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Migration and Racist State Violence: Introduction 移民与种族主义国家暴力:导论
IF 0.8 Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.13169/statecrime.11.1.0005
Monish Bhatia, R. Lenṭin
At least 27 people lost their lives [in English Channel drownings] . . . Yes, people should come here legally and the system must be fair, but the main issue is this: crossing the Channel in small boats is extremely dangerous and yesterday was the moment that many of us had feared for many years . . . What happened yesterday was a dreadful shock. It was not a surprise but it is also a reminder of how vulnerable people are put at peril when in the hands of criminal gangs . . . This requires co-ordinated international effort and I have been in constant contact with my counterparts from France, Poland, Austria, Belgium, Italy, and Greece . . .The government’s New Plan for Immigration, which will be put into law through the Nationality and Borders Bill is a longer-term solution that will address many of these underlying factors to deterring illegal migration and addressing underlying pull factors into the UK’s asylum system.
至少有27人(在英吉利海峡溺亡)丧生……是的,人们应该合法来到这里,制度必须公平,但主要问题是:乘坐小船穿越英吉利海峡是极其危险的,昨天是我们许多人多年来一直担心的时刻……昨天发生的事令人震惊。这并不令人意外,但它也提醒人们,当弱势群体落入犯罪团伙之手时,他们会处于多么危险的境地……这需要国际社会的协调努力,我一直与来自法国、波兰、奥地利、比利时、意大利和希腊的同行保持着联系……政府的新移民计划将通过《国籍和边境法案》成为法律,这是一个长期的解决方案,将解决许多潜在的因素,以阻止非法移民,并解决潜在的因素进入英国的庇护体系。
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引用次数: 1
Immigration Raids and Racist State Violence 移民突袭和种族主义国家暴力
IF 0.8 Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.13169/statecrime.11.1.0033
Monish Bhatia, Jon Burnett
This article develops an analysis of contemporary immigration raids in Britain, arguing that they operate ideologically as well as institutionally to sustain the material and political conditions of what is a vastly unequal form of social order (that is also a form of racial order). It suggests that immigration raids are located within and develop understandings of a racial state in contemporary Britain. Drawing on ethnographic work at a migrant charity organization, it explains the raid process and its impact on individuals and families. Raids are rationalized as facilitating removal and more broadly operate as part of attempts to generate fear and encourage people to leave “voluntarily.” However, this is not achieved in many cases, and this article suggests that the real purpose of raids is to dominate and oppress illegalized migrants and those who may be vulnerable to immigration control, as well as reproducing the justification for immigration enforcement. Raids can be understood as inflicting harms and as a form of state-sanctioned racist violence which is utilized to try severing solidarities between communities. Enforcement leads to resistance and the conclusion reflects on resistance to raids, demonstrated for example by the 2021 Kenmure Street protest in Glasgow, and the solidarities such resistance ferments and sustains.
本文对当代英国的移民袭击进行了分析,认为他们在意识形态上和制度上都在运作,以维持一种极不平等的社会秩序(这也是一种种族秩序)的物质和政治条件。它表明,移民袭击发生在当代英国,并发展了对种族国家的理解。在一个移民慈善组织的民族志工作中,它解释了突袭过程及其对个人和家庭的影响。突击搜查被合理化为促进驱逐,更广泛地说,是为了制造恐惧,鼓励人们“自愿”离开。然而,在许多情况下,这并没有实现,这篇文章表明,袭击的真正目的是支配和压迫非法移民和那些可能容易受到移民控制的人,以及复制移民执法的理由。突袭可以被理解为造成伤害,是国家批准的种族主义暴力的一种形式,被用来试图切断社区之间的团结。执法导致抵抗,结论反映了对突袭的抵抗,例如2021年格拉斯哥肯穆尔街(Kenmure Street)的抗议活动,以及这种抵抗发酵和维持的团结。
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引用次数: 0
Campaign Contributions as Crime: The Case of Contribution Influence on US Economic and Environmental Policy 作为犯罪的竞选捐款:捐款对美国经济和环境政策的影响
IF 0.8 Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.13169/statecrime.11.2.0237
Clayton D. Peoples, Samantha M. Both
Although the current campaign finance system in the US allows private donations to campaigns, an increasing body of evidence suggests that these contributions influence policy and could potentially lead to social injury. This leads to an important question: Do campaign contributions constitute crime? The present article takes up this question. After an overview of the famous debate between Tappan and Sutherland on the role of social injury in determining whether something is a crime—and a concise summary of different types of political crime (e.g. corruption, bribery, state crime, and state-corporate crime)—an analysis is conducted to assess the connection, if any, between campaign contributions and two types of social injury: economic harm/inequality and environmental harm. Findings from the analysis show that campaign contributions can, indeed, cause social injury. It is therefore concluded that campaign contributions sometimes constitute crime under Sutherland’s framework. Numerous campaign finance reform options are discussed—all with the intent of limiting the social injury created by campaign contributions.
尽管美国目前的竞选资金体系允许私人向竞选捐款,但越来越多的证据表明,这些捐款会影响政策,并可能导致社会伤害。这就引出了一个重要的问题:竞选捐款构成犯罪吗?本文讨论这个问题。在概述了Tappan和Sutherland之间关于社会损害在确定某物是否为犯罪中的作用的著名辩论之后,并简要总结了不同类型的政治犯罪(例如腐败、贿赂、国家犯罪和国家-公司犯罪),进行了分析,以评估竞选捐款与两种类型的社会损害之间的联系(如果有的话):经济损害/不平等和环境损害。分析结果表明,竞选捐款确实会造成社会伤害。因此得出的结论是,在萨瑟兰的框架下,竞选捐款有时构成犯罪。讨论了许多竞选资金改革方案——所有这些都是为了限制竞选捐款造成的社会伤害。
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引用次数: 0
N. Sharma, Home Rule: National Sovereignty and the Separation of Natives and Migrants, reviewed by Hanno Brankamp N.夏尔马:《地方自治:国家主权与本地人与移民的分离》,汉诺·布兰克坎普评议
IF 0.8 Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.13169/statecrime.11.1.0152
Hanno Brankamp
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引用次数: 0
H. Walia, Border and Rule: Global Migration, Capitalism, and the Rise of Racist Nationalism, reviewed by Anne Mulhull H.瓦利亚:《边界与规则:全球移民、资本主义和种族主义民族主义的兴起》,安妮·穆尔赫尔评论
IF 0.8 Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.13169/statecrime.11.1.0156
Anne M. Mulhall
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引用次数: 0
Demographic Engineering, the Forcible Deportation of the Kurds in Iraq, and the Question of Ethnic Cleansing and Genocide1 人口工程,伊拉克库尔德人的强制驱逐,以及种族清洗和种族灭绝问题
IF 0.8 Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.13169/statecrime.11.2.0188
Kaziwa Salih
The Iraqi state-directed demographic engineering of the oil-rich Kurdish districts of Kirkuk and Khanaqin was launched in the early 1920s and has continued to the present day. The history and use of Arabization as a geopolitical strategy for controlling oil revenue in the region has been investigated (Talabany 2008; 2011). The issue of genocide within these various demographic and ethnic constructions remains understudied. This article, informed by interdisciplinary perspectives, examines certain government documents, and follows John McGarry (1998) and Paul Morland (2016) in deploying the term “demographic engineering” to describe the control of population size, territorial changes, and the confiscation of Kurdish properties in Iraq. First, it highlights the question of genocide and its nexuses with demographic and ethnic construction in the Kurdish provinces. Second, it argues that the Kurds experienced both hard and soft forms of demographic engineering from the time of the Ottoman Empire to the collapse of Saddam Hussein’s regime in 2003. Morland (2016) defines hard demographic engineering as the deliberate modification of a territory’s demographics by increasing or decreasing its population. The indirect soft approach shifts the identities of ethnic groups or alters territorial borders. The article concludes by reiterating that the demographic engineering of Kurds in Iraq was not only “a technique of conflict regulation” (McGarry 1998: 613) but also a means of producing geopolitical and ethnic identity shifts.
伊拉克政府在盛产石油的库尔德地区基尔库克(Kirkuk)和哈纳沁(Khanaqin)开展的人口工程始于20世纪20年代初,一直持续到今天。阿拉伯化作为控制该地区石油收入的地缘政治战略的历史和用途已被调查(Talabany 2008;2011)。在这些不同的人口和种族结构中的种族灭绝问题仍未得到充分研究。本文以跨学科视角为基础,研究了某些政府文件,并遵循John McGarry(1998)和Paul Morland(2016)的观点,使用“人口工程”一词来描述伊拉克的人口规模控制、领土变化和没收库尔德财产。首先,它突出了种族灭绝问题及其与库尔德省人口和民族建设的联系。其次,它认为,从奥斯曼帝国时期到2003年萨达姆•侯赛因(Saddam Hussein)政权垮台,库尔德人经历了软硬两种形式的人口工程。Morland(2016)将硬人口工程定义为通过增加或减少人口来故意修改领土的人口统计。间接的软手段改变了族群的身份或改变了领土边界。文章最后重申,伊拉克库尔德人的人口工程不仅是“一种冲突调节技术”(McGarry 1998: 613),也是一种产生地缘政治和种族认同转变的手段。
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引用次数: 1
Turkish State Criminality against Kurds and Victimization through Impunity 土耳其国家对库尔德人的犯罪行为和有罪不罚的受害行为
IF 0.8 Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.13169/statecrime.11.2.0209
Sanya Karakas
This article explores the long-lasting effects of impunity on victims’ everyday lives. Drawing on Rojas Baeza’s medico-psychiatric definition of impunity, the article discusses how impunity creates different traumatic consequences in a victim’s life and prolongs the suffering of victims and their families. The article argues that the absence of justice, the denial of truth, and non-accountability of perpetrators of state crimes, not only constitute significant components of the mechanics of impunity but also create eventual and painful effects in victims’ daily lives. The article uses primary data from my field research conducted in Turkey, and exemplifies some of the traumatic consequences of state crimes committed by the Turkish state against Kurds and their eventual effects on the victims’ lives. The article examines these long-term effects of impunity on victims to develop the concept of victimization in the context of state crimes and impunity.
本文探讨有罪不罚对受害者日常生活的长期影响。根据Rojas Baeza的医学-精神病学对有罪不罚的定义,本文讨论有罪不罚如何在受害者的生活中造成不同的创伤后果,并延长受害者及其家人的痛苦。这篇文章认为,司法的缺失、对真相的否认以及对国家罪行肇事者的不负责任,不仅构成了有罪不罚机制的重要组成部分,而且最终也给受害者的日常生活带来了痛苦的影响。这篇文章使用了我在土耳其进行的实地研究的主要数据,并举例说明了土耳其政府对库尔德人犯下的国家罪行的一些创伤性后果,以及它们对受害者生活的最终影响。本文考察了有罪不罚对受害者的这些长期影响,以在国家犯罪和有罪不罚的背景下发展受害的概念。
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引用次数: 0
Exposing the Crimes of the Neoliberal State in the Governance of COVID-19 揭露新自由主义国家在COVID-19治理中的罪行
IF 0.8 Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.13169/statecrime.11.2.0285
Roberto Catello
Two of the most promising developments to emerge from the failed attempts to contain the spread of infectious disease outbreaks since the World Health Organization (WHO) declared the outbreak of novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) a pandemic on 23 January 2020 are (i) an acceleration of the critique of neoliberalism and (ii) a reinvigoration of the state crime vocabulary. As Henry Giroux (2020) argued, the pandemic has exposed “the plague of neoliberalism” and revealed the need for a new language to make sense of the current crisis. In this article, I argue that the language of state crime has both the terminological and the conceptual capacity to inform such a sense-making endeavour and, relatedly, that the academic literature on state criminality can complement critiques of the global neoliberal order in the context of the failed governance of the COVID-19 pandemic.
自世界卫生组织(世卫组织)于2020年1月23日宣布新型冠状病毒(2019-nCoV)爆发为大流行以来,遏制传染病蔓延的努力失败,带来的两项最有希望的发展是:(i)加快对新自由主义的批评,以及(ii)重振国家犯罪词汇。正如亨利·吉鲁(Henry Giroux, 2020)所指出的那样,这场大流行暴露了“新自由主义的瘟疫”,并表明需要一种新的语言来理解当前的危机。在本文中,我认为,国家犯罪的语言既具有术语能力,也具有概念能力,可以为这种构建意义的努力提供信息,而且,在COVID-19大流行治理失败的背景下,关于国家犯罪的学术文献可以补充对全球新自由主义秩序的批评。
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引用次数: 1
On the Death of Mame Mbaye: Racialism as the Ultimate Goal in the “Battle against Irregular Immigration” 姆巴耶之死:种族主义是“打击非法移民”的终极目标
IF 0.8 Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.13169/statecrime.11.1.0070
B. Kalir
On 15 March 2018, Mame Mbaye, a 35-year-old migrant from Senegal who lived in Spain for 11 years, died on a street in the centre of Madrid. A police raid on unauthorized street vendors caused panic among illegalized migrants, who ran away trying to avoid an arrest that could have led to their detention and deportation. Mbaye ran towards his home, located a few hundred meters down the road, but he never made it. The official version, endorsed by the Spanish court, is that Mbaye suffered a fatal cardiac failure. Some eyewitnesses claim the police suffocated him to death. The article explores how the pervasive and perverse exercise of racism on different levels against illegalized migrants results in their social and in some cases literal death. To fully grasp the tenacity with which racism and racial cruelty are applied in the immigration field, we must recognize that most other arenas that have historically served as breeding grounds for advancing racialism in western societies have been legally proscribed. In contrast, the anti-immigration arena allows for acting practically, discursively and politically in racializing and racist manners against some of the most vulnerable members in society: so-called ‘irregular’ migrants, ‘failed’ asylum seekers and ‘non-real’ refugees. The immigration field thus serves as a crucial, and perhaps the last, frontier for advancing racialism more holistically in western societies. Animating racialism as an operative ideology informs—consciously or not—those who staff the state apparatus, and society more broadly, to believe in and act upon racialized categories of othered people. In so doing, racialism legitimizes the social production and justifies the social death of illegalized migrants. The ultimate goal of this vicious dynamic, of inhumane treatment and judicial impunity, is to keep operational the racist notion that the lives of some people matter less than others.
2018年3月15日,在西班牙生活了11年的35岁塞内加尔移民Mame Mbaye在马德里市中心的一条街道上去世。警方突击搜查未经批准的街头摊贩,在非法移民中引起恐慌,他们逃跑,试图避免可能导致他们被拘留和驱逐出境的逮捕。姆巴耶跑向离这条路几百米远的家,但他没能成功。西班牙法院认可的官方说法是,姆巴耶死于致命的心脏衰竭。一些目击者声称警察使他窒息而死。本文探讨了在不同层面上对非法移民普遍和反常的种族主义如何导致他们的社会死亡,在某些情况下甚至是字面上的死亡。为了充分理解种族主义和种族残酷在移民领域的顽固应用,我们必须认识到,在西方社会历史上作为种族主义滋生地的大多数其他领域都已被法律禁止。相反,反移民的舞台允许以实际的、话语的和政治的方式对社会中一些最脆弱的成员采取种族主义和种族主义行为:所谓的“非正规”移民、“失败”寻求庇护者和“非真正”难民。因此,移民领域是在西方社会更全面地推进种族主义的一个关键领域,也可能是最后一个领域。将种族主义作为一种有效的意识形态,有意识地或无意识地告知那些在国家机器和更广泛的社会中工作的人,相信并根据其他人的种族分类采取行动。这样,种族主义使社会生产合法化,使非法移民的社会死亡合理化。这种非人道待遇和司法不受惩罚的恶性动态的最终目标是使种族主义观念继续运作,即某些人的生命比其他人的生命更不重要。
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引用次数: 1
L. Cowan, Border Nation: A Story of Migration, reviewed by Ellen Van Damme L.考恩,《边境国家:一个移民的故事》,艾伦·范·达姆评论
IF 0.8 Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.13169/statecrime.11.1.0149
Ellen Van Damme
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引用次数: 0
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State Crime
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