Pub Date : 2022-04-20DOI: 10.7225/toms.v11.n01.w13
Ana Grdović Gnip, Žiga Velkavrh
This study explores the efficiency level of the current international regulatory framework (MARPOL) in preventing sea pollution during maritime transportation. We employ a game-theoretic approach that models the decisions of shipowners and countries, with respect to the treatment and disposal of waste, where shipowners' decisions are based on comprehensive estimations of all waste management costs for all categories of waste (i.e. all MARPOL Annexes) differentiated across six types of standard risk vessels, while countries' decisions are based on estimates of all societal costs of (im)proper ship waste management. We focus on the Adriatic Sea case study and evaluate the game separately for members and non-members of the Paris Memorandum of Understanding (Paris MoU). Our main results seem to indicate that shipowners are generally motivated to be environmentally friendly if sailing Paris MoU waters. Otherwise, shipowners are merely motivated to pollute, due to low inspection rates and expected fines.This study explores the efficiency level of the current international regulatory framework (MARPOL) in preventing sea pollution during maritime transportation. We employ a game-theoretic approach that models the decisions of shipowners and countries, with respect to the treatment and disposal of waste, where shipowners' decisions are based on comprehensive estimations of all waste management costs for all categories of waste (i.e. all MARPOL Annexes) differentiated across six types of standard risk vessels, while countries' decisions are based on estimates of all societal costs of (im)proper ship waste management. We focus on the Adriatic Sea case study and evaluate the game separately for members and non-members of the Paris Memorandum of Understanding (Paris MoU). Our main results seem to indicate that shipowners are generally motivated to be environmentally friendly if sailing Paris MoU waters. Otherwise, shipowners are merely motivated to pollute, due to low inspection rates and expected fines.
本研究探讨了当前国际海事法规框架(MARPOL)在防止海上运输过程中的海洋污染方面的效率水平。我们采用博弈论方法，对船东和国家在废物处理和处置方面的决策进行建模，其中船东的决策是基于对六种标准风险船舶中所有类别废物(即所有MARPOL附件)的所有废物管理成本的综合估计，而国家的决策是基于对(不)适当的船舶废物管理的所有社会成本的估计。我们专注于亚得里亚海的案例研究，并分别为巴黎谅解备忘录(Paris Memorandum of Understanding)的成员国和非成员国评估这款游戏。我们的主要结果似乎表明，如果在巴黎谅解备忘录水域航行，船东通常会有环保的动机。否则，由于低检查率和预期的罚款，船东只会有污染的动机。本研究探讨了当前国际海事法规框架(MARPOL)在防止海上运输过程中的海洋污染方面的效率水平。我们采用博弈论方法，对船东和国家在废物处理和处置方面的决策进行建模，其中船东的决策是基于对六种标准风险船舶中所有类别废物(即所有MARPOL附件)的所有废物管理成本的综合估计，而国家的决策是基于对(不)适当的船舶废物管理的所有社会成本的估计。我们专注于亚得里亚海的案例研究，并分别为巴黎谅解备忘录(Paris Memorandum of Understanding)的成员国和非成员国评估这款游戏。我们的主要结果似乎表明，如果在巴黎谅解备忘录水域航行，船东通常会有环保的动机。否则，由于低检查率和预期的罚款，船东只会有污染的动机。
{"title":"To Pollute or Not To Pollute? Exploring MARPOL Efficiency in the Adriatic Sea","authors":"Ana Grdović Gnip, Žiga Velkavrh","doi":"10.7225/toms.v11.n01.w13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7225/toms.v11.n01.w13","url":null,"abstract":"This study explores the efficiency level of the current international regulatory framework (MARPOL) in preventing sea pollution during maritime transportation. We employ a game-theoretic approach that models the decisions of shipowners and countries, with respect to the treatment and disposal of waste, where shipowners' decisions are based on comprehensive estimations of all waste management costs for all categories of waste (i.e. all MARPOL Annexes) differentiated across six types of standard risk vessels, while countries' decisions are based on estimates of all societal costs of (im)proper ship waste management. We focus on the Adriatic Sea case study and evaluate the game separately for members and non-members of the Paris Memorandum of Understanding (Paris MoU). Our main results seem to indicate that shipowners are generally motivated to be environmentally friendly if sailing Paris MoU waters. Otherwise, shipowners are merely motivated to pollute, due to low inspection rates and expected fines.This study explores the efficiency level of the current international regulatory framework (MARPOL) in preventing sea pollution during maritime transportation. We employ a game-theoretic approach that models the decisions of shipowners and countries, with respect to the treatment and disposal of waste, where shipowners' decisions are based on comprehensive estimations of all waste management costs for all categories of waste (i.e. all MARPOL Annexes) differentiated across six types of standard risk vessels, while countries' decisions are based on estimates of all societal costs of (im)proper ship waste management. We focus on the Adriatic Sea case study and evaluate the game separately for members and non-members of the Paris Memorandum of Understanding (Paris MoU). Our main results seem to indicate that shipowners are generally motivated to be environmentally friendly if sailing Paris MoU waters. Otherwise, shipowners are merely motivated to pollute, due to low inspection rates and expected fines.","PeriodicalId":42576,"journal":{"name":"Transactions on Maritime Science-ToMS","volume":"100 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81623005","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-20DOI: 10.7225/toms.v11.n01.w05
Vidya G Mohan, M. Nasser
Locating a dry port depends on various criteria such as distance, modes of transport, cost associated, environmental, geographical, and social concerns. The paper's primary purpose is to identify the location-specific attributes impacting dry port locations, particularly in peninsular India, where seaports are very close to each other. The paper's objective has been achieved through a four-cycle Delphi survey and criticality through linear ranking and consistency through Kendall’s ‘W’. Initially, the criteria are identified through a systematic literature survey. They are then sieved within a focus group consisting of five experts with experience of more than twenty years in port operations. Final vetting of the criterion is done through a Delphi survey; the experts with a mutual interest in the subject but from different backgrounds are included. The final vetted list is determined. In the last two rounds of the survey, the rankings were determined, a consensus was reached, and the final rank was obtained. The results indicate that proximity and economic criteria are the most crucial in the chosen geography, which contradicts the developed regions, where the environmental criterion dominates. However, the environmental criteria have been ranked third. Even though the Delphi method is an age-old method used in many literatures in different contexts, it is not used in a dry port problem in the peninsular region. Consensus building is significant in strategic decisions, like dry port location selection. Since this study involves multiple stakeholders from diverse backgrounds and a subjective opinion was required, the Delphi method and linear ranking have been adopted.
确定陆港的位置取决于各种标准，如距离、运输方式、相关成本、环境、地理和社会问题。本文的主要目的是确定影响干港位置的特定位置属性，特别是在海港彼此非常接近的印度半岛。本文的目标是通过四周期德尔菲调查和通过肯德尔' W '的线性排名和一致性的临界达到的。首先，通过系统的文献调查确定标准。然后在一个由五名在港口运营方面有20多年经验的专家组成的焦点小组中对他们进行筛选。标准的最终审查是通过德尔菲调查完成的;对该主题有共同兴趣但背景不同的专家也包括在内。最终的审查名单已经确定。在最后两轮调查中，确定了排名，达成了共识，并获得了最终排名。结果表明，在区位选择中，邻近性和经济标准是最重要的，这与发达地区的环境标准占主导地位相矛盾。然而，环境标准排在第三位。尽管德尔菲法是一种古老的方法，在许多文献中使用，在不同的背景下，它并没有被用于半岛地区的一个干港问题。建立共识在战略决策中非常重要，比如陆港选址。由于本研究涉及多个不同背景的利益相关者，需要主观意见，所以采用德尔菲法和线性排序。
{"title":"Dry Port Location Factor Determination using Delphi in Peninsular Region","authors":"Vidya G Mohan, M. Nasser","doi":"10.7225/toms.v11.n01.w05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7225/toms.v11.n01.w05","url":null,"abstract":"Locating a dry port depends on various criteria such as distance, modes of transport, cost associated, environmental, geographical, and social concerns. The paper's primary purpose is to identify the location-specific attributes impacting dry port locations, particularly in peninsular India, where seaports are very close to each other. The paper's objective has been achieved through a four-cycle Delphi survey and criticality through linear ranking and consistency through Kendall’s ‘W’. Initially, the criteria are identified through a systematic literature survey. They are then sieved within a focus group consisting of five experts with experience of more than twenty years in port operations. Final vetting of the criterion is done through a Delphi survey; the experts with a mutual interest in the subject but from different backgrounds are included. The final vetted list is determined. In the last two rounds of the survey, the rankings were determined, a consensus was reached, and the final rank was obtained. The results indicate that proximity and economic criteria are the most crucial in the chosen geography, which contradicts the developed regions, where the environmental criterion dominates. However, the environmental criteria have been ranked third. Even though the Delphi method is an age-old method used in many literatures in different contexts, it is not used in a dry port problem in the peninsular region. Consensus building is significant in strategic decisions, like dry port location selection. Since this study involves multiple stakeholders from diverse backgrounds and a subjective opinion was required, the Delphi method and linear ranking have been adopted.\u0000 ","PeriodicalId":42576,"journal":{"name":"Transactions on Maritime Science-ToMS","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90725292","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-20DOI: 10.7225/toms.v11.n01.w02
M. Bayraktar, M. Nuran
In the maritime sector, many improvements are performed on ship propulsion system. The hybrid propulsion system (HPS) is one of the innovations in the marine sector, considering International Maritime Organization (IMO) energy efficiency measures. The main objectives of the HPS are reduction in fuel consumption, maintenance costs, and minimization of the emissions of gases that harm the environment. The IMO International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL) Annex VI “Prevention of Air Pollution from Ships” determines nitrogen oxide, sulfur oxide, and particulate matter limits emitted from marine vessels. These limitations will be met with the HPS to be established on marine vessels. Batteries, an Energy Storage System (ESS), are used to drive electric motors, part of the HPS equipment. In this study, battery types are evaluated in terms of their chemical properties, capacities, volumes, weights, energies, specific energies, costs, and life cycle by TOPSIS method and the most suitable battery for the HPS is selected. According to the results, the highest rank (0.643127638) for the HPS is obtained from lithium iron phosphate (LFB) battery that has 200 Ah capacity, 30.55-liter volume, 27.7 kg weight, 92.42 Wh/kg energy density, 987 $/kWh cost, and 400~13,000 life cycle. This study will be a good source for researchers and maritime sector stakeholders, whose studies regard Energy Storage Systems, especially batteries on the HPS in marine vessels.
{"title":"Multi-Criteria Decision Making using TOPSIS Method for Battery Type Selection in Hybrid Propulsion System","authors":"M. Bayraktar, M. Nuran","doi":"10.7225/toms.v11.n01.w02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7225/toms.v11.n01.w02","url":null,"abstract":"In the maritime sector, many improvements are performed on ship propulsion system. The hybrid propulsion system (HPS) is one of the innovations in the marine sector, considering International Maritime Organization (IMO) energy efficiency measures. The main objectives of the HPS are reduction in fuel consumption, maintenance costs, and minimization of the emissions of gases that harm the environment. The IMO International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL) Annex VI “Prevention of Air Pollution from Ships” determines nitrogen oxide, sulfur oxide, and particulate matter limits emitted from marine vessels. These limitations will be met with the HPS to be established on marine vessels. Batteries, an Energy Storage System (ESS), are used to drive electric motors, part of the HPS equipment. In this study, battery types are evaluated in terms of their chemical properties, capacities, volumes, weights, energies, specific energies, costs, and life cycle by TOPSIS method and the most suitable battery for the HPS is selected. According to the results, the highest rank (0.643127638) for the HPS is obtained from lithium iron phosphate (LFB) battery that has 200 Ah capacity, 30.55-liter volume, 27.7 kg weight, 92.42 Wh/kg energy density, 987 $/kWh cost, and 400~13,000 life cycle. This study will be a good source for researchers and maritime sector stakeholders, whose studies regard Energy Storage Systems, especially batteries on the HPS in marine vessels.","PeriodicalId":42576,"journal":{"name":"Transactions on Maritime Science-ToMS","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88236193","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-20DOI: 10.7225/toms.v11.n01.w11
Z. Malki, C. Ennawaoui, A. Hajjaji, M. Eljouad, Y. Boughaleb
Marine energies are a strategic channel for renewable energies to diversify and complement the global energy mix. From this perspective, several researches have seen the light in order to allow the maximum exploitation possible of the energy estimated at 80,000 TWh/year, presenting multiple vacant possibilities concerning energy not yet exploited on a large scale. The purpose of this paper is the use of ocean vibratory energy coupling with a smart composite material in order to harvest the maximum power. This study will be devoted to the design, modeling, and simulation of a floating harvester energy system that combines the mechanical strength and flexibility of polymer with the high piezo and pyroelectric activities of ceramic. The harvester system is composed of a mass-spring system used to transfer wave movements to mechanical vibrations, and two piezoelectric lever devices will be used to amplify and convert the harvested mechanical vibration into electrical power. With this flexible device, the maximum power harvested is 56.45 μW/mm², using PU/PZT composite with the optimal resistance of 108 MΩ. Considering these results, this system can be used in very different ways in marine applications.
{"title":"Wave Energy Harvesting System Using Piezocomposite Materials","authors":"Z. Malki, C. Ennawaoui, A. Hajjaji, M. Eljouad, Y. Boughaleb","doi":"10.7225/toms.v11.n01.w11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7225/toms.v11.n01.w11","url":null,"abstract":"Marine energies are a strategic channel for renewable energies to diversify and complement the global energy mix. From this perspective, several researches have seen the light in order to allow the maximum exploitation possible of the energy estimated at 80,000 TWh/year, presenting multiple vacant possibilities concerning energy not yet exploited on a large scale. The purpose of this paper is the use of ocean vibratory energy coupling with a smart composite material in order to harvest the maximum power. This study will be devoted to the design, modeling, and simulation of a floating harvester energy system that combines the mechanical strength and flexibility of polymer with the high piezo and pyroelectric activities of ceramic. The harvester system is composed of a mass-spring system used to transfer wave movements to mechanical vibrations, and two piezoelectric lever devices will be used to amplify and convert the harvested mechanical vibration into electrical power. With this flexible device, the maximum power harvested is 56.45 μW/mm², using PU/PZT composite with the optimal resistance of 108 MΩ. Considering these results, this system can be used in very different ways in marine applications.","PeriodicalId":42576,"journal":{"name":"Transactions on Maritime Science-ToMS","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77006380","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-20DOI: 10.7225/toms.v11.n01.018
E. Arslan, S. Nas
The hazards that threaten marine navigation safety in the intensive routes and critical straits need to be managed effectively. To manage these risks, the concept of e-navigation has been offered to all stakeholders of marine transportation. E-navigation basically aims to organize, serve, and exchange marine information systematically. It is considered that the relations between the stakeholders may constitute significant conflicts in exchanging marine information. The main purpose of this study is to reveal the sources of conflicts and risk scores on navigation operations encountered with the bridge team from the perspective of vessel traffic services operators (VTSOs). In order to determine the sources of the conflicts, the conflict-related literature has been thoroughly reviewed, a semi-structured interview form was developed, and the VTS supervisors have been interviewed. In discovering the sources of conflicts, content analysis has been carried out from the interviews. The findings have been discussed with the relevant experts, and risk scales have been developed to evaluate the risks of conflicts. The frequency of conflicts and the results have been evaluated by the VTSOs employed at the Center of VTS in İstanbul, and risk scores have been defined. The risk scores related to the conflicts indicated on the risk matrix and e-navigation designed solutions have been compared and discussed. The findings reveal that there are certain similarities between the high-scored risks regarding communication quality and reporting systems. Although e-navigation solutions focus on improving technical issues. Conflicts caused by interpersonal, cognitive, and personal features that are not covered by e-navigation solutions have an important place among the conflict sources.
{"title":"Conflicts Encountered with Bridge Team from the Perspective of Vessel Traffic Service Operators: A Research Within E-Navigation Concept","authors":"E. Arslan, S. Nas","doi":"10.7225/toms.v11.n01.018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7225/toms.v11.n01.018","url":null,"abstract":"The hazards that threaten marine navigation safety in the intensive routes and critical straits need to be managed effectively. To manage these risks, the concept of e-navigation has been offered to all stakeholders of marine transportation. E-navigation basically aims to organize, serve, and exchange marine information systematically. It is considered that the relations between the stakeholders may constitute significant conflicts in exchanging marine information. The main purpose of this study is to reveal the sources of conflicts and risk scores on navigation operations encountered with the bridge team from the perspective of vessel traffic services operators (VTSOs). In order to determine the sources of the conflicts, the conflict-related literature has been thoroughly reviewed, a semi-structured interview form was developed, and the VTS supervisors have been interviewed. In discovering the sources of conflicts, content analysis has been carried out from the interviews. The findings have been discussed with the relevant experts, and risk scales have been developed to evaluate the risks of conflicts. The frequency of conflicts and the results have been evaluated by the VTSOs employed at the Center of VTS in İstanbul, and risk scores have been defined. The risk scores related to the conflicts indicated on the risk matrix and e-navigation designed solutions have been compared and discussed. The findings reveal that there are certain similarities between the high-scored risks regarding communication quality and reporting systems. Although e-navigation solutions focus on improving technical issues. Conflicts caused by interpersonal, cognitive, and personal features that are not covered by e-navigation solutions have an important place among the conflict sources.","PeriodicalId":42576,"journal":{"name":"Transactions on Maritime Science-ToMS","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76437167","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-20DOI: 10.7225/toms.v11.n01.020
Michail Boviatsis, G. Daniil
This paper evaluates how the revised BIMCO Crew Change Clause 2020 affected crew health during this period. To satisfy the need for specific clauses, regulating the contractual relationships during the COVID-19 period, BIMCO created sets of clauses, such as the BIMCO Crew Change Clauses for Time Charter Parties (2020). The rationale of those clauses was based upon the pre-existing BIMCO Infectious or Contagious Diseases Clause for Voyage and Time Charter Parties 2015, but it was evidenced that the COVID-19 virus had many intricacies. Thus, new sets of rules are presently emerging to eliminate the gaps created. The basic downside of this legislation and the focus of this paper is to prove that these clauses are focused only on regulating the contractual relationship, without actually taking into consideration the crews’ health and safety.The analysis is focused on the impact of a COVID-19 incident on four specific legal aspects, i.e. i) vessels’ seaworthiness, ii) charter parties, iii) port safety, and iv) refusal of orders. There is also an analysis of the imminent Decease Clause 2021 and its actual impact upon the shipping industry. The analysis of the relevant legislation is based on legal doctrine, dominant form in legal research, aiming to provide a systematic exposition of the legal and regulatory principles. It analyzes the relationship between those principles to provide clarifications, utilizing legislation and relevant case law as the primary source of data. This research method is qualitative and is very similar to critical analysis, whose application is performed through (a) research and description of the existing legislation, (b) prescription, whose essence is to explore the statutory framework, locate the critical points, and assess the effectiveness of legislation on protecting the crew health and safety, and (c) evaluation of possible amendments or additions.The majority of studies conclude that shipping companies will be able to protect crew health and safety only through proactive measures and due diligence. The revised BIMCO terms on crew changes during Covid-19 and the new Disease Clause 2021 sadly did not have crew protection as their top priority. In most parts they tried to allocate and even mitigate the risk of the contracting parties, providing “windows” of opportunity for both sides to be excepted from any liability. Based on the analysis of resources, the new clause is not engaging the concept of proactive measures, unquestionably the most important method for the preservation of crew health usually referred to as “exercising due diligence”. It is a fact that BIMCO protects the clients’ interests, with the clients being the charter parties. It is also valid that the shipping industry supported the nations during the COVID-19 outbreak, but the BIMCO clauses were concentrated on the preservation of contractual relationships, leaving the concept of crew health and safety uncharted.
{"title":"Legal Analysis of Impact of Revised BIMCO Clauses on Crew Health and Safety During COVID-19 Era","authors":"Michail Boviatsis, G. Daniil","doi":"10.7225/toms.v11.n01.020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7225/toms.v11.n01.020","url":null,"abstract":"This paper evaluates how the revised BIMCO Crew Change Clause 2020 affected crew health during this period. To satisfy the need for specific clauses, regulating the contractual relationships during the COVID-19 period, BIMCO created sets of clauses, such as the BIMCO Crew Change Clauses for Time Charter Parties (2020). The rationale of those clauses was based upon the pre-existing BIMCO Infectious or Contagious Diseases Clause for Voyage and Time Charter Parties 2015, but it was evidenced that the COVID-19 virus had many intricacies. Thus, new sets of rules are presently emerging to eliminate the gaps created. The basic downside of this legislation and the focus of this paper is to prove that these clauses are focused only on regulating the contractual relationship, without actually taking into consideration the crews’ health and safety.The analysis is focused on the impact of a COVID-19 incident on four specific legal aspects, i.e. i) vessels’ seaworthiness, ii) charter parties, iii) port safety, and iv) refusal of orders. There is also an analysis of the imminent Decease Clause 2021 and its actual impact upon the shipping industry. The analysis of the relevant legislation is based on legal doctrine, dominant form in legal research, aiming to provide a systematic exposition of the legal and regulatory principles. It analyzes the relationship between those principles to provide clarifications, utilizing legislation and relevant case law as the primary source of data. This research method is qualitative and is very similar to critical analysis, whose application is performed through (a) research and description of the existing legislation, (b) prescription, whose essence is to explore the statutory framework, locate the critical points, and assess the effectiveness of legislation on protecting the crew health and safety, and (c) evaluation of possible amendments or additions.The majority of studies conclude that shipping companies will be able to protect crew health and safety only through proactive measures and due diligence. The revised BIMCO terms on crew changes during Covid-19 and the new Disease Clause 2021 sadly did not have crew protection as their top priority. In most parts they tried to allocate and even mitigate the risk of the contracting parties, providing “windows” of opportunity for both sides to be excepted from any liability. Based on the analysis of resources, the new clause is not engaging the concept of proactive measures, unquestionably the most important method for the preservation of crew health usually referred to as “exercising due diligence”. It is a fact that BIMCO protects the clients’ interests, with the clients being the charter parties. It is also valid that the shipping industry supported the nations during the COVID-19 outbreak, but the BIMCO clauses were concentrated on the preservation of contractual relationships, leaving the concept of crew health and safety uncharted.","PeriodicalId":42576,"journal":{"name":"Transactions on Maritime Science-ToMS","volume":"38 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76930697","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-20DOI: 10.7225/toms.v11.n01.003
S. Rudenko, A. Shakhov, I. Lapkina, Oleksandr Shumylo, M. Malaksiano, Ihor Horchynskyi
The main aim of the article is to develop technique for determining the optimal equipment of a sea grain terminal with technical means at the stage of its design. In many works, in order to study the performance of transport systems operating under conditions when the loading level is subject to random fluctuations, the queuing theory methods and random processes are used. However, in a number of cases this approach does not allow to take into account all specifics of the processes that significantly affect sea terminals performance. Also, most of the available studies aim at enhancing a certain single key performance indicator (it can be total costs, performance, income, etc.) to its maximum, provided that the other indicators are within the permissible range of values. However, in many cases, there are more than one key performance indicator which need to be improved. Since the queuing theory and single criterion optimization methods did not allow to achieve the desired results, to study the problem, a technique was introduced based on the combination of simulation modelling and multicriteria optimization methods, which allows us to take into account all the main features of operations at grain terminals. To assess the terminal economic efficiency, the Equivalent Annual Cost indicator was used. The relationship between the cargo unit transshipment cost and the average processing time of consignments is analyzed, provided that the cargo flow intensity is subject to random fluctuations. Using this relationship, a technique for determining the optimal composition of grain terminal equipment was introduced, based upon the multicriteria optimization and simulation modelling methods. The developed technique makes it possible to determine the qualitative and quantitative choice of equipment for a sea grain terminal, taking into account both the cargo transshipment cost and the processing time of consignments. The studies have shown that, with an appropriate choice of the terminal equipment, it is possible to significantly reduce the time of cargo handling due to only a slight increase in the cargo unit transshipment cost.
{"title":"Multicriteria Approach to Determining the Optimal Composition of Technical Means in the Design of Sea Grain Terminals","authors":"S. Rudenko, A. Shakhov, I. Lapkina, Oleksandr Shumylo, M. Malaksiano, Ihor Horchynskyi","doi":"10.7225/toms.v11.n01.003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7225/toms.v11.n01.003","url":null,"abstract":"The main aim of the article is to develop technique for determining the optimal equipment of a sea grain terminal with technical means at the stage of its design. In many works, in order to study the performance of transport systems operating under conditions when the loading level is subject to random fluctuations, the queuing theory methods and random processes are used. However, in a number of cases this approach does not allow to take into account all specifics of the processes that significantly affect sea terminals performance. Also, most of the available studies aim at enhancing a certain single key performance indicator (it can be total costs, performance, income, etc.) to its maximum, provided that the other indicators are within the permissible range of values. However, in many cases, there are more than one key performance indicator which need to be improved. Since the queuing theory and single criterion optimization methods did not allow to achieve the desired results, to study the problem, a technique was introduced based on the combination of simulation modelling and multicriteria optimization methods, which allows us to take into account all the main features of operations at grain terminals. To assess the terminal economic efficiency, the Equivalent Annual Cost indicator was used. The relationship between the cargo unit transshipment cost and the average processing time of consignments is analyzed, provided that the cargo flow intensity is subject to random fluctuations. Using this relationship, a technique for determining the optimal composition of grain terminal equipment was introduced, based upon the multicriteria optimization and simulation modelling methods. The developed technique makes it possible to determine the qualitative and quantitative choice of equipment for a sea grain terminal, taking into account both the cargo transshipment cost and the processing time of consignments. The studies have shown that, with an appropriate choice of the terminal equipment, it is possible to significantly reduce the time of cargo handling due to only a slight increase in the cargo unit transshipment cost.","PeriodicalId":42576,"journal":{"name":"Transactions on Maritime Science-ToMS","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86104520","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-20DOI: 10.7225/toms.v11.n01.w03
P. Mohan, A. Shashikala
Instability in intact condition occurs when a ship’s motion changes periodically with time i.e. frequency of motion will match with free- roll frequency or multiples. In case of damage stability, the instability occurs due to flood water sloshing, a series of vibration occur along with free surface effect, which changes the metacentric height of ship. Mathieu's effect is the linear theory behind instability. Probabilistic damage stability analysis is performed in damage cases for the Ro-Ro vessel to understand the most critical loading condition. Phase plots and radial plots are used to find critical stability parameters for ship at intact condition. A new method for modeling the nonlinear dynamic behavior of ship in the chaotic flooded condition is developed and the results indicate that the vessel behaviour of flooded ship is similar to the Duffings oscillation equation and the stability conditions can be captured by this model.
{"title":"Evaluating Capsize Boundary of Damaged Ro-Ro Ship Using Chaos Theory and Probabilistic Analysis","authors":"P. Mohan, A. Shashikala","doi":"10.7225/toms.v11.n01.w03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7225/toms.v11.n01.w03","url":null,"abstract":"Instability in intact condition occurs when a ship’s motion changes periodically with time i.e. frequency of motion will match with free- roll frequency or multiples. In case of damage stability, the instability occurs due to flood water sloshing, a series of vibration occur along with free surface effect, which changes the metacentric height of ship. Mathieu's effect is the linear theory behind instability. Probabilistic damage stability analysis is performed in damage cases for the Ro-Ro vessel to understand the most critical loading condition. Phase plots and radial plots are used to find critical stability parameters for ship at intact condition. A new method for modeling the nonlinear dynamic behavior of ship in the chaotic flooded condition is developed and the results indicate that the vessel behaviour of flooded ship is similar to the Duffings oscillation equation and the stability conditions can be captured by this model.","PeriodicalId":42576,"journal":{"name":"Transactions on Maritime Science-ToMS","volume":"53 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75892170","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-20DOI: 10.7225/toms.v11.n01.w06
Umut Taç
The increasing attention to the improvement and continuous enhancement of navigational safety has led to a high standard of navigation systems and the introduction of new technologies. Although several conventions, recommendations, guidelines, and performance standards for navigational equipment are set out by the International Maritime Organization (IMO), unexpected defects on this equipment may still occur on board. Any defect on this equipment may cause both accidents and commercial loss. This paper presented A fuzzy Decision-Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory (DEMATEL) technique to assess factors that may cause navigational equipment defects, considering the academic and industrial gaps. Five homogeneous experts were asked to evaluate the relationship among the factors with respect to the linguistic scale. After the factors were ascertained and evaluated, preventive measures for most important factors were recommended in the view of experts’ opinions in order to minimize and avoid their effect. The findings of the study will contribute to understanding the causes of navigational equipment defects and provide a basis for the continuous safety process of the ship’s bridge operations in a comprehensive aspect.
{"title":"Fuzzy DEMATEL Approach to Assess Factors Leading to Navigational Equipment Defect","authors":"Umut Taç","doi":"10.7225/toms.v11.n01.w06","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7225/toms.v11.n01.w06","url":null,"abstract":"The increasing attention to the improvement and continuous enhancement of navigational safety has led to a high standard of navigation systems and the introduction of new technologies. Although several conventions, recommendations, guidelines, and performance standards for navigational equipment are set out by the International Maritime Organization (IMO), unexpected defects on this equipment may still occur on board. Any defect on this equipment may cause both accidents and commercial loss. This paper presented A fuzzy Decision-Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory (DEMATEL) technique to assess factors that may cause navigational equipment defects, considering the academic and industrial gaps. Five homogeneous experts were asked to evaluate the relationship among the factors with respect to the linguistic scale. After the factors were ascertained and evaluated, preventive measures for most important factors were recommended in the view of experts’ opinions in order to minimize and avoid their effect. The findings of the study will contribute to understanding the causes of navigational equipment defects and provide a basis for the continuous safety process of the ship’s bridge operations in a comprehensive aspect.\u0000 ","PeriodicalId":42576,"journal":{"name":"Transactions on Maritime Science-ToMS","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81400204","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-20DOI: 10.7225/toms.v11.n01.008
A. Kortsari, L. Mitropoulos, Trine Heinemann, H. Mikkelsen, G. Aifadopoulou
Europe is an extremely ferry-intensive area, with two main markets – the Northern Europe and the Baltic, and the Mediterranean; while EU ferries account for 35% of the world fleet. This research presents the E-ferry, the first pure electric ferry for medium range routes and likely the largest battery pack ever installed in an electric vessel, and evaluates its economic performance compared to an electric-diesel and a diesel vessel. Three E-ferry schemes are used in the evaluation: E-ferry prototype, E-ferry prototype excluding the development costs, and Series 3 E-ferry, for which we assume an increased production level. The evaluation focuses on the construction and operation costs of the vessels by utilizing real-world data that were collected during the evaluation period of the E-ferry, and complemented with data provided by the ferry operator. The evaluation shows that while the E-ferry construction cost is higher compared to the other two technologies, it contributes significantly to energy demand reduction. The E-ferry achieves cost parity with the diesel-based engine vessels between 5.2 and 3.6 years when considering different E-ferry and energy schemes, showing the potential to promote sustainable ferry operations in short and medium range ferry connections.
{"title":"Evaluating the Economic Performance of a Pure Electric and Diesel Vessel: The Case of E-ferry in Denmark","authors":"A. Kortsari, L. Mitropoulos, Trine Heinemann, H. Mikkelsen, G. Aifadopoulou","doi":"10.7225/toms.v11.n01.008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7225/toms.v11.n01.008","url":null,"abstract":"Europe is an extremely ferry-intensive area, with two main markets – the Northern Europe and the Baltic, and the Mediterranean; while EU ferries account for 35% of the world fleet. This research presents the E-ferry, the first pure electric ferry for medium range routes and likely the largest battery pack ever installed in an electric vessel, and evaluates its economic performance compared to an electric-diesel and a diesel vessel. Three E-ferry schemes are used in the evaluation: E-ferry prototype, E-ferry prototype excluding the development costs, and Series 3 E-ferry, for which we assume an increased production level. The evaluation focuses on the construction and operation costs of the vessels by utilizing real-world data that were collected during the evaluation period of the E-ferry, and complemented with data provided by the ferry operator. The evaluation shows that while the E-ferry construction cost is higher compared to the other two technologies, it contributes significantly to energy demand reduction. The E-ferry achieves cost parity with the diesel-based engine vessels between 5.2 and 3.6 years when considering different E-ferry and energy schemes, showing the potential to promote sustainable ferry operations in short and medium range ferry connections.","PeriodicalId":42576,"journal":{"name":"Transactions on Maritime Science-ToMS","volume":"86 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77462825","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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