Pub Date : 2023-05-01DOI: 10.52950/es.2023.12.1.001
Merlin Thanga Joy Atchuthen, S. Sankara Muthu Kumar
A country's economy depends heavily on energy. Economic productivity and industrial growth depend on the use of energy in modern economies. In a modern economy, energy is responsible for more than one-tenth of the cost of production but accounts for most industrial growth, according to Barney and Franzi (2002). The economy’s need for energy has grown at about the same rate as that of wealth. It is a fact that wealth creation is predominantly calculated based on the usage of energy by society. At the beginning of the 19th century, biomass is the preferred choice of fuel. Energy demand in the west and advanced economies increased more rapidly because of rising standards during the end of the 20th century. In most production and consumption activities, energy plays a significant role in economic growth. An analysis of the energy sector components and their impacts on economic progress in two countries, the United Kingdom and India, was conducted based on an analytical approach. It is found in both countries that energy efficiency and foreign direct investment (net inflows) are positively correlated. Both the United Kingdom and India have significant correlations between energy efficiency and GDP (percentage of GDP). Employment rates and energy efficiency go hand in hand in both countries. India's GDP per capita growth (annual %) is positively correlated with energy efficiency (0.447). This study followed only the economic indicators from the World Bank Development Indicators report.
{"title":"HOW THE ENERGY SECTOR IS AFFECTING ECONOMIC GROWTH – COMPARING THE UNITED KINGDOM WITH INDIA","authors":"Merlin Thanga Joy Atchuthen, S. Sankara Muthu Kumar","doi":"10.52950/es.2023.12.1.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52950/es.2023.12.1.001","url":null,"abstract":"A country's economy depends heavily on energy. Economic productivity and industrial growth depend on the use of energy in modern economies. In a modern economy, energy is responsible for more than one-tenth of the cost of production but accounts for most industrial growth, according to Barney and Franzi (2002). The economy’s need for energy has grown at about the same rate as that of wealth. It is a fact that wealth creation is predominantly calculated based on the usage of energy by society. At the beginning of the 19th century, biomass is the preferred choice of fuel. Energy demand in the west and advanced economies increased more rapidly because of rising standards during the end of the 20th century. In most production and consumption activities, energy plays a significant role in economic growth. An analysis of the energy sector components and their impacts on economic progress in two countries, the United Kingdom and India, was conducted based on an analytical approach. It is found in both countries that energy efficiency and foreign direct investment (net inflows) are positively correlated. Both the United Kingdom and India have significant correlations between energy efficiency and GDP (percentage of GDP). Employment rates and energy efficiency go hand in hand in both countries. India's GDP per capita growth (annual %) is positively correlated with energy efficiency (0.447). This study followed only the economic indicators from the World Bank Development Indicators report.","PeriodicalId":42415,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Economic Sciences","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136338457","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
These days conflict resolution and negotiation seem to be tough and challenging tasks for managerial-level employees. Conflict with various stakeholders in the banking industry can be considered a major aspect. The study employs a descriptive data analysis procedure that covers a sample of 267 managerial-level staff. The purpose of this study is to identify the managerial awareness level of negotiation and conflict resolution in Nepalese banking sectors. The results of the study illustrated that managerial levels at commercial banks in Kathmandu Valley have high (86.14%) negotiation skills. Also, 67.16% of managers in the banking sector focus on maintaining a good relationship with another party while trying to resolve conflict through negotiation. Managerial employees even agreed that they faced challenges in the process of negotiation and conflict resolution. One of the major challenges is the lack of timing among the employees at commercial banks, due to which proper negotiation rarely takes place.
{"title":"Identifying Managerial Awareness Level on Negotiation and Conflict Resolution in Nepalese Banking Sectors: Descriptive Cross-sectional Analysis","authors":"Neha Kayastha, Niranjan Devkota, Sushanta Kumar, Ranjana Koirala, Udaya Raj, S. Parajuli","doi":"10.55603/jes.v1i2.a1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.55603/jes.v1i2.a1","url":null,"abstract":"These days conflict resolution and negotiation seem to be tough and challenging tasks for managerial-level employees. Conflict with various stakeholders in the banking industry can be considered a major aspect. The study employs a descriptive data analysis procedure that covers a sample of 267 managerial-level staff. The purpose of this study is to identify the managerial awareness level of negotiation and conflict resolution in Nepalese banking sectors. The results of the study illustrated that managerial levels at commercial banks in Kathmandu Valley have high (86.14%) negotiation skills. Also, 67.16% of managers in the banking sector focus on maintaining a good relationship with another party while trying to resolve conflict through negotiation. Managerial employees even agreed that they faced challenges in the process of negotiation and conflict resolution. One of the major challenges is the lack of timing among the employees at commercial banks, due to which proper negotiation rarely takes place.","PeriodicalId":42415,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Economic Sciences","volume":"57 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2022-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83907750","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The goal of this article is to look at how various health indices affect Pakistan's economic growth. To achieve this goal, error correction and co-integration methods were used by using time series data from 1990 to 2022. The goal of this research is to examine the short-run and long-term temporal connections between health and per capita GDP growth. In the long-run, there is a significant relationship between per capita GDP and economic health indicators, which are significantly affecting per-capita GDP. According to the results of short run, health indicators have no meaningful influence on per-capita GDP. While indicators of health have a considerable long-run influence in economic growth. It implies that the influence of health indicators can only impact economic growth in the long run. The study's main result suggests financial gain, through growing and raising the stock of healthy human capital, particularly if present stocks are at a low level. Improved health has a two-way interaction with the economic process. This research is to examine the short-run and long-term temporal connections between health and per capita GDP growth, using mistreatment Co-integration and Error Correction. Long-term health and economic process studies would be extremely valuable in determining the achievable magnitudes of the entire cumulative effects of health on economic process. Two key hypotheses would be examined; the first would be that 'health influences economic growth' might be a long-standing temporal development. Second, what role do health output and input factors play in per capita GDP growth?
{"title":"Nexuses between Economic Growth and Health Indicators: Evidence from Pakistan","authors":"Reem Gulzar, N. Ahmed","doi":"10.55603/jes.v1i2.a5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.55603/jes.v1i2.a5","url":null,"abstract":"The goal of this article is to look at how various health indices affect Pakistan's economic growth. To achieve this goal, error correction and co-integration methods were used by using time series data from 1990 to 2022. The goal of this research is to examine the short-run and long-term temporal connections between health and per capita GDP growth. In the long-run, there is a significant relationship between per capita GDP and economic health indicators, which are significantly affecting per-capita GDP. According to the results of short run, health indicators have no meaningful influence on per-capita GDP. While indicators of health have a considerable long-run influence in economic growth. It implies that the influence of health indicators can only impact economic growth in the long run. The study's main result suggests financial gain, through growing and raising the stock of healthy human capital, particularly if present stocks are at a low level. Improved health has a two-way interaction with the economic process. This research is to examine the short-run and long-term temporal connections between health and per capita GDP growth, using mistreatment Co-integration and Error Correction. Long-term health and economic process studies would be extremely valuable in determining the achievable magnitudes of the entire cumulative effects of health on economic process. Two key hypotheses would be examined; the first would be that 'health influences economic growth' might be a long-standing temporal development. Second, what role do health output and input factors play in per capita GDP growth?","PeriodicalId":42415,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Economic Sciences","volume":"22 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2022-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84274724","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The banking industry of Pakistan is growing over years and it is playing a dynamic role in enabling the business environment in the country. The idea is Constructed on the fact, that there is a substantial impact of commercial banks (CB) on the economic advancement of the country. in response, the macro dynamics of an economy also influence the very existence of Banking and its footprints on the economy. Banks are operating to smooth out the transaction process in the economy to cause ease for doing daily life business. It is important to investigate that the changes in the macroeconomic factors of a country can have serious implications for the profitability dynamics of these banks. This paper examines the cost-effectiveness of CBs in Pakistan for the duration of (2006 to 2018), against the variations in the macroeconomy. The study is based on Panel data assessment methods, to examine the effects of foremost external factors i.e. Exchange rate, GDP, Interest rate, and Money supply on the profitability of CBS in Pakistan. This study uses Return on Assets (ROA) and Return on Equity (ROE) to measure the profitability of banks in Pakistan. The study uses a random effect model and the outcomes of this study demonstrate that, in the case of Pakistani CBS, the impact of selected macroeconomic factors is almost negligible to determine a bank's profitability except for only one factor, that is the money supply, which expresses a progressive influence on banks’ profitability in Pakistan.
{"title":"The Statistical Association between Macroeconomic Indicators and the Performance of Commercial Banks in Pakistan","authors":"Javedani Ali, Muhammad Imran, Tehseen Iqbal","doi":"10.55603/jes.v1i2.a4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.55603/jes.v1i2.a4","url":null,"abstract":"The banking industry of Pakistan is growing over years and it is playing a dynamic role in enabling the business environment in the country. The idea is Constructed on the fact, that there is a substantial impact of commercial banks (CB) on the economic advancement of the country. in response, the macro dynamics of an economy also influence the very existence of Banking and its footprints on the economy. Banks are operating to smooth out the transaction process in the economy to cause ease for doing daily life business. It is important to investigate that the changes in the macroeconomic factors of a country can have serious implications for the profitability dynamics of these banks. This paper examines the cost-effectiveness of CBs in Pakistan for the duration of (2006 to 2018), against the variations in the macroeconomy. The study is based on Panel data assessment methods, to examine the effects of foremost external factors i.e. Exchange rate, GDP, Interest rate, and Money supply on the profitability of CBS in Pakistan. This study uses Return on Assets (ROA) and Return on Equity (ROE) to measure the profitability of banks in Pakistan. The study uses a random effect model and the outcomes of this study demonstrate that, in the case of Pakistani CBS, the impact of selected macroeconomic factors is almost negligible to determine a bank's profitability except for only one factor, that is the money supply, which expresses a progressive influence on banks’ profitability in Pakistan.","PeriodicalId":42415,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Economic Sciences","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2022-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84409234","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The primary objective of the study is to check the impact of remittances on enrollment, the performance of the students of higher education, and the attitude of the households. For this study, primary data were collected through a questionnaire. Randomly 75 migrants and 75 non-migrants were selected. The Binary Logistic model is used to check the impact of remittances on the enrollment of the students and the ordinary least square is used to check the impact of remittances on students' performance. The study concludes that remittances have a significant impact on the enrollment of the students and the impact of remittances on the performance of the students is not significant. Concerned authorities should focus on improving the performance of the students by providing different incentives through the higher education department of AJK.
{"title":"Impact of Remittances on Social Behavior towards Higher Education in District Poonch AJK","authors":"Farrukh Ishtiaq, Muhammad Ajmair","doi":"10.55603/jes.v1i2.a3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.55603/jes.v1i2.a3","url":null,"abstract":"The primary objective of the study is to check the impact of remittances on enrollment, the performance of the students of higher education, and the attitude of the households. For this study, primary data were collected through a questionnaire. Randomly 75 migrants and 75 non-migrants were selected. The Binary Logistic model is used to check the impact of remittances on the enrollment of the students and the ordinary least square is used to check the impact of remittances on students' performance. The study concludes that remittances have a significant impact on the enrollment of the students and the impact of remittances on the performance of the students is not significant. Concerned authorities should focus on improving the performance of the students by providing different incentives through the higher education department of AJK.","PeriodicalId":42415,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Economic Sciences","volume":"2 7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2022-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77259095","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study estimates the economic value of intangible assets (IAs) on the market values (MVs) of firms. The IAs play an important role in the future development and success of firms. A firm having more IAs and Research and Development (R&D) expenditures can be more innovative and competitive in the production of goods and service delivery. Therefore, this study finds the impacts of IAs on the MVs by taking a sample of 66 firms listed on Pakistan’s Stock Exchange (PSX) from the period 2007 to 2014. For empirical analysis, the conventional Fixed Effect, Random Effect and Generalized Method of Moment (GMM) models are applied on annual data. The results depict that IAs have increased the MVs of firms in Pakistan. Moreover, leverage ratio and managerial efficiency have also increased the MVs while the expenditures on marketing and advertising have decreased the MVs of firms. This study suggests that firms’ managers can increase investment in the accumulation of IAs for maximization of the MVs. Moreover, the investors and other market participants should also look at the level of IAs before investing in stocks as well as other determinants, especially leverage and managerial efficiency. The value relevance of leverage has also been a worthy policy recommendation for Pakistani firms. So, there is a scope for increasing the debt ratio for the shareholders’ value maximization.
{"title":"The Impact of Intangible Assets on Market Value of Firms: Evidence from Pakistan’s Stock Exchange","authors":"Suhrab Khan, M. M. Iqbal","doi":"10.55603/jes.v1i2.a2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.55603/jes.v1i2.a2","url":null,"abstract":"This study estimates the economic value of intangible assets (IAs) on the market values (MVs) of firms. The IAs play an important role in the future development and success of firms. A firm having more IAs and Research and Development (R&D) expenditures can be more innovative and competitive in the production of goods and service delivery. Therefore, this study finds the impacts of IAs on the MVs by taking a sample of 66 firms listed on Pakistan’s Stock Exchange (PSX) from the period 2007 to 2014. For empirical analysis, the conventional Fixed Effect, Random Effect and Generalized Method of Moment (GMM) models are applied on annual data. The results depict that IAs have increased the MVs of firms in Pakistan. Moreover, leverage ratio and managerial efficiency have also increased the MVs while the expenditures on marketing and advertising have decreased the MVs of firms. This study suggests that firms’ managers can increase investment in the accumulation of IAs for maximization of the MVs. Moreover, the investors and other market participants should also look at the level of IAs before investing in stocks as well as other determinants, especially leverage and managerial efficiency. The value relevance of leverage has also been a worthy policy recommendation for Pakistani firms. So, there is a scope for increasing the debt ratio for the shareholders’ value maximization.","PeriodicalId":42415,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Economic Sciences","volume":"51 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2022-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75952089","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-24DOI: 10.52950/es.2022.11.2.001
Ondřej Bednář, B. Kadeřábková
Within a broader context of economic costs of the recent pandemic we calculate the excess deaths during the COVID-19 pandemic over the whole population and split them into age subgroups. Further, we estimate the cost of the labor force lost due to the pandemic. We employ a general additive model to set up a counterfactual time series of weekly deaths to count the number of deaths if the pandemic did not occur. Subtracting counterfactual series from the actual number of fatalities provides us with the excess deaths. The amount of excess deaths in the whole population is not statistically different from the COVID-19 victims reported by the Ministry of Health. However, we find excess deaths that are substantially higher than the reported COVID-19 causalities in the age group from 35 to 59 years. We estimated the costs of the lost labor force to be approximately 0.03% of the Czech 2021 GDP.
{"title":"The Covid-19 pandemic economic costs in terms of labour force loss","authors":"Ondřej Bednář, B. Kadeřábková","doi":"10.52950/es.2022.11.2.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52950/es.2022.11.2.001","url":null,"abstract":"Within a broader context of economic costs of the recent pandemic we calculate the excess deaths during the COVID-19 pandemic over the whole population and split them into age subgroups. Further, we estimate the cost of the labor force lost due to the pandemic. We employ a general additive model to set up a counterfactual time series of weekly deaths to count the number of deaths if the pandemic did not occur. Subtracting counterfactual series from the actual number of fatalities provides us with the excess deaths. The amount of excess deaths in the whole population is not statistically different from the COVID-19 victims reported by the Ministry of Health. However, we find excess deaths that are substantially higher than the reported COVID-19 causalities in the age group from 35 to 59 years. We estimated the costs of the lost labor force to be approximately 0.03% of the Czech 2021 GDP.","PeriodicalId":42415,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Economic Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2022-11-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46721604","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-24DOI: 10.52950/es.2022.11.2.003
Jan Čadil, M. Kopecký, Tomas Jurcik
“Equal pay for equal work” is one of the backbone principles of Responsible Leadership. It is also deeply incorporated in legislation, mostly in developed countries. In recent decades, the gender pay gap has been put forward as a general indicator of equality by policy makers and researches alike. Yet, the research outcomes are disturbingly unsettled in comparison to bold political proclamations that are often based on simplified statistics. In our article we show, that gender pay gap shrinks substantially if firm-level job grades (based on Hay methodology) are used. The methodology used is gender neutral and focuses solely on the job size, not on the incumbent. Moreover, we show that the gender pay gap is not reflecting the idea of “equal pay for equal work” well. In fact, we conclude that people are being paid unequally regardless their gender. Low or non-existent gender pay gap then might just camouflage real inequalities leading managers and stakeholders to false feeling that company follows responsible leadership principles as defined by Steve Kempster (2016).
{"title":"Job grade camouflage: When low gender pay gap does not mean equal pay","authors":"Jan Čadil, M. Kopecký, Tomas Jurcik","doi":"10.52950/es.2022.11.2.003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52950/es.2022.11.2.003","url":null,"abstract":"“Equal pay for equal work” is one of the backbone principles of Responsible Leadership. It is also deeply incorporated in legislation, mostly in developed countries. In recent decades, the gender pay gap has been put forward as a general indicator of equality by policy makers and researches alike. Yet, the research outcomes are disturbingly unsettled in comparison to bold political proclamations that are often based on simplified statistics. In our article we show, that gender pay gap shrinks substantially if firm-level job grades (based on Hay methodology) are used. The methodology used is gender neutral and focuses solely on the job size, not on the incumbent. Moreover, we show that the gender pay gap is not reflecting the idea of “equal pay for equal work” well. In fact, we conclude that people are being paid unequally regardless their gender. Low or non-existent gender pay gap then might just camouflage real inequalities leading managers and stakeholders to false feeling that company follows responsible leadership principles as defined by Steve Kempster (2016).","PeriodicalId":42415,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Economic Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2022-11-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43572308","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-24DOI: 10.52950/es.2022.11.2.005
L. Kadagishvili, Rusudan Maisuradze
The South Caucasus is a unique small and densely populated region in the southern part of the Caucasus. It consists of three independent states - Georgia, Azerbaijan and Armenia. Georgia is actively engaged in the Peaceful Neighborhood Initiative in the South Caucasus and strives to deepen political and economic relations with the countries in the region based on sovereign interests. In these processes, strengthening mutually beneficial, trust-based cooperation with the Republic of Azerbaijan is of special interest to Georgia. After the collapse of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) and the regaining of independence by Georgia and Azerbaijan, a completely new phase of diplomatic relations began between the two countries which grew into a strategic partnership. Territorial proximity and the establishment of diplomatic relations have prompted the dynamic development of trade and economic relations between the two countries, which increases the degree of urgency of the study. The presented paper focuses on the priority areas of trade and economic cooperation between Georgia and Azerbaijan. However, at the present stage economics and politics are so closely interrelated that it is impossible to draw a line between them. Therefore, in order to achieve the purpose of the paper, the first chapter focuses on the development of diplomatic relations between the two countries, while the following chapters study trade and economic cooperation between Georgia and Azerbaijan and analyze the development of bilateral cooperation in trade in services; in addition, the trade intensity index is calculated; the importance of investments from Azerbaijan in the Georgian economy is assessed; the transnational energy and transport projects proposed by the Georgian and Azerbaijani governments are discussed; and the growing role of Georgia as trade and transport hub in the Caucasus in both the offshore and onshore components of these projects is assessed. It is noted that trade and economic relations have growing dynamics and show readiness to further develop cooperation. In addition, some suggestions that will be helpful for Georgia to increase the scale of cooperation with Azerbaijan and assist deepening the involvement of the two countries in the world integration processes are proposed. We believe that the paper will enhance further research and discussion on trade and economic cooperation between Georgia and Azerbaijan and, most importantly, ensure support for this kind of cooperation.
{"title":"Impact of Regional integration on Trade and Economic Cooperation – a key study of Georgia and Azerbaijan","authors":"L. Kadagishvili, Rusudan Maisuradze","doi":"10.52950/es.2022.11.2.005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52950/es.2022.11.2.005","url":null,"abstract":"The South Caucasus is a unique small and densely populated region in the southern part of the Caucasus. It consists of three independent states - Georgia, Azerbaijan and Armenia. Georgia is actively engaged in the Peaceful Neighborhood Initiative in the South Caucasus and strives to deepen political and economic relations with the countries in the region based on sovereign interests. In these processes, strengthening mutually beneficial, trust-based cooperation with the Republic of Azerbaijan is of special interest to Georgia. After the collapse of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) and the regaining of independence by Georgia and Azerbaijan, a completely new phase of diplomatic relations began between the two countries which grew into a strategic partnership. Territorial proximity and the establishment of diplomatic relations have prompted the dynamic development of trade and economic relations between the two countries, which increases the degree of urgency of the study. The presented paper focuses on the priority areas of trade and economic cooperation between Georgia and Azerbaijan. However, at the present stage economics and politics are so closely interrelated that it is impossible to draw a line between them. Therefore, in order to achieve the purpose of the paper, the first chapter focuses on the development of diplomatic relations between the two countries, while the following chapters study trade and economic cooperation between Georgia and Azerbaijan and analyze the development of bilateral cooperation in trade in services; in addition, the trade intensity index is calculated; the importance of investments from Azerbaijan in the Georgian economy is assessed; the transnational energy and transport projects proposed by the Georgian and Azerbaijani governments are discussed; and the growing role of Georgia as trade and transport hub in the Caucasus in both the offshore and onshore components of these projects is assessed. It is noted that trade and economic relations have growing dynamics and show readiness to further develop cooperation. In addition, some suggestions that will be helpful for Georgia to increase the scale of cooperation with Azerbaijan and assist deepening the involvement of the two countries in the world integration processes are proposed. We believe that the paper will enhance further research and discussion on trade and economic cooperation between Georgia and Azerbaijan and, most importantly, ensure support for this kind of cooperation.","PeriodicalId":42415,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Economic Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2022-11-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44965848","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-24DOI: 10.52950/es.2022.11.2.008
Emeka Nkoro, Aham Kelvin Uko
This study examined the role of the domestic financial sector development in the relationship between foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows and inclusive growth in Nigeria over the period, 1981-2020 using annual time series. Analytically, the study employed the autoregressive distributed lag approach of cointegration. The bound test result shows that there is a long-run relationship between inclusive growth and financial sector development, as well as the other underlying variables. Empirically, the result reveals that the FDI exerted a significant positive effect on inclusive growth when the domestic financial sector has reached a certain minimum level of development. The result further shows that the FDI alone has a significant negative effect on inclusive growth. This means that FDI alone does not necessarily increase the well-being of the people, except when a certain minimum level of financial sector development is attained. This is evidence that the domestic financial sector development is a pre-condition for FDI to effectively promote inclusive growth in Nigeria. Therefore, the study recommends that the development of the domestic absorptive capacity-financial sector development should be extended by promoting reforms that will translate FDI inflow into inclusive growth.
{"title":"Foreign Direct Investment and Inclusive Growth: The Role of the Financial Sector Development","authors":"Emeka Nkoro, Aham Kelvin Uko","doi":"10.52950/es.2022.11.2.008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52950/es.2022.11.2.008","url":null,"abstract":"This study examined the role of the domestic financial sector development in the relationship between foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows and inclusive growth in Nigeria over the period, 1981-2020 using annual time series. Analytically, the study employed the autoregressive distributed lag approach of cointegration. The bound test result shows that there is a long-run relationship between inclusive growth and financial sector development, as well as the other underlying variables. Empirically, the result reveals that the FDI exerted a significant positive effect on inclusive growth when the domestic financial sector has reached a certain minimum level of development. The result further shows that the FDI alone has a significant negative effect on inclusive growth. This means that FDI alone does not necessarily increase the well-being of the people, except when a certain minimum level of financial sector development is attained. This is evidence that the domestic financial sector development is a pre-condition for FDI to effectively promote inclusive growth in Nigeria. Therefore, the study recommends that the development of the domestic absorptive capacity-financial sector development should be extended by promoting reforms that will translate FDI inflow into inclusive growth.","PeriodicalId":42415,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Economic Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2022-11-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43037181","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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