Pub Date : 2023-05-29DOI: 10.7225/toms.v12.n02.w01
Tanja Brcko, Ivica Pavić, J. Mišković, Andrej Androjna
Accidents at sea can have devastating consequences, and investigating their causes is a complex and rigorous process. One of the most important factors contributing to these accidents is the human factor, which has received considerable attention from researchers in recent years. This article examines the role of the human factor in marine accidents, focusing the use and maintenance of compasses. Using data from scientific journals and safety analysis reports, the frequency and focus of research on this topic is analyzed and areas for further investigation are identified. International regulations, performance standards, and handling requirements relating to compasses are also discussed, and an analysis of compass-related accidents is presented. The survey conducted among seafarers indicates that they are satisfied with the performance of their compass, but there is a need for more advanced compass technologies and training on the proper use and maintenance of compasses. The survey shows that routine maintenance and calibration of compasses is crucial to minimize the possibility of human error and to prevent maritime accidents. In conclusion, we stress the importance of conducting further studies in this area taking into account the human factor in order to improve maritime safety measures.
{"title":"Investigating the Human Factor in Maritime Accidents: A Focus on Compass-Related Incidents","authors":"Tanja Brcko, Ivica Pavić, J. Mišković, Andrej Androjna","doi":"10.7225/toms.v12.n02.w01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7225/toms.v12.n02.w01","url":null,"abstract":"Accidents at sea can have devastating consequences, and investigating their causes is a complex and rigorous process. One of the most important factors contributing to these accidents is the human factor, which has received considerable attention from researchers in recent years. This article examines the role of the human factor in marine accidents, focusing the use and maintenance of compasses. Using data from scientific journals and safety analysis reports, the frequency and focus of research on this topic is analyzed and areas for further investigation are identified. International regulations, performance standards, and handling requirements relating to compasses are also discussed, and an analysis of compass-related accidents is presented. The survey conducted among seafarers indicates that they are satisfied with the performance of their compass, but there is a need for more advanced compass technologies and training on the proper use and maintenance of compasses. The survey shows that routine maintenance and calibration of compasses is crucial to minimize the possibility of human error and to prevent maritime accidents. In conclusion, we stress the importance of conducting further studies in this area taking into account the human factor in order to improve maritime safety measures.","PeriodicalId":42576,"journal":{"name":"Transactions on Maritime Science-ToMS","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90232906","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-20DOI: 10.7225/toms.v12.n01.013
K. Lapa, Ermal Xhelilaj
The legal concept of the territorial waters’ regime was developed for the first time during the 16th and 17th centuries, a period of time that coincided with the formation of the system of independent states with defined territories, which were generally characterized by the ability to possess certain rights to regulate according to national interests the maritime activities developed in the maritime zones near their coastline. During this period Grotius, who is considered among the founders of international law, despite emphasizing that states should not possess sovereign rights over maritime zones, generally accepted the existence of the exercise of jurisdiction over coastal waters by states that could control effectively from the continent these specific maritime zones. At the end of the 18th century, the distinguished author Bynkershoek, while preparing the work De Dominio Maris Dissertation, published in 1702, relied extensively on the basic legal concepts of freedom of the seas and state sovereignty over coastal waters. Vattel, another well-known scholar, in Le Droit des Gens (1758), reflected his reliance on the writings of Grotius, Gentile, and Bynkershoek, underlining that coastal states enjoy sovereign rights over their coastal waters, but must allow the ships of other states to navigate peacefully through these waters. Nowadays, the territorial waters’ regime is considered a crucial concept for the national interest of coastal states. In this regard, due to the importance it represents for coastal states and the international system in general, the legal regime of territorial waters should be analyzed more extensively in order to better comprehend this paramount legal notion. Hence, the main purpose of this article is to analyze the legal concept of the regime of territorial waters within the framework of international law.
领海制度的法律概念是在16和17世纪首次发展起来的，这一时期恰逢有明确领土的独立国家制度的形成，其一般特征是能够根据国家利益拥有一定的权利来调节在其海岸线附近的海洋区域开展的海洋活动。在这一时期，被认为是国际法奠基人之一的格劳秀斯，尽管强调国家不应该对海洋区域拥有主权权利，但普遍接受了能够从大陆有效控制这些特定海洋区域的国家对沿海水域行使管辖权的存在。18世纪末，著名作家Bynkershoek在准备1702年出版的《De Dominio Maris Dissertation》时，广泛引用了海洋自由和国家对沿海水域主权的基本法律概念。另一位著名学者瓦泰尔在《根的权利》(Le Droit des Gens, 1758)一书中反映了他对格劳修斯、Gentile和Bynkershoek著作的依赖，强调沿海国家对其沿海水域享有主权，但必须允许其他国家的船只在这些水域和平航行。当前，领海制度被认为是关系到沿海国国家利益的一个重要概念。在这方面，由于领海法律制度对沿海国家和整个国际体系的重要性，应该更广泛地分析领海法律制度，以便更好地理解这一最重要的法律概念。因此，本文的主要目的是在国际法的框架内分析领海制度的法律概念。
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Pub Date : 2023-04-20DOI: 10.7225/toms.v12.n01.014
A. Mentes, Nurlan Abbasli
In various engineering actions, potential hazards are reduced, calculated, or controlled using a variety of risk analysis methodologies. The FMEA, or Failure Mode and Effects Analysis, is a very efficient strategy that may be used in this situation. When evaluating safety concerns, failure modes' likely causes and consequences are considered. Serious failures in the FMEA are identified using the Risk Priority Number (RPN). The RPN considers the effect of the probability of occurrence, probability of detection and severity by multiplying these three parameters. However, because of the formula's various flaws, it is frequently criticized. In the current work, a hybrid approach using ViseKriterijumska Optimizacija I Kompromisno Resenje (VIKOR) and geometric averaging of ordered weights (OWGA) as an aggregation operator is used to assess risk for offshore wind turbines. While the OWGA technique is used to provide weight to risk indices, the VIKOR method is used to assess the relevance of failure modes of offshore wind turbine components. The method's final findings show it solves the issues with the traditional RPN technique and produces more logical outcomes.
在各种工程活动中，使用各种风险分析方法来减少、计算或控制潜在的危险。在这种情况下，失效模式和影响分析(FMEA)是一种非常有效的策略。在评估安全问题时，要考虑失效模式的可能原因和后果。使用风险优先级编号(RPN)识别FMEA中的严重故障。RPN通过将这三个参数相乘来考虑发生概率、检测概率和严重程度的影响。然而，由于这个公式的各种缺陷，它经常受到批评。在目前的工作中，使用ViseKriterijumska Optimizacija I Kompromisno Resenje (VIKOR)和有序权重几何平均(OWGA)作为聚合算子的混合方法来评估海上风力涡轮机的风险。OWGA技术用于为风险指标提供权重，而VIKOR方法用于评估海上风力发电机组部件失效模式的相关性。该方法的最终结果表明，它解决了传统RPN技术的问题，并产生了更合乎逻辑的结果。
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Pub Date : 2023-04-20DOI: 10.7225/toms.v12.n01.001
S. P. Sanaka, Pardhasaradhi N, D. K
The aim of the paper is to predict the hydrodynamic performance and noise generated by the propeller at different advance ratio and the speed of the propeller. Three bladed, DTMB 4119 propeller model was created using the NACA66 modified line, a = 0.8 hydrofoil profile. ANSYS Workbench software is used for mesh generation and computational analysis. A large-eddy simulation turbulence model and Ffowcs Williams-Hawkings (FWH) acoustic model is used for all simulations. A moving reference frame is used to simulate the rotational effects of the propeller. The speed of the propeller is 792 rpm, the propeller being 0.2 m, and inlet velocity is varied to study the effect of the advance ratio. A transient analysis is carried out using a time step value of 0.0005 seconds and the total simulation time is 0.6 seconds. The hydrodynamic performance parameters are validated by comparing with the experimental data available in the literature. The sound pressure level (SPL) is plotted over the frequency range of 0 to 1000 Hz at different locations, speed, and an advance ratio of 0.5, 0.7, 0.833, and 0.9,1. The structural, acoustic and hydrodynamic behaviour of the propeller was predicted using a two-way fluid structure interaction at an advance ratio of 0.833. The major conclusions drawn from the analysis are that the sound pressure level values are increased at the propeller off-design conditions and varying with the receiver locations. The data generated from this study is useful for the designers to carry out further research in order to reduce the noise generated from the propeller.
本文的目的是预测螺旋桨在不同推进比和螺旋桨转速下的水动力性能和噪声。三叶片，DTMB 4119螺旋桨模型创建使用NACA66修改线，a = 0.8水翼剖面。采用ANSYS Workbench软件进行网格生成和计算分析。所有模拟均采用大涡模拟湍流模型和Ffowcs williams - hawkins (FWH)声学模型。采用运动参考系模拟螺旋桨的旋转效应。螺旋桨转速为792转/分，螺旋桨直径为0.2 m，改变进气速度，研究进流比的影响。暂态分析采用时间步长为0.0005秒，总仿真时间为0.6秒。通过与文献实验数据的比较，验证了所得到的水动力性能参数。声压级(SPL)在0到1000hz的频率范围内绘制，在不同的位置、速度和超前比分别为0.5、0.7、0.833和0.9、1。利用双向流固耦合，预测了螺旋桨的结构、声学和水动力性能，提前比为0.833。从分析中得出的主要结论是:声压级值在螺旋桨非设计工况下增加，并且随着接收机位置的变化而变化。本研究所得的数据对设计人员进行进一步的研究，以降低螺旋桨产生的噪声是有用的。
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Pub Date : 2023-04-20DOI: 10.7225/toms.v12.n01.016
Ruhaizan Sulaiman, Hanif Md Lateh, Abdul-Rasul Z. Ibrahim, A. Ismail
This study aims at identifying the economic development that focused on marine products during the administration of Sultan Muhammad Syah II in Terengganu from 1918-1920. During this period, the state of Terengganu showed an auspicious economic development of seafood. The sea product economy includes dried fish, anchovies, budu, belacan, and pickled fish. Qualitative research methods are used based on primary sources such as annual reports, telegrams, correspondence, memoranda, and official reports obtained from the Terengganu Government Secretary's Office, the Terengganu Badariah Palace Office, the Land and Mines Commissioner's Office, and the British Colonial Office, which are analysed using a historical approach. Secondary sources are also used to strengthen the data and research findings, including books, journals, encyclopedias, and theses. The study's findings show the sea product economy to be the leading economy among the Malay community in Terengganu. Seafood products became an essential source of economic strength for the community and state of Terengganu during the administration of Sultan Muhammad Syah II from 1918-1920. This is because marine products are the main export commodity of Terengganu compared to other export commodities, based on the quantity and value of exports every year. The conclusion from the study explains that, although Sultan Muhammad Syah II ruled Terengganu for a period of fewer than two years, from November 26, 1918, to May 11, 1920, His Majesty Sultan Muhammad Syah II placed great importance on the economic development of the community in improving the standard of living and income of the community, most of whom were involved in the sea product economy. The export commodity of many marine products is to meet the needs of the local and foreign markets. Terengganu's Big Boat for trading activities also boosted the seafood economy in Terengganu. This proves that Terengganu is a state rich in marine resources, which have thereby become the highest export commodity product.
本研究旨在确定从1918年至1920年苏丹穆罕默德·赛亚二世在丁加奴管理期间以海洋产品为重点的经济发展。在这一时期，丁加奴州的海产品经济呈现出了吉祥的发展。海产品经济包括干鱼、凤尾鱼、budu、belacan和腌鱼。定性研究方法基于从丁加奴政府秘书办公室、丁加奴巴达里亚宫办公室、土地和矿产专员办公室和英国殖民办公室获得的年度报告、电报、信件、备忘录和官方报告等主要来源，使用历史方法对其进行分析。二手资源也被用来加强数据和研究成果，包括书籍、期刊、百科全书和论文。研究结果显示，海产品经济是登嘉楼马来社区的主要经济。在苏丹穆罕默德·赛亚二世(Sultan Muhammad Syah II) 1918-1920年执政期间，海鲜产品成为丁加奴社区和州经济实力的重要来源。这是因为根据每年出口的数量和价值，与其他出口商品相比，海洋产品是丁加奴的主要出口商品。研究的结论解释说，虽然苏丹穆罕默德·赛亚二世统治丁加奴的时间不到两年，从1918年11月26日到1920年5月11日，苏丹穆罕默德·赛亚二世陛下非常重视社区的经济发展，以提高社区的生活水平和收入，其中大多数人都参与了海产品经济。许多海洋产品的出口商品是为了满足国内外市场的需要。登嘉楼的大船贸易活动也促进了登嘉楼的海鲜经济。这证明丁加奴是一个海洋资源丰富的州，从而成为最高的出口商品。
{"title":"Marine Product Economy in Terengganu during the Administration of Sultan Muhammad Syah II 1918-1920","authors":"Ruhaizan Sulaiman, Hanif Md Lateh, Abdul-Rasul Z. Ibrahim, A. Ismail","doi":"10.7225/toms.v12.n01.016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7225/toms.v12.n01.016","url":null,"abstract":"This study aims at identifying the economic development that focused on marine products during the administration of Sultan Muhammad Syah II in Terengganu from 1918-1920. During this period, the state of Terengganu showed an auspicious economic development of seafood. The sea product economy includes dried fish, anchovies, budu, belacan, and pickled fish. Qualitative research methods are used based on primary sources such as annual reports, telegrams, correspondence, memoranda, and official reports obtained from the Terengganu Government Secretary's Office, the Terengganu Badariah Palace Office, the Land and Mines Commissioner's Office, and the British Colonial Office, which are analysed using a historical approach. Secondary sources are also used to strengthen the data and research findings, including books, journals, encyclopedias, and theses. The study's findings show the sea product economy to be the leading economy among the Malay community in Terengganu. Seafood products became an essential source of economic strength for the community and state of Terengganu during the administration of Sultan Muhammad Syah II from 1918-1920. This is because marine products are the main export commodity of Terengganu compared to other export commodities, based on the quantity and value of exports every year. The conclusion from the study explains that, although Sultan Muhammad Syah II ruled Terengganu for a period of fewer than two years, from November 26, 1918, to May 11, 1920, His Majesty Sultan Muhammad Syah II placed great importance on the economic development of the community in improving the standard of living and income of the community, most of whom were involved in the sea product economy. The export commodity of many marine products is to meet the needs of the local and foreign markets. Terengganu's Big Boat for trading activities also boosted the seafood economy in Terengganu. This proves that Terengganu is a state rich in marine resources, which have thereby become the highest export commodity product.","PeriodicalId":42576,"journal":{"name":"Transactions on Maritime Science-ToMS","volume":"42 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75472993","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-20DOI: 10.7225/toms.v12.n01.002
O. Melnyk, S. Onyshchenko, O.А. Onishchenko, O.V. Lohinov, Valentyna Ocheretna
The digital transformation of the maritime industry is almost a fait accompli. Merchant ships today use computing and cyber-dependent technologies for navigation, communications, cargo operations, environmental monitoring, and many other purposes. Nowadays, entire industries and businesses are becoming increasingly dependent on data arrays, and the maritime sector is fully experiencing this transformation. A modern commercial ship is unthinkable without digital technology, and the reasons for the deep digitalization of the fleet are numerous. Emergency systems such as safety monitoring, fire detection and alarms are increasingly reliant on cyber technology. Therefore, cybersecurity is a critical component of ship and shipping safety, and cyber-attacks on maritime transport are a very likely problem. These risks will only increase with the further development of information technology. This article proposes approaches to identifying cyber threats as well as a probabilistic assessment of ship cybersecurity, which is based on an integral approach to assessing the vulnerability of shipboard critical equipment and systems. Estimated probabilities of target and non-target cybersecurity breaches of the ship, as well as their overall probability, which allows considering all chains of events leading to a certain consequence associated with potential losses. The model of probability assessment of ship cybersecurity violation and its consequences, which allows evaluation of possible losses as a result of these events, is presented and mathematically described.
{"title":"Integral Approach to Vulnerability Assessment of Ship’s Critical Equipment and Systems","authors":"O. Melnyk, S. Onyshchenko, O.А. Onishchenko, O.V. Lohinov, Valentyna Ocheretna","doi":"10.7225/toms.v12.n01.002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7225/toms.v12.n01.002","url":null,"abstract":"The digital transformation of the maritime industry is almost a fait accompli. Merchant ships today use computing and cyber-dependent technologies for navigation, communications, cargo operations, environmental monitoring, and many other purposes. Nowadays, entire industries and businesses are becoming increasingly dependent on data arrays, and the maritime sector is fully experiencing this transformation. A modern commercial ship is unthinkable without digital technology, and the reasons for the deep digitalization of the fleet are numerous. Emergency systems such as safety monitoring, fire detection and alarms are increasingly reliant on cyber technology. Therefore, cybersecurity is a critical component of ship and shipping safety, and cyber-attacks on maritime transport are a very likely problem. These risks will only increase with the further development of information technology. This article proposes approaches to identifying cyber threats as well as a probabilistic assessment of ship cybersecurity, which is based on an integral approach to assessing the vulnerability of shipboard critical equipment and systems. Estimated probabilities of target and non-target cybersecurity breaches of the ship, as well as their overall probability, which allows considering all chains of events leading to a certain consequence associated with potential losses. The model of probability assessment of ship cybersecurity violation and its consequences, which allows evaluation of possible losses as a result of these events, is presented and mathematically described.","PeriodicalId":42576,"journal":{"name":"Transactions on Maritime Science-ToMS","volume":"4 9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72696238","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-20DOI: 10.7225/toms.v12.n01.w07
Nermin Hasanspahić, Srđan Vujičić, Mario Mandušić
Unlike learning from accidents, learning from near misses is based on events that caused no injuries or damage. Therefore, reporting and investigating near-miss events in shipping could be considered a more convenient means of reducing accidents and safety improvements than accident investigations. However, to facilitate learning from near misses, an adequate and efficient Near-Miss Management System must be implemented on board ship. Since ship Masters and Safety Officers are responsible for the efficiency of the Near-Miss Management System (NMMS) on the shipboard side, their attitudes and opinions on implemented systems might be considered indicators of its quality. Therefore, the questionnaire was developed and distributed among Masters and Safety Officers to collect their perceptions of and attitudes toward Near-Miss Management Systems. Furthermore, the paper aims to examine the relationship between the respondents' ranks (Masters and Safety Officers), the type of ship they are serving on, and their attitudes toward Near-Miss Management. The data analysis showed that most respondents are satisfied with the Near-Miss Management Systems implemented on their ships but consider near-misses underreported. Moreover, analysis results showed that there are no significant differences in attitudes towards NMMS between ranks and types of ships.
{"title":"Ship Safety Officers' Perceptions and Attitudes Toward Near-Miss Management Systems","authors":"Nermin Hasanspahić, Srđan Vujičić, Mario Mandušić","doi":"10.7225/toms.v12.n01.w07","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7225/toms.v12.n01.w07","url":null,"abstract":"Unlike learning from accidents, learning from near misses is based on events that caused no injuries or damage. Therefore, reporting and investigating near-miss events in shipping could be considered a more convenient means of reducing accidents and safety improvements than accident investigations. However, to facilitate learning from near misses, an adequate and efficient Near-Miss Management System must be implemented on board ship. Since ship Masters and Safety Officers are responsible for the efficiency of the Near-Miss Management System (NMMS) on the shipboard side, their attitudes and opinions on implemented systems might be considered indicators of its quality. Therefore, the questionnaire was developed and distributed among Masters and Safety Officers to collect their perceptions of and attitudes toward Near-Miss Management Systems. Furthermore, the paper aims to examine the relationship between the respondents' ranks (Masters and Safety Officers), the type of ship they are serving on, and their attitudes toward Near-Miss Management. The data analysis showed that most respondents are satisfied with the Near-Miss Management Systems implemented on their ships but consider near-misses underreported. Moreover, analysis results showed that there are no significant differences in attitudes towards NMMS between ranks and types of ships.","PeriodicalId":42576,"journal":{"name":"Transactions on Maritime Science-ToMS","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77256021","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-20DOI: 10.7225/toms.v12.n01.009
Alen Jugović, Jelena Jardas Antonić, Dea Aksentijević
The development of seaports is a complex process influenced by a number of external factors, from the economic ones to the social environment. Seaports differ from each other in their spatial and functional characteristics, the complexity and purpose of their operation, as well as the need for investment and additional construction of port infrastructure and superstructure, so their development must be approached analytically. In order for the proposed development guidelines to be applicable to ports with similar characteristics, it is necessary to define criteria for their classification. Relevant criteria for classifying and planning the development of seaports are derived from: laws and regulations established by legal regulations, goals and plans proposed by current strategic documents, and spatial plans that set the conditions for planning, forming and developing ports in a certain area. The purpose of this scientific work is to determine which national and regional regulations and documents affect the development of regional ports in the Republic of Croatia, and to define classification criteria that will serve as a basis for the formation of development directions for seaports.
{"title":"Overview of Criteria and Scenarios Relevant for Development of Seaports of County and Local Importance in the Republic of Croatia","authors":"Alen Jugović, Jelena Jardas Antonić, Dea Aksentijević","doi":"10.7225/toms.v12.n01.009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7225/toms.v12.n01.009","url":null,"abstract":"The development of seaports is a complex process influenced by a number of external factors, from the economic ones to the social environment. Seaports differ from each other in their spatial and functional characteristics, the complexity and purpose of their operation, as well as the need for investment and additional construction of port infrastructure and superstructure, so their development must be approached analytically. In order for the proposed development guidelines to be applicable to ports with similar characteristics, it is necessary to define criteria for their classification. Relevant criteria for classifying and planning the development of seaports are derived from: laws and regulations established by legal regulations, goals and plans proposed by current strategic documents, and spatial plans that set the conditions for planning, forming and developing ports in a certain area. The purpose of this scientific work is to determine which national and regional regulations and documents affect the development of regional ports in the Republic of Croatia, and to define classification criteria that will serve as a basis for the formation of development directions for seaports.","PeriodicalId":42576,"journal":{"name":"Transactions on Maritime Science-ToMS","volume":"2016 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86165400","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-20DOI: 10.7225/toms.v12.n01.010
Kasra Pourkermani
This paper explores the economic value of charter hire rate forecasts in the bulk shipping industry for ship operators by introducing a chartering strategy defined as a sequence of different types of contracts that maximises profit. Ship operators are assumed to divide ship use to trip charter and time charter market depending on the quarterly excess charter hire rate forecasts, i.e. the difference between time charter and trip charter (spot) rates. Ship operators use the recursive forecasting approach and switch the chartering strategy across the two positions. The decision is based on economic measurement rather than statistical significance. The economic benefits realized by ship operators who apply our forecasting rules exceed those derived from the fixed policy approach of using either alternative, and will be used to disprove the validity of the efficient market hypothesis. The paper applies the regression methodology and forecasts two steps ahead of quarterly spot prices regressed recursively on fixed variables, thus extending research in terms of the scope of analysis. We have applied statistical evaluation in addition to the economic evaluation and found that the proposed model outperforms the historical mean forecast. This paper emphasizes the importance of a sound diversification strategy within the business platform to target the more profitable business segment and test if macroeconomic indicators and commodity prices are satisfactory indicators for forecasting charter hire rate.
{"title":"Time Charter or Trip Charter? An Assessment of Market Efficiency in Shipping Market","authors":"Kasra Pourkermani","doi":"10.7225/toms.v12.n01.010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7225/toms.v12.n01.010","url":null,"abstract":"This paper explores the economic value of charter hire rate forecasts in the bulk shipping industry for ship operators by introducing a chartering strategy defined as a sequence of different types of contracts that maximises profit. Ship operators are assumed to divide ship use to trip charter and time charter market depending on the quarterly excess charter hire rate forecasts, i.e. the difference between time charter and trip charter (spot) rates. Ship operators use the recursive forecasting approach and switch the chartering strategy across the two positions. The decision is based on economic measurement rather than statistical significance. The economic benefits realized by ship operators who apply our forecasting rules exceed those derived from the fixed policy approach of using either alternative, and will be used to disprove the validity of the efficient market hypothesis. The paper applies the regression methodology and forecasts two steps ahead of quarterly spot prices regressed recursively on fixed variables, thus extending research in terms of the scope of analysis. We have applied statistical evaluation in addition to the economic evaluation and found that the proposed model outperforms the historical mean forecast. This paper emphasizes the importance of a sound diversification strategy within the business platform to target the more profitable business segment and test if macroeconomic indicators and commodity prices are satisfactory indicators for forecasting charter hire rate.","PeriodicalId":42576,"journal":{"name":"Transactions on Maritime Science-ToMS","volume":"249 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79580874","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-20DOI: 10.7225/toms.v12.n01.w04
Alen Jugović, D. Gračan, Marina Barkiđija Sotošek
Cruising as part of nautical tourism is an important segment of maritime passenger transportation. Nautical tourism and cruise tourism have developed over the years and are experiencing increasing demand, with the exception of the pandemic period, when cruise tourism did not experience positive trends. In normal tourism conditions, high growth requires an increase in supply, which can have negative consequences for the environment. This is especially true when the destination where cruise tourism is developing has a fragile ecosystem. At a time when environmental sustainability and responsibility are becoming increasingly important, tourism supply is implementing the parameters of sustainability in its development, and cruise tourism is no exception. However, the fact is that the development of passenger terminals inevitably changes the view of the coast. The aim of this paper is to thoroughly define the parameters whose reconstruction is necessary for the construction of a passenger terminal and for which it is necessary to analyze the impact on the environment in order to make the construction itself environmentally friendly. Systematic analysis is the most appropriate method for delineating the parameters whose reconstruction could harm the environment and have negative effects on the sustainability of the ecosystem as well as on tourism and locals in the area. The results of the analysis conducted on the example of capacity construction in the coastal region of Zadar County show that special consideration must be given to protected natural values, landscape properties, population, purpose and use of space, noise and air. It can be concluded that disregarding all the construction parameters described in the study and emphasizing the financial benefits could affect the ecosystem in the long run. Besides the analyses, the proposal for the environmental monitoring program was elaborated on in this paper.
{"title":"Environmental Requirements for Passenger Terminal Development (Case Study of Zadar County)","authors":"Alen Jugović, D. Gračan, Marina Barkiđija Sotošek","doi":"10.7225/toms.v12.n01.w04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7225/toms.v12.n01.w04","url":null,"abstract":"Cruising as part of nautical tourism is an important segment of maritime passenger transportation. Nautical tourism and cruise tourism have developed over the years and are experiencing increasing demand, with the exception of the pandemic period, when cruise tourism did not experience positive trends. In normal tourism conditions, high growth requires an increase in supply, which can have negative consequences for the environment. This is especially true when the destination where cruise tourism is developing has a fragile ecosystem. At a time when environmental sustainability and responsibility are becoming increasingly important, tourism supply is implementing the parameters of sustainability in its development, and cruise tourism is no exception. However, the fact is that the development of passenger terminals inevitably changes the view of the coast. The aim of this paper is to thoroughly define the parameters whose reconstruction is necessary for the construction of a passenger terminal and for which it is necessary to analyze the impact on the environment in order to make the construction itself environmentally friendly.\u0000Systematic analysis is the most appropriate method for delineating the parameters whose reconstruction could harm the environment and have negative effects on the sustainability of the ecosystem as well as on tourism and locals in the area.\u0000The results of the analysis conducted on the example of capacity construction in the coastal region of Zadar County show that special consideration must be given to protected natural values, landscape properties, population, purpose and use of space, noise and air.\u0000It can be concluded that disregarding all the construction parameters described in the study and emphasizing the financial benefits could affect the ecosystem in the long run. Besides the analyses, the proposal for the environmental monitoring program was elaborated on in this paper.","PeriodicalId":42576,"journal":{"name":"Transactions on Maritime Science-ToMS","volume":"24 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83255985","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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