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Continuity and Transformation of Rural Communal Temples in Vietnam: A Case Study of Tân Chánh Village, Long An Province 越南农村公共寺庙的延续与转型——以龙安省t<s:1> n Chánh村为例
IF 0.3 Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2021-07-30 DOI: 10.21315/ijaps2021.17.2.10
Thi Phuong Ngo, Ngoc Tho Nguyen
Vietnamese communal temples (đình làng) were primarily established with two functions: (1) as a state-patronised institution to organise and control the village politically and culturally and (2) as a place of worship of village deities and meritorious predecessors. Both functions interact and complement each other – in many cases, the second serves as both a “means” and “technique” to deploy the first. However, nowadays the administrative role is no longer available; instead, the spiritual aspects are on the rise as a response to the increasing interaction of Buddhism, Caodaism, and folk beliefs as well as the impact of economic development and urban migration. Village elders learn to organise the temple into a communal socio-cultural institution, whereby cross-village temples have formed a cultural nexus of “power”. This study finds that while several transformed into the form of “temple of heroes”, Tân Chánh temple has been mobilised and transformed into a civic “religious and socio-cultural centre” at the grassroots level. The socio-economic background of the area has caused such transformation. While the practical demand for communication and emotional exchanges among village members vividly ensures the continuity of the temple’s tradition, the loss of direct state control paves the way for its transformation. Both continuity and transformation govern the current religious activities of Tân Chánh temple but there is always a challenge to compromise and integrate these two directions. However, the remaining function of god worship by which rituals are performed as “cultural agents” still binds the villagers together and gives them access to crossing boundaries.
越南的公共寺庙(đình làng)主要有两个功能:(1)作为国家资助的机构,在政治和文化上组织和控制村庄;(2)作为崇拜村庄神灵和功勋前辈的地方。这两个功能相互作用并相互补充——在许多情况下,第二个功能既是部署第一个功能的“手段”又是“技术”。然而,如今行政角色不再可用;相反,由于佛教、佛教和民间信仰之间的互动日益频繁,以及经济发展和城市移民的影响,精神方面的影响正在上升。村里的长老学会将寺庙组织成一个公共的社会文化机构,由此跨村的寺庙形成了一种“权力”的文化联系。本研究发现,虽然有几座寺庙转型为“英雄庙”的形式,但仍有一座庙在基层动员起来,转型为公民的“宗教和社会文化中心”。该地区的社会经济背景造成了这种转变。村民之间沟通和情感交流的实际需求生动地保证了寺庙传统的延续,而国家直接控制的丧失为其转型铺平了道路。传承与变革是 n Chánh寺当前宗教活动的主攻方向,但如何将这两个方向折衷、融合始终是一个挑战。然而,作为“文化媒介”进行仪式的神崇拜的剩余功能仍然将村民联系在一起,并使他们能够跨越边界。
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引用次数: 1
A retrospective on the Asia-Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage 回顾亚太地区水下文化遗产会议
IF 0.3 Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2021-07-30 DOI: 10.21315/ijaps2021.17.2.7
Michelle M. Damian
November 8th to 12th, 2011, marked the first targeted gathering of people involved in researching, managing, and developing underwater cultural heritage (UCH) in the Asia-Pacific region. Since then, the Asia-Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage (APCONF) has been convened every three years, providing a unique opportunity to bring together members of government agencies, universities, non-governmental organisations (NGOs), intergovernmental organisations (IGOs), museums, the private sector, and the wider community. Participants from over 35 countries have attended the conference, making it a truly international endeavour. The APCONF was created in part to promote awareness of UCH on a wider scale. As such, one of the primary directives of the inaugural conference was to ensure that all papers presented would be recorded in full in the official conference proceedings, so as to establish an ongoing archive of the critical work being done in this region. This article will examine the wider benefits of creating this regional network through the APCONF, arguing that it provides an important venue for face-to-face networking that can lead to additional collaborations, and contributes to the understanding of how the conference may evolve in the future. The fact that the APCONF is not tied to a specific membership base provides not only unusual flexibility but also financial and infrastructural unsurety. The conference is organised by a group of dedicated volunteers and funded almost entirely by donations. As we stop to consider the first decade of the APCONF’s achievements, we also need to determine the best ways to ensure its sustainable future success.
2011年11月8日至12日,亚太地区水下文化遗产(UCH)的研究、管理和开发人员首次有针对性地聚集在一起。从那时起,亚太地区水下文化遗产会议(APCONF)每三年召开一次,为政府机构、大学、非政府组织(ngo)、政府间组织(igo)、博物馆、私营部门和更广泛的社区成员提供了一个独特的机会。来自35个国家的代表出席了会议,使其成为一项真正的国际努力。APCONF的成立部分是为了在更大范围内促进对联合教育的认识。因此,首次会议的主要指示之一是确保将提交的所有文件全部记录在正式的会议记录中,以便建立一个关于本区域正在进行的重要工作的持续档案。本文将探讨通过APCONF创建该区域网络的更广泛的好处,认为它为面对面的网络提供了一个重要的场所,可以带来更多的合作,并有助于了解会议未来的发展方向。事实上,APCONF并不局限于特定的成员基础,这不仅提供了不同寻常的灵活性,也带来了财务和基础设施方面的不确定性。会议由一群热心的志愿者组织,资金几乎全部来自捐赠。在回顾亚太经合组织会议第一个十年的成就时,我们还需要确定确保其未来可持续成功的最佳途径。
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引用次数: 0
People and the Sea: A Values Perspective in the Conservation Management of Maritime Heritage in the Philippines 人与海:菲律宾海洋遗产保护管理的价值视角
IF 0.3 Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2021-07-30 DOI: 10.21315/ijaps2021.17.2.3
K. Lim, B. C. Orillaneda, C. King
As demonstrated in archaeology, underwater cultural heritage (UCH) has provided significant contributions towards the understanding of heritage connections across the globe. However, the development of the discipline in the Philippines has also been hampered by confusing legalities, treasure hunting activities, and financial constraints that diminish the influence of its impact and potential reach. More so, the effects of natural hazards, climate change, and other human activities on UCH have not yet been fully documented, making it more susceptible to potential threats and destruction. The COVID-19 pandemic makes archaeological campaigns and monitoring even more difficult. These considerations make Philippine UCH vulnerable and raise questions whether its contribution will still be relevant for the present and future generations. This article provides a status update of underwater archaeological activities and synthesises the challenges of managing UCH in the Philippines in the past 40 years. It outlines the practices, partnerships, and transitions made by various stakeholders in response to the growing discipline and community interest. This article problematises the value ascription of these stakeholders to UCH as seen in conventional arrangements, development of policies, and bureaucratic set-ups. The applicability of the values-led theory and the people-centred management model is examined given the traditional valuing of UCH that is material or fabric-based. The gaps pointed here are opportunities to build a shared stewardship view that connects UCH in the entirety of people and the sea wellbeing.
正如考古学所证明的那样,水下文化遗产(UCH)为理解全球遗产之间的联系做出了重大贡献。然而,该学科在菲律宾的发展也受到法律混乱、寻宝活动和财政限制的阻碍,这些限制削弱了其影响和潜在范围的影响。更重要的是,自然灾害、气候变化和其他人类活动对UCH的影响尚未得到充分的记录,使其更容易受到潜在的威胁和破坏。COVID-19大流行使考古活动和监测变得更加困难。这些考虑使菲律宾联合利华易受伤害,并提出疑问,它的贡献是否仍然与今世后代有关。本文提供了水下考古活动的现状更新,并综合了过去40年来菲律宾管理水下考古的挑战。它概述了各种利益相关者为响应不断增长的纪律和社区利益而做出的实践、伙伴关系和转变。本文提出了这些利益相关者在传统安排、政策制定和官僚机构设置中对UCH的价值归属问题。考虑到以材料或织物为基础的传统价值,审查了价值主导理论和以人为中心的管理模式的适用性。这里指出的差距是建立一个共同的管理观点的机会,将人类和海洋的整体健康联系起来。
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引用次数: 1
Underwater Cultural Heritage in the Pacific: Themes and Future Directions 太平洋水下文化遗产:主题与未来方向
IF 0.3 Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2021-07-30 DOI: 10.21315/ijaps2021.17.2.6
Bill Jeffery, Jennifer F. McKinnon, H. V. Van Tilburg
This article focuses on the underwater cultural heritage (UCH) located across the Pacific Ocean by sampling three temporal themes: living heritage and traditional indigenous cultural heritage, the global connections of the Manila Galleon trade, and the modern warfare of World War II (WWII). Many of the traditional cultural practices (living heritage) and tangible cultural heritage related to indigenous people of the Pacific are coastal and sea related. Their world encompasses the sea, which was not seen as a barrier as but a much-used connection to people occupying the thousands of islands. The Pacific contains an extensive maritime cultural heritage, including UCH, which reflects the cultural identity of people living in the region. From the 16th to 18th centuries, the Spanish Empire prospered through an elaborate Asia-Pacific trade network. The Manila Galleon trade between Manila, Philippines, and Acapulco, Mexico, connected into the existing Atlantic trade transporting commodities such as porcelain, silver, spices and textiles from Asia to the Americas and Spain. Of the 400 known voyages between 1565 and 1815, approximately 59 shipwrecks occurred, of which only a handful of galleons have been investigated. The scale of WWII heritage in the Pacific region reflects the intensity and impacts of global conflicts fought across the world’s largest ocean. Associated UCH includes near shore defensive infrastructure, landing and amphibious assault craft, submerged aircraft, and a wide range of ships and submarines, auxiliary, combatant and non-military casualties alike. Twentieth century warfare involved massive losses of material. The legacy of submerged battlefields in the Pacific is complex. Interest is high in the discovery of naval UCH, but critical aspects are often intertwined. Archaeology, history, reuse, memorialisation (gravesites), tourism, unexploded ordnance, environmental threat (fuel oil), ownership and salvage all shape what we can learn from this resource.
本文通过三个时间主题:活的遗产和传统的土著文化遗产、马尼拉大帆船贸易的全球联系以及第二次世界大战的现代战争,重点关注太平洋上的水下文化遗产(UCH)。与太平洋土著人民有关的许多传统文化习俗(活遗产)和有形文化遗产都与沿海和海洋有关。他们的世界围绕着大海,大海不被视为一个屏障,而是一个经常被用来连接居住在数千个岛屿上的人们的纽带。太平洋蕴藏着广泛的海洋文化遗产,其中包括联合国教科文组织,这反映了生活在该地区的人们的文化认同。从16世纪到18世纪,西班牙帝国通过一个复杂的亚太贸易网络繁荣起来。菲律宾马尼拉和墨西哥阿卡普尔科之间的马尼拉大帆船贸易,连接了现有的大西洋贸易,将瓷器、白银、香料和纺织品等商品从亚洲运往美洲和西班牙。在1565年至1815年间已知的400次航行中,大约发生了59起沉船事故,其中只有少数几艘大帆船被调查过。太平洋地区二战遗产的规模反映了世界上最大的大洋彼岸发生的全球冲突的强度和影响。相关的UCH包括近岸防御基础设施、登陆艇和两栖攻击艇、水下飞机,以及各种舰艇和潜艇、辅助、战斗人员和非军事人员伤亡。20世纪的战争造成了大量的物资损失。太平洋水下战场的遗产是复杂的。人们对发现海军无人潜航器的兴趣很高,但关键方面往往是相互交织的。考古、历史、再利用、纪念(墓地)、旅游、未爆弹药、环境威胁(燃料油)、所有权和打捞,这些都决定了我们可以从这一资源中学到什么。
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引用次数: 4
Unruly Puppets: Producing the Urban Poor in a Bangladeshi Television Idol Competition 不守规矩的木偶:在孟加拉国电视偶像比赛中制作城市贫民
IF 0.3 Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2021-07-30 DOI: 10.21315/ijaps2021.17.2.8
Din M. Sumon Rahman
Magic Tin Chakar Taroka (Magic Three-Wheeler Star) or Tin Chaka (Three- Wheeler) is a reality competition to find music talent exclusively from the urban poor of Dhaka city. This programme was shown on Bangladeshi satellite television in 2008. The present article is an ethnographic exploration of the Tin Chaka event which demonstrates how the cultural identity of the urban poor in Dhaka has been performed by the production of ordinary celebrities in the visual media. In doing so, a combination of on-screen and off-screen observations were undertaken for a period of six months which was complemented by semiological interpretation of adverts, jingles and other visual materials. In this article, I argue that, despite its admirable inclusivity and thereby remarkably instant acceptance by the audience, the reason behind the discontinuation of Tin Chaka in following years lies in the inscriptions of the show as a charitable undertaking, an act which has often been performed in the reality television programmes in the name of “democratisation”.
Magic Tin Chakar Taroka (Magic Three-Wheeler Star)或Tin Chaka (Three- Wheeler)是一个现实竞争,专门从达卡市的城市穷人中寻找音乐人才。该节目于2008年在孟加拉国卫星电视台播出。本文是对Tin Chaka事件的民族志探索,它展示了达卡城市贫民的文化认同是如何通过视觉媒体中普通名人的制作来表现的。在此过程中,在为期六个月的时间里,对屏幕上和屏幕外的观察进行了结合,并辅以对广告、广告歌和其他视觉材料的符号学解释。在这篇文章中,我认为,尽管它令人钦佩的包容性,并因此得到了观众的迅速接受,但在接下来的几年里,《天查卡》停播的原因在于,该节目被列为慈善事业,这是一种经常在真人秀节目中以“民主化”的名义进行的行为。
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引用次数: 0
Underwater Cultural Heritage in Asia Pacific and the UNESCO Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage 亚太地区水下文化遗产及联合国教科文组织《保护水下文化遗产公约》
IF 0.3 Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2021-07-30 DOI: 10.21315/ijaps2021.17.2.2
Chihiro Nishikawa
Underwater cultural heritage (UCH) is a precious part of humanity’s shared history and heritage as it provides vital evidence and information about the interaction of humans with oceans, lakes and rivers. The Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage was adopted by the General Conference of UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) in 2001 to protect this heritage which has become significantly vulnerable to threats such as pillaging, commercial exploitation and the development of the seabed with the evolution of marine technology in the latter half of the 20th century. The Convention celebrates its 20th anniversary in 2021 and has been ratified by 68 countries. Its annex, which provides rules about the activities directed at UCH, has become a major reference and is recognised as the established scientific standard for underwater archaeology and research today. Despite the growing recognition and application by the international community, the Convention has been ratified only by four countries in the Asia-Pacific region. Many underwater sites and shipwrecks have been commercially salvaged, particularly in Southeast Asia, and numerous artefacts recovered from the sites were often put up for auction, leading to irrevocable damage and loss of this valuable cultural heritage to future generations. This article as one of the themed articles dedicated to the UCH in Asia Pacific argues the roles of the Convention and the challenges and opportunities for the protection of UCH particularly in Southeast Asia. UCH contributes to the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals and can play an important role in sustainable community and economic development. Its values and importance deserve to be widely recognised and advocated. Efforts for safeguarding cultural heritage in Asia Pacific needs to be pursued and enhanced through joining the 2001 Convention and with international support and cooperation.
水下文化遗产(过去)是一个宝贵的人类的共同的历史和遗产的一部分,它提供了重要的证据和信息交互的人类与海洋、湖泊和河流。联合国教科文组织大会于2001年通过了《保护水下文化遗产公约》,以保护这一遗产。随着20世纪下半叶海洋技术的发展,水下文化遗产极易受到掠夺、商业开发和海底开发等威胁。2021年是《公约》通过20周年,目前已有68个国家批准。《公约》的附件规定了针对水下考古的活动规则,已成为重要的参考资料,并被公认为当今水下考古和研究的既定科学标准。尽管国际社会日益承认和适用《公约》,但亚太地区只有四个国家批准了《公约》。特别是在东南亚,许多水下遗址和沉船已被商业打捞,从这些遗址中发现的许多文物经常被拍卖,导致不可挽回的损害,并给子孙后代带来宝贵的文化遗产的损失。本文是亚太地区《公约》的主题文章之一,论述了《公约》的作用以及保护《公约》的挑战和机遇,特别是在东南亚。联合国儿童基金会有助于实现可持续发展目标,并可在可持续社区和经济发展中发挥重要作用。它的价值和重要性值得广泛认可和提倡。亚太地区的文化遗产保护工作需要通过加入《2001年公约》,并在国际社会的支持与合作下继续推进和加强。
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引用次数: 2
Underwater Cultural Heritage in Asia Pacific: Introduction 亚太地区水下文化遗产简介
IF 0.3 Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2021-07-30 DOI: 10.21315/ijaps2021.17.2.1
Bill Jeffery, Chihiro Nishikawa
This 2021 themed issue of the International Journal of Asia Pacific Studies explores a diverse heritage of humanity found throughout the Asia-Pacific region – its “Underwater Cultural Heritage” (UCH). The study of UCH dates from the 1960s through the pioneering effort of Dr. George Bass and his work in the Mediterranean. Sadly Dr. Bass passed away in March 2021, but his legacy lives on in all of us who work in this field and in the community who benefit from the knowledge that he inspired to be revealed.
本期《国际亚太研究杂志》2021年主题探讨了亚太地区发现的人类多样性遗产——“水下文化遗产”(UCH)。对UCH的研究可以追溯到20世纪60年代,通过George Bass博士的开创性努力和他在地中海的工作。遗憾的是,巴斯博士于2021年3月去世,但他的遗产将继续存在于我们所有在这一领域工作的人以及从他启发的知识中受益的社区。
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引用次数: 0
Management of the Phanom-Surin Archaeological Site in Thailand: Concept, Policies and Practices 泰国phanm - surin考古遗址的管理:理念、政策与实践
IF 0.3 Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2021-07-30 DOI: 10.21315/ijaps2021.17.2.4
Abhirada Komoot
The Phanom-Surin (PNS) archaeological site contains the remains of a sewn-plank vessel that is dated to the 9th century CE and discovered in Thailand’s mangrove swamp. As the only accessible sewn-plank vessel archaeology in the world, it provides research opportunities and potential for collaboration between heritage stakeholders. Preservation of the site within its context is crucial. Throughout this article, I will explain the importance of the PNS site management and its context based on my experience. The fuller understanding of the PNS site relies much on the information to be extracted from the materials and contexts. This article therefore encourages the preservation and management of the site within the original context. There are several relevant international guidelines for heritage and environmental management, such as the World Heritage Operational Guidelines, the Annex of the UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) 2001 Convention and the technical Ramsar Convention, all of which can help develop domestic framework and practices. This article aims to draw public and government attention towards the PNS site, and discusses concepts, policies and practices relating to the site.
phanm - surin (PNS)考古遗址中有一艘缝板船的残骸,可以追溯到公元9世纪,是在泰国的红树林沼泽中发现的。作为世界上唯一可访问的缝板船考古,它为遗产利益相关者之间的合作提供了研究机会和潜力。在其背景下保护该遗址是至关重要的。在本文中,我将根据我的经验解释PNS站点管理的重要性及其上下文。对PNS站点的更全面的理解在很大程度上依赖于从材料和上下文中提取的信息。因此,本文鼓励在原始背景下保护和管理该遗址。有关遗产和环境管理的一些国际准则,如《世界遗产操作准则》、《联合国教科文组织2001年公约》附件和技术性的《拉姆萨尔公约》,都有助于制定国内框架和实践。本文旨在引起公众和政府对PNS站点的关注,并讨论与该站点相关的概念、政策和实践。
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引用次数: 2
Revealing a Maritime Cultural Landscape of Hong Kong: The Sai Kung Case Study 揭示香港海洋文化景观:西贡个案研究
IF 0.3 Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2021-07-30 DOI: 10.21315/ijaps2021.17.2.5
Bill Jeffery, Joyce Ho-ching Kam
Hong Kong island is located in Southern China at the mouth of the Pearl River. Its coastal location down river from the significant port-city of Guangzhou (formerly Canton), is strategically located in the trade route known as the Maritime Silk Road, the 2,000-year-old trade between China, Southeast Asia, India and Arabia. It was because of this trade that the waters and islands at the Pearl River mouth were frequented by many nations, and where the Portuguese had their port-city, Macau from 1557, and the British were based on Hong Kong island from 1842. Over the next 60 years, the British leased further surrounding territories and the arrangement eventually led to the establishment of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, hereafter called the Hong Kong region. A significant maritime cultural landscape was built up, which included sites from earlier periods. An example of this maritime cultural landscape can be seen in the Sai Kung (eastern) district of the Hong Kong region. Many ships travelled along this coastline between the northern China ports and Guangzhou, and a number of coastal facilities were established. Beginning in 2009, a group of Hong Kong residents (Hong Kong Underwater Heritage Group) implemented a series of maritime archaeological projects in the Sai Kung district in collaboration with the Hong Kong Maritime Museum (HKMM). The results of this work can be seen in three maritime archaeology survey and excavation projects implemented from 2014 to 2017, including the discovery of a 1,000-year-old underwater cultural heritage (UCH) site. They complement the many coastal cultural heritage in the Sai Kung district to reveal its maritime cultural landscape.
香港岛位于中国南部珠江入海口。它位于重要港口城市广州(以前的广州)下游的沿海地区,战略性地位于被称为海上丝绸之路的贸易路线上,这是中国、东南亚、印度和阿拉伯之间2000年的贸易路线。正是由于这种贸易,珠江口的水域和岛屿经常受到许多国家的光顾,葡萄牙人从1557年开始在这里建立港口城市澳门,英国人从1842年开始在香港岛建立基地。在接下来的60年里,英国进一步租赁了周边领土,这一安排最终导致了香港特别行政区的成立,以下简称香港地区。建立了一个重要的海洋文化景观,其中包括早期的遗址。这种海洋文化景观的一个例子可以在香港地区的西贡(东部)地区看到。许多船只沿着这条海岸线往来于中国北方港口和广州,并建立了许多沿海设施。由2009年开始,一个由香港居民组成的团体(香港水下文物小组)与香港海事博物馆合作,在西贡区进行了一系列海上考古项目。这项工作的成果可以从2014年至2017年实施的三个海洋考古调查和挖掘项目中看到,其中包括发现了一个具有1000年历史的水下文化遗产(UCH)遗址。它们与西贡区众多的海岸文化遗产相辅相成,展现了该区的海洋文化景观。
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引用次数: 0
Exploring Malaysian Undergraduates’ Decision-Making Patterns in Different Situational Contexts 马来西亚大学生在不同情境下的决策模式研究
IF 0.3 Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2021-07-30 DOI: 10.21315/ijaps2021.17.2.9
Khazriyati Salehuddin
Decisions are made all the time. While the decisions that humans make should ideally be objective decisions, almost all the time the decisions that are made are influenced by many overlapping factors that vary from one situation to another. This includes decision maker’s environment, their past experiences, cognitive biases, individual differences and belief in personal relevance. Past studies have shown that the decisions that individuals make can be linked to their social behaviours and/ or socio-economic status. Hence, the current study aims to explore the decision-making patterns of a group of Malay-English bilingual Malaysian undergraduates (n = 128) based on the decisions that they made when reading 48 situational statements that are either in Malay (24 statements) or English (24 statements). Sixty-six of these bilinguals were from the low-income group whereas the remaining 62 were from the high-income group. To explore their social behaviour, the situational statements were presented to them in three different themes, namely, “Dictatorship”, “Jealousy” and “Charity”, each with three different options for them to choose from. The statements were also presented with or without the inclusion of a Malay or a Western cultural element. Results show different decision-making patterns in the three different themes. However, although past studies showed that income group, language proficiency and the language used in which the studies are conducted play a role in decision-making, neither of these had significant impact on the decisions that the respondents of the current study made. The findings from the current study suggest that there may be other factors that shaped the decision-making patterns of Malaysian undergraduates today.
决定一直都在做。虽然人类做出的决定在理想情况下应该是客观的,但几乎所有的决定都受到许多重叠因素的影响,这些因素因情况而异。这包括决策者所处的环境、他们过去的经历、认知偏见、个体差异和对个人相关性的信念。过去的研究表明,个人做出的决定可能与他们的社会行为和/或社会经济地位有关。因此,本研究旨在探讨一组马来-英语双语的马来西亚本科生(n = 128)在阅读48个马来语(24个语句)或英语(24个语句)情景语句时所做的决策模式。这些双语者中有66人来自低收入群体,而其余62人来自高收入群体。为了探索他们的社会行为,情境陈述以三个不同的主题呈现给他们,即“独裁”、“嫉妒”和“慈善”,每个主题有三个不同的选项供他们选择。这些声明也有包含或不包含马来人或西方文化因素的。结果表明,三种不同主题下的决策模式不同。然而,尽管过去的研究表明,收入群体、语言熟练程度和研究中使用的语言在决策中发挥了作用,但这些因素对当前研究的受访者所做的决策都没有显著影响。目前的研究结果表明,可能还有其他因素影响了今天马来西亚大学生的决策模式。
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引用次数: 0
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International Journal of Asia Pacific Studies
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