away from our traditional land-based approaches, and leave behind some of our old ways, which have often caused conflict and inequalities, all at the expense of humanity and nature. The infectious beauty and humbleness of Mann Borgese’s positive intellect was clear to those who worked with her, or even casually conversed with her. However, she was sometimes taken very literally by her contemporaries, and her propositions provided some with the excuse to stay on land and encourage the dismissal of her vision as nothing more than naivety, or perhaps even geopolitical manipulations of the times. Unfortunately, the importance and timing of Elisabeth’s underlying ideas evaded them, as they could not see beyond the shores of their intellect. But Elisabeth was not a pessimist, nor was she easily intimidated by complexity. Quite to the contrary, such situations brought out the best in her, as well as those she so selflessly shared her life with. Armed with conviction, humble persistence, and fundamentally human propositions, she continued to explain. Many of her ideas were eventually understood in the context of the Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea, some even serving as elements of the nucleus of what has become the ‘constitution for the ocean’: the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (unclos). But Mann Borgese understood that this magnificent development could only be the beginning; hence she continued her mission within the law of the sea and the sustainable development intergovernmental processes. The convergence","PeriodicalId":423731,"journal":{"name":"The Future of Ocean Governance and Capacity Development","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115465089","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-04-22DOI: 10.1163/9789004380271_063
D. Roberts
The sustainability of aquaculture will not be a choice for the future, but a necessity. Aquaculture has grown from an alternative means of producing marine and freshwater plants and animals to an integral part of the existing food supply and, in fact, the most promising means of supplying the protein that the world will require to feed its growing population. Over the last 30 years the world has seen changes in fishing technologies/ effort that have facilitated our ability to extract fish and other aquatic organisms from the sea, lakes, and rivers at a rate never before experienced. As the world population has continued to increase so has the demand for aquatic protein and therefore our ability to sell ‘all that we can catch’, or extract from these aquatic environments. As we continued to extract at a rate greater than is biologically sustainable, we are faced with a diminished resource base and overfished species. Embracing terms such as maximum sustainable yield, countries began to implement quotas on fishing effort and gear and/or restrictions to entry. There were warning signs that the ‘supply’ was being ‘fished out’. Today, of all the known commercial species being fished, only 15 percent are at a level that will allow for additional harvesting. This is not sufficient to keep up with demand. In fact, there has been little ‘new’ fish biomass extracted from our oceans since the 1980s. In terms of global production volume, that of farmed fish and aquatic plants combined surpassed that of capture fisheries in 2013. In terms of food supply, aquaculture provided more fish than capture fisheries for the first time in 2014. By 2014, a total of 580 species and/or species groups were farmed around the world.1 In 2014, 73.8 million tonnes of aquatic animals were harvested from aquaculture (Table 1).2
{"title":"Sustainable Aquaculture: Protecting Our Oceans and Feeding the World","authors":"D. Roberts","doi":"10.1163/9789004380271_063","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004380271_063","url":null,"abstract":"The sustainability of aquaculture will not be a choice for the future, but a necessity. Aquaculture has grown from an alternative means of producing marine and freshwater plants and animals to an integral part of the existing food supply and, in fact, the most promising means of supplying the protein that the world will require to feed its growing population. Over the last 30 years the world has seen changes in fishing technologies/ effort that have facilitated our ability to extract fish and other aquatic organisms from the sea, lakes, and rivers at a rate never before experienced. As the world population has continued to increase so has the demand for aquatic protein and therefore our ability to sell ‘all that we can catch’, or extract from these aquatic environments. As we continued to extract at a rate greater than is biologically sustainable, we are faced with a diminished resource base and overfished species. Embracing terms such as maximum sustainable yield, countries began to implement quotas on fishing effort and gear and/or restrictions to entry. There were warning signs that the ‘supply’ was being ‘fished out’. Today, of all the known commercial species being fished, only 15 percent are at a level that will allow for additional harvesting. This is not sufficient to keep up with demand. In fact, there has been little ‘new’ fish biomass extracted from our oceans since the 1980s. In terms of global production volume, that of farmed fish and aquatic plants combined surpassed that of capture fisheries in 2013. In terms of food supply, aquaculture provided more fish than capture fisheries for the first time in 2014. By 2014, a total of 580 species and/or species groups were farmed around the world.1 In 2014, 73.8 million tonnes of aquatic animals were harvested from aquaculture (Table 1).2","PeriodicalId":423731,"journal":{"name":"The Future of Ocean Governance and Capacity Development","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129275188","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-04-22DOI: 10.1163/9789004380271_089
Peter MacLellan
{"title":"Oceans Day: A Personal Reminiscence of Its Initiation","authors":"Peter MacLellan","doi":"10.1163/9789004380271_089","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004380271_089","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":423731,"journal":{"name":"The Future of Ocean Governance and Capacity Development","volume":"57 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125984529","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-04-22DOI: 10.1163/9789004380271_061
S. Fuller, K. Schleit
The high seas, to this day, are viewed by many as a hive of unlawful activity, with visions of piracy, illegal fishing, and mysterious sea creatures. Conversely, that same 70 percent of our ocean that is outside state waters, beyond 200 nautical miles, may be seen as a frontier area, with little human activity relative to nearshore and coastal ecosystems. Somewhere between those two extremes lies the truth. Our most intimate connection with the high seas comes from the fish on our plate and occasional news stories documenting the catch of a big fish by local fishers. On the other hand, public awareness about the high seas also centers on iconic species like cod and tuna that have been overfished and remain below historic levels. It is the collective decisions of individual countries that determine the ultimate fate of high seas fish populations. The past and future success of these group decisions in adhering to high-level principles and the best available science to protect the global commons will dictate if we can minimize human impacts and ensure the sustainability of the broader marine ecosystem.
{"title":"The Future of Managing Fisheries and the Global Commons through Regional Fisheries Management Organizations: Steps toward Global Stewardship","authors":"S. Fuller, K. Schleit","doi":"10.1163/9789004380271_061","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004380271_061","url":null,"abstract":"The high seas, to this day, are viewed by many as a hive of unlawful activity, with visions of piracy, illegal fishing, and mysterious sea creatures. Conversely, that same 70 percent of our ocean that is outside state waters, beyond 200 nautical miles, may be seen as a frontier area, with little human activity relative to nearshore and coastal ecosystems. Somewhere between those two extremes lies the truth. Our most intimate connection with the high seas comes from the fish on our plate and occasional news stories documenting the catch of a big fish by local fishers. On the other hand, public awareness about the high seas also centers on iconic species like cod and tuna that have been overfished and remain below historic levels. It is the collective decisions of individual countries that determine the ultimate fate of high seas fish populations. The past and future success of these group decisions in adhering to high-level principles and the best available science to protect the global commons will dictate if we can minimize human impacts and ensure the sustainability of the broader marine ecosystem.","PeriodicalId":423731,"journal":{"name":"The Future of Ocean Governance and Capacity Development","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114987487","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-04-22DOI: 10.1163/9789004380271_050
Linda S. Weilgart
Most marine animals, including marine mammals, fish, and invertebrates, use sound for almost all aspects of their life, including reproduction, feeding, predator and hazard avoidance, communication, and navigation. In the marine environment, vision is only useful over tens of meters, whereas sound can be heard for thousands of kilometers. The potential area impacted by even one noise source can extend to millions of square kilometers. Ocean background human-caused noise levels have doubled every decade for the last several decades in some areas, mainly from commercial shipping. So, how should a transboundary pollutant such as noise be regulated? Interestingly, the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea includes the word ‘energy’ to define ‘pollution of the marine environment’, as in “the introduction by man ... of substances or energy into the marine environment ... which ... is likely to result in ... harm to living resources....”1 Energy in this context can include both thermal and acoustic or noise pollution.2 Thus, the United Nations General Assembly (unga) in paragraph 107 of its resolution 61/222 on ‘Oceans and the law of the sea’, adopted on 20 December 2006: “Encourages further studies and consideration of the impacts of ocean noise on marine living resources....”3 Further, unga resolution 70/235 adopted on 23 December 2015
{"title":"Keeping the Noise Down: Approaches to the Mitigation and Regulation of Human-Caused Ocean Noise","authors":"Linda S. Weilgart","doi":"10.1163/9789004380271_050","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004380271_050","url":null,"abstract":"Most marine animals, including marine mammals, fish, and invertebrates, use sound for almost all aspects of their life, including reproduction, feeding, predator and hazard avoidance, communication, and navigation. In the marine environment, vision is only useful over tens of meters, whereas sound can be heard for thousands of kilometers. The potential area impacted by even one noise source can extend to millions of square kilometers. Ocean background human-caused noise levels have doubled every decade for the last several decades in some areas, mainly from commercial shipping. So, how should a transboundary pollutant such as noise be regulated? Interestingly, the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea includes the word ‘energy’ to define ‘pollution of the marine environment’, as in “the introduction by man ... of substances or energy into the marine environment ... which ... is likely to result in ... harm to living resources....”1 Energy in this context can include both thermal and acoustic or noise pollution.2 Thus, the United Nations General Assembly (unga) in paragraph 107 of its resolution 61/222 on ‘Oceans and the law of the sea’, adopted on 20 December 2006: “Encourages further studies and consideration of the impacts of ocean noise on marine living resources....”3 Further, unga resolution 70/235 adopted on 23 December 2015","PeriodicalId":423731,"journal":{"name":"The Future of Ocean Governance and Capacity Development","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124068285","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-04-22DOI: 10.1163/9789004380271_025
P. Taylor
Elisabeth Mann Borgese became known as the ‘Mother of the Oceans’. This title embraced both her deep love and respect for the oceans and her enormous contribution to oceans governance, including development of the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (unclos).2 In this task, she worked closely with her friend and colleague, Arvid Pardo, former Maltese ambassador to the United Nations (UN). Appropriately, his contributions to the international law of the sea earned him the title: ‘Father of the law of the sea’. From 1967 onwards, they worked as a team advocating for adoption of the ethical and legal concept ‘common heritage of mankind’ (chm) in unclos. Central to their work was a shared understanding of the oceans as a complex integrated ecological system, sometimes expressed as the ‘whole of ocean space’ or the ‘marine environment’. Their objective was to ensure that ocean’s plenitude continued to sustain present and future generations and that its uses contributed to peace, security, and the equitable development of peoples. To achieve this, a new legal principle was required; one which claimed all ocean space as a commons (belonging to all humankind), and placed it under an
{"title":"The Common Heritage of Mankind: Expanding the Oceanic Circle","authors":"P. Taylor","doi":"10.1163/9789004380271_025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004380271_025","url":null,"abstract":"Elisabeth Mann Borgese became known as the ‘Mother of the Oceans’. This title embraced both her deep love and respect for the oceans and her enormous contribution to oceans governance, including development of the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (unclos).2 In this task, she worked closely with her friend and colleague, Arvid Pardo, former Maltese ambassador to the United Nations (UN). Appropriately, his contributions to the international law of the sea earned him the title: ‘Father of the law of the sea’. From 1967 onwards, they worked as a team advocating for adoption of the ethical and legal concept ‘common heritage of mankind’ (chm) in unclos. Central to their work was a shared understanding of the oceans as a complex integrated ecological system, sometimes expressed as the ‘whole of ocean space’ or the ‘marine environment’. Their objective was to ensure that ocean’s plenitude continued to sustain present and future generations and that its uses contributed to peace, security, and the equitable development of peoples. To achieve this, a new legal principle was required; one which claimed all ocean space as a commons (belonging to all humankind), and placed it under an","PeriodicalId":423731,"journal":{"name":"The Future of Ocean Governance and Capacity Development","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124069489","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-04-22DOI: 10.1163/9789004380271_015
M. J. Butler
To understand the rationale for the establishment of the IOI-Canada Training Program, one must consider and appreciate the early life of Elisabeth Mann Borgese (1918–2002), the founder of the International Ocean Institute (ioi). Her 1999 Nexus Institute lecture, “The Years of My Life,”1 provides an autobiographical insight into her privileged upbringing among globally acknowledged intellectuals and the Mann family’s escape from Nazi Germany, prior to the Second World War, first to Switzerland and eventually to the United States. Her interests were eclectic, and even at a young age she could be passionately single-minded, for example, her life-long love of the ocean. She met Professor G.A. Borgese in Princeton, New Jersey in 1938 and married him in 1939. In 1946 Chancellor Robert Hutchins of the University of Chicago launched a Committee to Frame a World Constitution as a response to the debacle of the Second World War. Elisabeth Mann Borgese became an active participant in the work of the Committee. In 1948 the Chicago Preliminary Draft of a World Constitution was published, and one of its provisions declared that earth, water, air and energy were “the common property of the human race,”2 a foretaste of things to come! Later that decade, the Korean War and McCarthyism contributed to the demise of world federalism and the ideals developed, perhaps naively, by the Chicago team. Consequently the Borgeses moved to Italy where Professor Borgese died in 1952 at age 70. In 1964, Dr. Hutchins established the Center for the Study of Democratic Institutions (csdi), an antidote to McCarthyism, in Santa Barbara, California. In 1967, he invited Elisabeth Mann Borgese to become a Fellow of the Center and offered her a three-year project to draft a constitution for the oceans. Coincidently that same year, Arvid Pardo, Ambassador of Malta to the United Nations (UN), presented his seminal address to the UN entitled ‘The Common
为了理解ioi -加拿大培训计划的建立，我们必须考虑并欣赏国际海洋研究所(ioi)创始人伊丽莎白·曼·博尔泽(1918-2002)的早年生活。1999年，她在Nexus研究所(Nexus Institute)发表了题为《我的人生》(The Years of My Life)的演讲，该书以自传的方式讲述了她在全球知名知识分子中间的优越成长经历，以及曼恩一家在第二次世界大战之前逃离纳粹德国的经历，先是逃到瑞士，最后逃到美国。她的兴趣是兼收并蓄的，即使在年轻的时候，她也可以充满激情地一心一意，例如，她一生都热爱海洋。1938年，她在新泽西州普林斯顿结识了G.A.博格塞教授，并于1939年与他结婚。1946年，芝加哥大学校长罗伯特·哈钦斯(Robert Hutchins)成立了一个“制定世界宪法委员会”，作为对第二次世界大战惨败的回应。伊丽莎白·曼·博格塞成为委员会工作的积极参与者。1948年，《芝加哥世界宪法初步草案》发表，其中一项条款宣布，地球、水、空气和能源是“人类的共同财产”，这是对未来事物的预示!那个年代的后期，朝鲜战争和麦卡锡主义促成了世界联邦制和芝加哥团队(或许有些天真地)提出的理想的消亡。因此，博尔热夫妇搬到了意大利，博尔热教授于1952年去世，享年70岁。1964年，哈钦斯博士在加州圣巴巴拉建立了民主制度研究中心(csdi)，这是麦卡锡主义的解毒剂。1967年，他邀请Elisabeth Mann Borgese成为该中心的研究员，并向她提供了一项为期三年的计划，为海洋起草宪法。巧合的是，同年，马耳他驻联合国大使阿维德·帕尔多在联合国发表了题为“共同”的开创性讲话
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Pub Date : 2019-04-22DOI: 10.1163/9789004380271_020
Peter W. Leder, D. Lane
This essay outlines challenges of future ocean governance and the strategic efforts of the International Ocean Institute (ioi) toward achieving the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals, in particular sdg 14, postulated at the Rio+20 Conference.1 Major challenges arise from marine and coastal environmental, policy, and knowledge issues related to the changing climate, pressures on coastal and ocean development, and the international management of limited ocean resources. These challenges call for strategic initiatives with a focus on international ocean governance and developing capacity for effective local institutional arrangements, together with integrated ocean literacy and human resource development programs that incorporate research and promote continuous improvement.2
{"title":"Strategic IOI Initiatives for Developing Capacity in Ocean Governance","authors":"Peter W. Leder, D. Lane","doi":"10.1163/9789004380271_020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004380271_020","url":null,"abstract":"This essay outlines challenges of future ocean governance and the strategic efforts of the International Ocean Institute (ioi) toward achieving the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals, in particular sdg 14, postulated at the Rio+20 Conference.1 Major challenges arise from marine and coastal environmental, policy, and knowledge issues related to the changing climate, pressures on coastal and ocean development, and the international management of limited ocean resources. These challenges call for strategic initiatives with a focus on international ocean governance and developing capacity for effective local institutional arrangements, together with integrated ocean literacy and human resource development programs that incorporate research and promote continuous improvement.2","PeriodicalId":423731,"journal":{"name":"The Future of Ocean Governance and Capacity Development","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128576451","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-04-22DOI: 10.1163/9789004380271_085
Donald Liu
In this age of automation and robotics, it is not surprising that maritime shipping, one of the oldest and most conservative of industries, is looking to modernize and transform itself by applying autonomous technology to ships much like the automobile industry with self-driving cars and trucks, and the commercial aircraft industry with its aircraft drones. There are two types of autonomous vessel technology currently being explored by various research projects in Europe. One is a vessel operated remotely by a shoreside operator, and the other a vessel operated completely independent of human control; the second has advanced decision support systems onboard undertake all the operational decisions independently.1 The primary driving forces for autonomous ships are twofold: (1) to reduce operating costs as a result of increased operating efficiency, decreased crew and shipbuilding costs that reduce the cost per ton mile of cargo carried, and (2) to reduce potential accidents due to human error, as about 75 to 96 percent of marine casualties are caused, at least in part, by some form of human error.2 The motivation is not to just reduce operating costs and human error but to create a real transformation in the industry. Without humans being physically onboard, the deck house, crew quarters and related ventilation, heating, and sewage systems can be eliminated. Ships can be lighter and more aerodynamic thereby reducing fuel and construction costs and increasing cargo capacity. Those developing autonomous designs anticipate that the remote operations of ships will occur initially, and eventually move towards full autonomy of ships.
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