Pub Date : 2022-10-21DOI: 10.7225/toms.v11.n02.009
D. Ilcev
This paper introduces implementation of the new project known as African Satellite Augmentation System (ASAS) for Africa and Middle East, designed by the CNS Systems Company and its research group supported by partners. The ASAS project as Regional Satellite Augmentation Systems (RSAS) will provide service for maritime, land (road and rail), and aeronautical applications. Thus, with existing and other newly designed RSAS networks, it will be integrated in Global Satellite Augmentation System (GSAS) with new Satellite Communication, Navigation and Surveillance (CNS) for improved Ship Traffic Control (STC) and Ship Traffic Management (STM). This System also enhances safety and emergency systems, transport security and control of ocean shipping freight, logistics and the security of the crew and passengers onboard ships and fishing vessels as well. The current CNS infrastructures of the first generation of Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS-1) applications are represented by old fundamental solutions for Position, Velocity, and Time (PVT) of the satellite navigation and determination systems, such as the US GPS and Russian (former USSR) GLONASS military requirements, respectively. The establishment of Space, Ground, and User segment, including Local Satellite Augmentation System (LSAS), are discussed as a new basic infrastructures for maritime and other mobile applications, which will be integrated with RSAS in the future GSAS network.
{"title":"Implementation of African Satellite Augmentation System (ASAS) for Maritime Applications","authors":"D. Ilcev","doi":"10.7225/toms.v11.n02.009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7225/toms.v11.n02.009","url":null,"abstract":"This paper introduces implementation of the new project known as African Satellite Augmentation System (ASAS) for Africa and Middle East, designed by the CNS Systems Company and its research group supported by partners. The ASAS project as Regional Satellite Augmentation Systems (RSAS) will provide service for maritime, land (road and rail), and aeronautical applications. Thus, with existing and other newly designed RSAS networks, it will be integrated in Global Satellite Augmentation System (GSAS) with new Satellite Communication, Navigation and Surveillance (CNS) for improved Ship Traffic Control (STC) and Ship Traffic Management (STM). This System also enhances safety and emergency systems, transport security and control of ocean shipping freight, logistics and the security of the crew and passengers onboard ships and fishing vessels as well. The current CNS infrastructures of the first generation of Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS-1) applications are represented by old fundamental solutions for Position, Velocity, and Time (PVT) of the satellite navigation and determination systems, such as the US GPS and Russian (former USSR) GLONASS military requirements, respectively. The establishment of Space, Ground, and User segment, including Local Satellite Augmentation System (LSAS), are discussed as a new basic infrastructures for maritime and other mobile applications, which will be integrated with RSAS in the future GSAS network.","PeriodicalId":42576,"journal":{"name":"Transactions on Maritime Science-ToMS","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89887077","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-21DOI: 10.7225/toms.v11.n02.013
Derar Al-Daboubi
This article discusses the case where the efforts of the issuing bank prove futile to recovering the payment - paid to the beneficiary - from the applicant of the letter of credit. In particular, when the sold goods - the subject matter of the letter of credit - received damaged or lost. This scenario is envisaged when the applicant refuses to make the payment imposed under the letter of credit. The necessity of discussing this matter is to clarify whether or not the issuing bank can be subrogated to the beneficiary’s rights acquired under insurance contract. The analysis will focus on the English law and Uniform Customs & Practice for Documentary Credits (UCP600), in order to illuminate the legal grounds on which the issuing bank can stand so as to enjoy such rights, through which the paid fund can be reimbursed.
{"title":"Right of Issuing Bank to be Subrogated to the Applicant of Letter of Credit Under the Insurance Contracts","authors":"Derar Al-Daboubi","doi":"10.7225/toms.v11.n02.013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7225/toms.v11.n02.013","url":null,"abstract":"This article discusses the case where the efforts of the issuing bank prove futile to recovering the payment - paid to the beneficiary - from the applicant of the letter of credit. In particular, when the sold goods - the subject matter of the letter of credit - received damaged or lost. This scenario is envisaged when the applicant refuses to make the payment imposed under the letter of credit. The necessity of discussing this matter is to clarify whether or not the issuing bank can be subrogated to the beneficiary’s rights acquired under insurance contract. The analysis will focus on the English law and Uniform Customs & Practice for Documentary Credits (UCP600), in order to illuminate the legal grounds on which the issuing bank can stand so as to enjoy such rights, through which the paid fund can be reimbursed.","PeriodicalId":42576,"journal":{"name":"Transactions on Maritime Science-ToMS","volume":"46 1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78136500","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-21DOI: 10.7225/toms.v11.n02.002
Bayram Bilge Sağlam, Çimen Karataş Çetin
Port relations with port users are essential for overall supply chain functioning, as the roles assigned to ports grow every day. While port supply chain transactions are generally conducted using contractual governance mechanisms, ports need to develop relational norms to keep their relations with port users at a high level, helping the ports realize their desired performance levels. This study aims to show the role of relational norms through the classification of domains they are manifested in. The goal of the classification is to unravel the specific domain of each norm in terminal operating company-liner shipping agency relations by exploring their occurrence and functioning. The data were gathered through interviews with professionals from terminal operating companies in Aliaga and liner shipping agencies that use at least one of these terminals. Study results show that the norms “flexibility” and “solidarity” are manifested as the financial and operational parts of the relation, while the norm “information sharing” is closely related to the effective use of information exchange platforms and the quality of exchanged information. The findings show how relational norms can add value to relationship performance in contract-based port supply chain relations.
{"title":"Scrutinizing the Manifestation of Relational Norms: A Study of Terminal Operating Company-Liner Shipping Agency Relations","authors":"Bayram Bilge Sağlam, Çimen Karataş Çetin","doi":"10.7225/toms.v11.n02.002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7225/toms.v11.n02.002","url":null,"abstract":"Port relations with port users are essential for overall supply chain functioning, as the roles assigned to ports grow every day. While port supply chain transactions are generally conducted using contractual governance mechanisms, ports need to develop relational norms to keep their relations with port users at a high level, helping the ports realize their desired performance levels. This study aims to show the role of relational norms through the classification of domains they are manifested in. The goal of the classification is to unravel the specific domain of each norm in terminal operating company-liner shipping agency relations by exploring their occurrence and functioning. The data were gathered through interviews with professionals from terminal operating companies in Aliaga and liner shipping agencies that use at least one of these terminals. Study results show that the norms “flexibility” and “solidarity” are manifested as the financial and operational parts of the relation, while the norm “information sharing” is closely related to the effective use of information exchange platforms and the quality of exchanged information. The findings show how relational norms can add value to relationship performance in contract-based port supply chain relations.","PeriodicalId":42576,"journal":{"name":"Transactions on Maritime Science-ToMS","volume":"174 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79670321","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-21DOI: 10.7225/toms.v11.n02.018
Aziz Muslu
The most important determinant of quality and safety in ship management is human resources. Personnel turnover rate, job satisfaction level of seafarers, organizational commitment, high level and individual well-being of the employees, have an important role in ensuring quality and safety. In many studies, it may be seen in the results of research that favouritism increases job stress and personnel turnover rate, while decreasing job satisfaction, organizational commitment, motivation, and teamwork. Favouritism has a negative impact on safety and quality management of ships. Based on this important consideration, in this study seafarers' perceptions have been measured, with an aim at developing a valid and reliable favouritism scale. The scale questions, prepared on the basis of semi-structured interviews and favouritism studies, have been applied to 252 different seafarers. As a result of the factor analyses conducted in SPSS 23, a 22-item favouritism scale, consisting of three factors related to demographic and personal characteristics, social rights and opportunities and operational processes, has been developed. The reliability and validity studies of the scale have been conducted, and it has been observed that the scale has high reliability.
{"title":"Favouritism in Ship Management: A Scale Development and Validation","authors":"Aziz Muslu","doi":"10.7225/toms.v11.n02.018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7225/toms.v11.n02.018","url":null,"abstract":"The most important determinant of quality and safety in ship management is human resources. Personnel turnover rate, job satisfaction level of seafarers, organizational commitment, high level and individual well-being of the employees, have an important role in ensuring quality and safety. In many studies, it may be seen in the results of research that favouritism increases job stress and personnel turnover rate, while decreasing job satisfaction, organizational commitment, motivation, and teamwork. Favouritism has a negative impact on safety and quality management of ships. Based on this important consideration, in this study seafarers' perceptions have been measured, with an aim at developing a valid and reliable favouritism scale. The scale questions, prepared on the basis of semi-structured interviews and favouritism studies, have been applied to 252 different seafarers. As a result of the factor analyses conducted in SPSS 23, a 22-item favouritism scale, consisting of three factors related to demographic and personal characteristics, social rights and opportunities and operational processes, has been developed. The reliability and validity studies of the scale have been conducted, and it has been observed that the scale has high reliability.","PeriodicalId":42576,"journal":{"name":"Transactions on Maritime Science-ToMS","volume":"18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88956180","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-21DOI: 10.7225/toms.v11.n02.011
B. Bulum
The paper presents the possibilities that Member States have under Temporary Framework for State aid measures to support the economy in the current COVID-19 outbreak to subsidise undertakings having liquidity problems or suffering damage because of the COVID-19 outbreak. Under the European Union Law, State aids are forbidden. However, some exceptions from that general rule are expressly provided for by the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union. The Member States mostly used Article 107, paragraphs (2) and (3) of the Treaty as a legal basis for subsidising their economies in the COVID-19 pandemic, which has been qualified as an exceptional occurrence causing a serious disturbance in the economies of Member States. In the decisions authorising the State aid granted due to the COVID-19 crisis, the European Commission referred to its previous decision-making practice and the case-law of the Court of Justice of the European Union. Finally, the paper analyses the national State aid scheme that the Republic of Croatia adopted to support undertakings performing economic activities in the maritime and related sectors, based on the relevant EU regulations.
{"title":"Analysis of the European Union COVID-19-Related State Aid Rules and Their Application in the Croatian Maritime Sector","authors":"B. Bulum","doi":"10.7225/toms.v11.n02.011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7225/toms.v11.n02.011","url":null,"abstract":"The paper presents the possibilities that Member States have under Temporary Framework for State aid measures to support the economy in the current COVID-19 outbreak to subsidise undertakings having liquidity problems or suffering damage because of the COVID-19 outbreak. Under the European Union Law, State aids are forbidden. However, some exceptions from that general rule are expressly provided for by the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union. The Member States mostly used Article 107, paragraphs (2) and (3) of the Treaty as a legal basis for subsidising their economies in the COVID-19 pandemic, which has been qualified as an exceptional occurrence causing a serious disturbance in the economies of Member States. In the decisions authorising the State aid granted due to the COVID-19 crisis, the European Commission referred to its previous decision-making practice and the case-law of the Court of Justice of the European Union. Finally, the paper analyses the national State aid scheme that the Republic of Croatia adopted to support undertakings performing economic activities in the maritime and related sectors, based on the relevant EU regulations.","PeriodicalId":42576,"journal":{"name":"Transactions on Maritime Science-ToMS","volume":"54 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85238770","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-21DOI: 10.7225/toms.v11.n02.001
Can Atacan, Burhan Kayiran, Abdullah Açık
Demand for the transport sector is a derived demand; however, the transport sector is not only affected by the demand for the goods transported, but can also influence demand for itself by providing more transport facilities, which can affect trade by generating more options for foreign trade stakeholders. Accordingly, we have examined the effect of the Liner Shipping Connectivity Index (LSCI) variable, which is an indicator of countries' liner transportation connectivity, on Turkey's export and import container traffic, by using regression analysis. We have enriched our model by adding the real exchange rate variable, which is the most important factor affecting foreign trade. Our results show that a 1% increase in the country's LSCI increases export and import container traffic by approximately 1%. This result shows that not only exchange rate and production policies, but also transportation policies, are critical in improving foreign trade of the country. The development of transportation facilities can both reduce transport costs and shorten the delivery time, thereby supporting Turkey's policies to become a production centre.
{"title":"Impact of Liner Shipping Connectivity on Container Traffic in Turkish Ports","authors":"Can Atacan, Burhan Kayiran, Abdullah Açık","doi":"10.7225/toms.v11.n02.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7225/toms.v11.n02.001","url":null,"abstract":"Demand for the transport sector is a derived demand; however, the transport sector is not only affected by the demand for the goods transported, but can also influence demand for itself by providing more transport facilities, which can affect trade by generating more options for foreign trade stakeholders. Accordingly, we have examined the effect of the Liner Shipping Connectivity Index (LSCI) variable, which is an indicator of countries' liner transportation connectivity, on Turkey's export and import container traffic, by using regression analysis. We have enriched our model by adding the real exchange rate variable, which is the most important factor affecting foreign trade. Our results show that a 1% increase in the country's LSCI increases export and import container traffic by approximately 1%. This result shows that not only exchange rate and production policies, but also transportation policies, are critical in improving foreign trade of the country. The development of transportation facilities can both reduce transport costs and shorten the delivery time, thereby supporting Turkey's policies to become a production centre.","PeriodicalId":42576,"journal":{"name":"Transactions on Maritime Science-ToMS","volume":"05 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85972304","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-21DOI: 10.7225/toms.v11.n02.014
M. Miyusov, Liudmyla Nikolaieva, Vitaliy V. Smolets
The lack of human resources in the maritime labour market provokes a rapid promotion of maritime professionals, which in turn reduces the time to acquire required skills. More than 40 % of all cases of human errors on vessels were caused by an insufficient level of training, practical skills and education of human resources. This paper represents an overview of a research evaluating a virtual reality (VR) practical training course. Main aim of this course is to evaluate the effectiveness of immersive learning implementation into maritime education and training and establish VR metrics. This research on VR training represents a metric-based view of VR experiments and research. There was developed a VR training case which is called ‘Wall wash test procedure on chemical tanker’ as an enhanced synthetic virtual reality environment for performing tasks and tests for the evaluation. A pedagogical experiment was conducted while training 115 navigator cadets at National University Odessa Maritime Academy (NU OMA). Its main goal was to establish the dynamics of changes in indicators to improve the quality of education through the use of VR. Tracking of this dynamic was done using the theory of statistics. VR experiment quantitative and qualitative analyses have confirmed support of the cognitive effort and improvement of memorization of students. Use of VR in the study of navigator cadets significantly increases the overall performance of their learning process. The effect of the user’s presence in the virtual space and the effect of depersonalization and modification of the user’s self-awareness in virtual reality gives unambiguously positive results. Thanks to specialized VR models, navigator cadets can increase the quality of mastering new knowledge by almost 26 %. Due to such improvement of professional training, it is possible to increase the general level of safety during conducting specialized vessel technological operations. The obtained researches results are very important in terms of improving the overall safety on marine vessels.
{"title":"Future Perspectives of Immersive Learning in Maritime Education and Training","authors":"M. Miyusov, Liudmyla Nikolaieva, Vitaliy V. Smolets","doi":"10.7225/toms.v11.n02.014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7225/toms.v11.n02.014","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000The lack of human resources in the maritime labour market provokes a rapid promotion of maritime professionals, which in turn reduces the time to acquire required skills. More than 40 % of all cases of human errors on vessels were caused by an insufficient level of training, practical skills and education of human resources. This paper represents an overview of a research evaluating a virtual reality (VR) practical training course. Main aim of this course is to evaluate the effectiveness of immersive learning implementation into maritime education and training and establish VR metrics. This research on VR training represents a metric-based view of VR experiments and research. There was developed a VR training case which is called ‘Wall wash test procedure on chemical tanker’ as an enhanced synthetic virtual reality environment for performing tasks and tests for the evaluation. A pedagogical experiment was conducted while training 115 navigator cadets at National University Odessa Maritime Academy (NU OMA). Its main goal was to establish the dynamics of changes in indicators to improve the quality of education through the use of VR. Tracking of this dynamic was done using the theory of statistics. VR experiment quantitative and qualitative analyses have confirmed support of the cognitive effort and improvement of memorization of students. Use of VR in the study of navigator cadets significantly increases the overall performance of their learning process. The effect of the user’s presence in the virtual space and the effect of depersonalization and modification of the user’s self-awareness in virtual reality gives unambiguously positive results. Thanks to specialized VR models, navigator cadets can increase the quality of mastering new knowledge by almost 26 %. Due to such improvement of professional training, it is possible to increase the general level of safety during conducting specialized vessel technological operations. The obtained researches results are very important in terms of improving the overall safety on marine vessels. \u0000","PeriodicalId":42576,"journal":{"name":"Transactions on Maritime Science-ToMS","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73478997","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-21DOI: 10.7225/toms.v11.n02.016
A. Oluwakoya, S. Ogundipe
This research examines the socioeconomic and cargo handling characteristics of the Tin Can Island Port in Nigeria. The rise in global trade agreements has led to a cargo handling crisis in Nigeria. However, the perspectives of the socioeconomic characteristic have not yet been studied. The sampling method used was simple random sampling, with 100 questionnaires given to all the employees and consumers who use the terminal. However, the study was based on 93 respondents who completed the survey satisfactorily. In addition, it includes in-depth interviews with some of the port-terminal employees, a few customers, and neighborhood residents on the use of intelligent port systems. The data instruments' validity and reliability were checked with a Cronbach alpha reliability test of 0.80-0.89 and found to be accurate for all the parameters. The information was analyzed using descriptive, qualitative, and chi-square statistical methods. The study found that socioeconomic factors, especially the age of the cargo handling staff, impacted the port's capability. The level of port automation and the adoption of intelligent port systems are still relatively low, though remarkable since the reforms. The research shows a significant relationship between the perception of cargo traffic level and change in the cargo handling procedure at Tin Can Island Port. In addition, it reveals a substantial connection between policy adoption and cargo handling improvement at the port.
{"title":"Socioeconomic Characteristics and Perspectives on Cargo Handling: A Study of Tin Can Island Port, Apapa, Nigeria","authors":"A. Oluwakoya, S. Ogundipe","doi":"10.7225/toms.v11.n02.016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7225/toms.v11.n02.016","url":null,"abstract":"This research examines the socioeconomic and cargo handling characteristics of the Tin Can Island Port in Nigeria. The rise in global trade agreements has led to a cargo handling crisis in Nigeria. However, the perspectives of the socioeconomic characteristic have not yet been studied. The sampling method used was simple random sampling, with 100 questionnaires given to all the employees and consumers who use the terminal. However, the study was based on 93 respondents who completed the survey satisfactorily. In addition, it includes in-depth interviews with some of the port-terminal employees, a few customers, and neighborhood residents on the use of intelligent port systems. The data instruments' validity and reliability were checked with a Cronbach alpha reliability test of 0.80-0.89 and found to be accurate for all the parameters. The information was analyzed using descriptive, qualitative, and chi-square statistical methods. The study found that socioeconomic factors, especially the age of the cargo handling staff, impacted the port's capability. The level of port automation and the adoption of intelligent port systems are still relatively low, though remarkable since the reforms. The research shows a significant relationship between the perception of cargo traffic level and change in the cargo handling procedure at Tin Can Island Port. In addition, it reveals a substantial connection between policy adoption and cargo handling improvement at the port.","PeriodicalId":42576,"journal":{"name":"Transactions on Maritime Science-ToMS","volume":"55 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79325774","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-21DOI: 10.7225/toms.v11.n02.w03
B. G. Yashwanth Kumar, R. Lokesh Kumar, Vaira Vignesh Ramalingam, J. K. Viswanath, R. Harikeshava, R. Padmanaban
Friction stir processing (FSP) is a solid-state and effective process for surface modification of aluminium alloys. In this study the AA5052 alloy, widely used in marine applications, has been subjected to FSP. The FSP trials have been carried out by altering the FSP process parameters (tool rotation speed, tool traverse speed, and shoulder diameter). The friction stir processed specimens have been characterised / tested for microstructure, microhardness, sliding wear, immersion corrosion, and electrochemical corrosion. The hybrid polynomial – radial basis function-based models have been developed to determine the relationship between the process parameters and the evaluated properties. Furthermore, the optimum parameters for obtaining high hardness, wear resistance, and corrosion resistance have been determined. Microstructure evaluation in the friction stir processed specimens has shown refinement and uniform dispersion of β particles throughout the α-Al matrix. The results show that the improvement in properties is a result of the homogeneous dispersion of secondary β phase particles in the matrix. Friction stir processing of AA5052 alloy has improved hardness by ~14.5%, wear resistance by ~83%, and corrosion resistance ~87%. The optimum process window for friction stir processing of AA5052 alloy is tool rotation speed between 500 rpm and 900 rpm, tool traverse speed between 10 mm/min and 30 mm/min, and tool shoulder diameter of 18 mm and 21 mm.
{"title":"Corrosion and Tribological Characteristics of FSPed Aluminum Alloy AA5052","authors":"B. G. Yashwanth Kumar, R. Lokesh Kumar, Vaira Vignesh Ramalingam, J. K. Viswanath, R. Harikeshava, R. Padmanaban","doi":"10.7225/toms.v11.n02.w03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7225/toms.v11.n02.w03","url":null,"abstract":"Friction stir processing (FSP) is a solid-state and effective process for surface modification of aluminium alloys. In this study the AA5052 alloy, widely used in marine applications, has been subjected to FSP. The FSP trials have been carried out by altering the FSP process parameters (tool rotation speed, tool traverse speed, and shoulder diameter). The friction stir processed specimens have been characterised / tested for microstructure, microhardness, sliding wear, immersion corrosion, and electrochemical corrosion. The hybrid polynomial – radial basis function-based models have been developed to determine the relationship between the process parameters and the evaluated properties. Furthermore, the optimum parameters for obtaining high hardness, wear resistance, and corrosion resistance have been determined. Microstructure evaluation in the friction stir processed specimens has shown refinement and uniform dispersion of β particles throughout the α-Al matrix. The results show that the improvement in properties is a result of the homogeneous dispersion of secondary β phase particles in the matrix. Friction stir processing of AA5052 alloy has improved hardness by ~14.5%, wear resistance by ~83%, and corrosion resistance ~87%. The optimum process window for friction stir processing of AA5052 alloy is tool rotation speed between 500 rpm and 900 rpm, tool traverse speed between 10 mm/min and 30 mm/min, and tool shoulder diameter of 18 mm and 21 mm.","PeriodicalId":42576,"journal":{"name":"Transactions on Maritime Science-ToMS","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77090462","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-21DOI: 10.7225/toms.v11.n02.017
Azhar Man, W. M. Zainuddin Wan Abdullah
Throughout maritime history, disasters have led to the loss of many human lives, environmental pollution, and property loss. The historic sinking of the iconic Titanic on 14 April 1912 had prompted massive change and enhancement in shipping regulations. Nonetheless, the shipping industry still encounters similar incidents. This study aims at empirically examining the effects of Work-Family Conflict (WFC), Quality Regulatory Activity (QRA), Ship Owner Efficiency Demand (SOED), and Sleep Problem (SP) towards Shipboard Safety (SS). A theoretical model was adopted to measure the relationship between the variables considered. A structured self-administrated questionnaire was developed and disseminated to seafarers via the Human Resources department of various shipping companies and social media outlets. Quantitative analysis and a five-point Likert scale were utilized to quantify the respondents’ feedback. A total of 314 useable seafarers' responses from 12 countries provided intrinsic value from the perspectives of cultural and race adaptation towards safety behaviour. The data were subjected to the reliability, explanatory factor, normality, correlation, and regression analysis, to determine the validity, relationship, strength, and effects of the constructs in the research objectives. The research attested the conceptualised model and pedagogic QRA and SOED positive effects on shipboard safety, whilst WFC and the moderating tool - SP, found not moderated WFC, neither influencing shipboard safety. This research has proposed a new phenomenon that prompts shipboard safety, predicted to contribute towards the industry from different views of safety-related elements, and provide valuable insight for shipping companies, authorities, and maritime organisations.
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