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Underwater Cultural Heritage in the Pacific: Themes and Future Directions 太平洋水下文化遗产:主题与未来方向
IF 0.3 Q2 SOCIAL SCIENCES, INTERDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2021-07-30 DOI: 10.21315/ijaps2021.17.2.6
Bill Jeffery, Jennifer F. McKinnon, H. V. Van Tilburg
This article focuses on the underwater cultural heritage (UCH) located across the Pacific Ocean by sampling three temporal themes: living heritage and traditional indigenous cultural heritage, the global connections of the Manila Galleon trade, and the modern warfare of World War II (WWII). Many of the traditional cultural practices (living heritage) and tangible cultural heritage related to indigenous people of the Pacific are coastal and sea related. Their world encompasses the sea, which was not seen as a barrier as but a much-used connection to people occupying the thousands of islands. The Pacific contains an extensive maritime cultural heritage, including UCH, which reflects the cultural identity of people living in the region. From the 16th to 18th centuries, the Spanish Empire prospered through an elaborate Asia-Pacific trade network. The Manila Galleon trade between Manila, Philippines, and Acapulco, Mexico, connected into the existing Atlantic trade transporting commodities such as porcelain, silver, spices and textiles from Asia to the Americas and Spain. Of the 400 known voyages between 1565 and 1815, approximately 59 shipwrecks occurred, of which only a handful of galleons have been investigated. The scale of WWII heritage in the Pacific region reflects the intensity and impacts of global conflicts fought across the world’s largest ocean. Associated UCH includes near shore defensive infrastructure, landing and amphibious assault craft, submerged aircraft, and a wide range of ships and submarines, auxiliary, combatant and non-military casualties alike. Twentieth century warfare involved massive losses of material. The legacy of submerged battlefields in the Pacific is complex. Interest is high in the discovery of naval UCH, but critical aspects are often intertwined. Archaeology, history, reuse, memorialisation (gravesites), tourism, unexploded ordnance, environmental threat (fuel oil), ownership and salvage all shape what we can learn from this resource.
本文通过三个时间主题:活的遗产和传统的土著文化遗产、马尼拉大帆船贸易的全球联系以及第二次世界大战的现代战争,重点关注太平洋上的水下文化遗产(UCH)。与太平洋土著人民有关的许多传统文化习俗(活遗产)和有形文化遗产都与沿海和海洋有关。他们的世界围绕着大海,大海不被视为一个屏障,而是一个经常被用来连接居住在数千个岛屿上的人们的纽带。太平洋蕴藏着广泛的海洋文化遗产,其中包括联合国教科文组织,这反映了生活在该地区的人们的文化认同。从16世纪到18世纪,西班牙帝国通过一个复杂的亚太贸易网络繁荣起来。菲律宾马尼拉和墨西哥阿卡普尔科之间的马尼拉大帆船贸易,连接了现有的大西洋贸易,将瓷器、白银、香料和纺织品等商品从亚洲运往美洲和西班牙。在1565年至1815年间已知的400次航行中,大约发生了59起沉船事故,其中只有少数几艘大帆船被调查过。太平洋地区二战遗产的规模反映了世界上最大的大洋彼岸发生的全球冲突的强度和影响。相关的UCH包括近岸防御基础设施、登陆艇和两栖攻击艇、水下飞机,以及各种舰艇和潜艇、辅助、战斗人员和非军事人员伤亡。20世纪的战争造成了大量的物资损失。太平洋水下战场的遗产是复杂的。人们对发现海军无人潜航器的兴趣很高,但关键方面往往是相互交织的。考古、历史、再利用、纪念(墓地)、旅游、未爆弹药、环境威胁(燃料油)、所有权和打捞,这些都决定了我们可以从这一资源中学到什么。
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引用次数: 4
Underwater Cultural Heritage in Asia Pacific and the UNESCO Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage 亚太地区水下文化遗产及联合国教科文组织《保护水下文化遗产公约》
IF 0.3 Q2 SOCIAL SCIENCES, INTERDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2021-07-30 DOI: 10.21315/ijaps2021.17.2.2
Chihiro Nishikawa
Underwater cultural heritage (UCH) is a precious part of humanity’s shared history and heritage as it provides vital evidence and information about the interaction of humans with oceans, lakes and rivers. The Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage was adopted by the General Conference of UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) in 2001 to protect this heritage which has become significantly vulnerable to threats such as pillaging, commercial exploitation and the development of the seabed with the evolution of marine technology in the latter half of the 20th century. The Convention celebrates its 20th anniversary in 2021 and has been ratified by 68 countries. Its annex, which provides rules about the activities directed at UCH, has become a major reference and is recognised as the established scientific standard for underwater archaeology and research today. Despite the growing recognition and application by the international community, the Convention has been ratified only by four countries in the Asia-Pacific region. Many underwater sites and shipwrecks have been commercially salvaged, particularly in Southeast Asia, and numerous artefacts recovered from the sites were often put up for auction, leading to irrevocable damage and loss of this valuable cultural heritage to future generations. This article as one of the themed articles dedicated to the UCH in Asia Pacific argues the roles of the Convention and the challenges and opportunities for the protection of UCH particularly in Southeast Asia. UCH contributes to the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals and can play an important role in sustainable community and economic development. Its values and importance deserve to be widely recognised and advocated. Efforts for safeguarding cultural heritage in Asia Pacific needs to be pursued and enhanced through joining the 2001 Convention and with international support and cooperation.
水下文化遗产(过去)是一个宝贵的人类的共同的历史和遗产的一部分,它提供了重要的证据和信息交互的人类与海洋、湖泊和河流。联合国教科文组织大会于2001年通过了《保护水下文化遗产公约》,以保护这一遗产。随着20世纪下半叶海洋技术的发展,水下文化遗产极易受到掠夺、商业开发和海底开发等威胁。2021年是《公约》通过20周年,目前已有68个国家批准。《公约》的附件规定了针对水下考古的活动规则,已成为重要的参考资料,并被公认为当今水下考古和研究的既定科学标准。尽管国际社会日益承认和适用《公约》,但亚太地区只有四个国家批准了《公约》。特别是在东南亚,许多水下遗址和沉船已被商业打捞,从这些遗址中发现的许多文物经常被拍卖,导致不可挽回的损害,并给子孙后代带来宝贵的文化遗产的损失。本文是亚太地区《公约》的主题文章之一,论述了《公约》的作用以及保护《公约》的挑战和机遇,特别是在东南亚。联合国儿童基金会有助于实现可持续发展目标,并可在可持续社区和经济发展中发挥重要作用。它的价值和重要性值得广泛认可和提倡。亚太地区的文化遗产保护工作需要通过加入《2001年公约》,并在国际社会的支持与合作下继续推进和加强。
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引用次数: 2
Management of the Phanom-Surin Archaeological Site in Thailand: Concept, Policies and Practices 泰国phanm - surin考古遗址的管理:理念、政策与实践
IF 0.3 Q2 SOCIAL SCIENCES, INTERDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2021-07-30 DOI: 10.21315/ijaps2021.17.2.4
Abhirada Komoot
The Phanom-Surin (PNS) archaeological site contains the remains of a sewn-plank vessel that is dated to the 9th century CE and discovered in Thailand’s mangrove swamp. As the only accessible sewn-plank vessel archaeology in the world, it provides research opportunities and potential for collaboration between heritage stakeholders. Preservation of the site within its context is crucial. Throughout this article, I will explain the importance of the PNS site management and its context based on my experience. The fuller understanding of the PNS site relies much on the information to be extracted from the materials and contexts. This article therefore encourages the preservation and management of the site within the original context. There are several relevant international guidelines for heritage and environmental management, such as the World Heritage Operational Guidelines, the Annex of the UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) 2001 Convention and the technical Ramsar Convention, all of which can help develop domestic framework and practices. This article aims to draw public and government attention towards the PNS site, and discusses concepts, policies and practices relating to the site.
phanm - surin (PNS)考古遗址中有一艘缝板船的残骸,可以追溯到公元9世纪,是在泰国的红树林沼泽中发现的。作为世界上唯一可访问的缝板船考古,它为遗产利益相关者之间的合作提供了研究机会和潜力。在其背景下保护该遗址是至关重要的。在本文中,我将根据我的经验解释PNS站点管理的重要性及其上下文。对PNS站点的更全面的理解在很大程度上依赖于从材料和上下文中提取的信息。因此,本文鼓励在原始背景下保护和管理该遗址。有关遗产和环境管理的一些国际准则,如《世界遗产操作准则》、《联合国教科文组织2001年公约》附件和技术性的《拉姆萨尔公约》,都有助于制定国内框架和实践。本文旨在引起公众和政府对PNS站点的关注,并讨论与该站点相关的概念、政策和实践。
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引用次数: 2
Underwater Cultural Heritage in Asia Pacific: Introduction 亚太地区水下文化遗产简介
IF 0.3 Q2 SOCIAL SCIENCES, INTERDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2021-07-30 DOI: 10.21315/ijaps2021.17.2.1
Bill Jeffery, Chihiro Nishikawa
This 2021 themed issue of the International Journal of Asia Pacific Studies explores a diverse heritage of humanity found throughout the Asia-Pacific region – its “Underwater Cultural Heritage” (UCH). The study of UCH dates from the 1960s through the pioneering effort of Dr. George Bass and his work in the Mediterranean. Sadly Dr. Bass passed away in March 2021, but his legacy lives on in all of us who work in this field and in the community who benefit from the knowledge that he inspired to be revealed.
本期《国际亚太研究杂志》2021年主题探讨了亚太地区发现的人类多样性遗产——“水下文化遗产”(UCH)。对UCH的研究可以追溯到20世纪60年代,通过George Bass博士的开创性努力和他在地中海的工作。遗憾的是,巴斯博士于2021年3月去世,但他的遗产将继续存在于我们所有在这一领域工作的人以及从他启发的知识中受益的社区。
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引用次数: 0
Revealing a Maritime Cultural Landscape of Hong Kong: The Sai Kung Case Study 揭示香港海洋文化景观:西贡个案研究
IF 0.3 Q2 SOCIAL SCIENCES, INTERDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2021-07-30 DOI: 10.21315/ijaps2021.17.2.5
Bill Jeffery, Joyce Ho-ching Kam
Hong Kong island is located in Southern China at the mouth of the Pearl River. Its coastal location down river from the significant port-city of Guangzhou (formerly Canton), is strategically located in the trade route known as the Maritime Silk Road, the 2,000-year-old trade between China, Southeast Asia, India and Arabia. It was because of this trade that the waters and islands at the Pearl River mouth were frequented by many nations, and where the Portuguese had their port-city, Macau from 1557, and the British were based on Hong Kong island from 1842. Over the next 60 years, the British leased further surrounding territories and the arrangement eventually led to the establishment of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, hereafter called the Hong Kong region. A significant maritime cultural landscape was built up, which included sites from earlier periods. An example of this maritime cultural landscape can be seen in the Sai Kung (eastern) district of the Hong Kong region. Many ships travelled along this coastline between the northern China ports and Guangzhou, and a number of coastal facilities were established. Beginning in 2009, a group of Hong Kong residents (Hong Kong Underwater Heritage Group) implemented a series of maritime archaeological projects in the Sai Kung district in collaboration with the Hong Kong Maritime Museum (HKMM). The results of this work can be seen in three maritime archaeology survey and excavation projects implemented from 2014 to 2017, including the discovery of a 1,000-year-old underwater cultural heritage (UCH) site. They complement the many coastal cultural heritage in the Sai Kung district to reveal its maritime cultural landscape.
香港岛位于中国南部珠江入海口。它位于重要港口城市广州(以前的广州)下游的沿海地区,战略性地位于被称为海上丝绸之路的贸易路线上,这是中国、东南亚、印度和阿拉伯之间2000年的贸易路线。正是由于这种贸易,珠江口的水域和岛屿经常受到许多国家的光顾,葡萄牙人从1557年开始在这里建立港口城市澳门,英国人从1842年开始在香港岛建立基地。在接下来的60年里,英国进一步租赁了周边领土,这一安排最终导致了香港特别行政区的成立,以下简称香港地区。建立了一个重要的海洋文化景观,其中包括早期的遗址。这种海洋文化景观的一个例子可以在香港地区的西贡(东部)地区看到。许多船只沿着这条海岸线往来于中国北方港口和广州,并建立了许多沿海设施。由2009年开始,一个由香港居民组成的团体(香港水下文物小组)与香港海事博物馆合作,在西贡区进行了一系列海上考古项目。这项工作的成果可以从2014年至2017年实施的三个海洋考古调查和挖掘项目中看到,其中包括发现了一个具有1000年历史的水下文化遗产(UCH)遗址。它们与西贡区众多的海岸文化遗产相辅相成,展现了该区的海洋文化景观。
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引用次数: 0
Exploring Malaysian Undergraduates’ Decision-Making Patterns in Different Situational Contexts 马来西亚大学生在不同情境下的决策模式研究
IF 0.3 Q2 SOCIAL SCIENCES, INTERDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2021-07-30 DOI: 10.21315/ijaps2021.17.2.9
Khazriyati Salehuddin
Decisions are made all the time. While the decisions that humans make should ideally be objective decisions, almost all the time the decisions that are made are influenced by many overlapping factors that vary from one situation to another. This includes decision maker’s environment, their past experiences, cognitive biases, individual differences and belief in personal relevance. Past studies have shown that the decisions that individuals make can be linked to their social behaviours and/ or socio-economic status. Hence, the current study aims to explore the decision-making patterns of a group of Malay-English bilingual Malaysian undergraduates (n = 128) based on the decisions that they made when reading 48 situational statements that are either in Malay (24 statements) or English (24 statements). Sixty-six of these bilinguals were from the low-income group whereas the remaining 62 were from the high-income group. To explore their social behaviour, the situational statements were presented to them in three different themes, namely, “Dictatorship”, “Jealousy” and “Charity”, each with three different options for them to choose from. The statements were also presented with or without the inclusion of a Malay or a Western cultural element. Results show different decision-making patterns in the three different themes. However, although past studies showed that income group, language proficiency and the language used in which the studies are conducted play a role in decision-making, neither of these had significant impact on the decisions that the respondents of the current study made. The findings from the current study suggest that there may be other factors that shaped the decision-making patterns of Malaysian undergraduates today.
决定一直都在做。虽然人类做出的决定在理想情况下应该是客观的,但几乎所有的决定都受到许多重叠因素的影响,这些因素因情况而异。这包括决策者所处的环境、他们过去的经历、认知偏见、个体差异和对个人相关性的信念。过去的研究表明,个人做出的决定可能与他们的社会行为和/或社会经济地位有关。因此,本研究旨在探讨一组马来-英语双语的马来西亚本科生(n = 128)在阅读48个马来语(24个语句)或英语(24个语句)情景语句时所做的决策模式。这些双语者中有66人来自低收入群体,而其余62人来自高收入群体。为了探索他们的社会行为,情境陈述以三个不同的主题呈现给他们,即“独裁”、“嫉妒”和“慈善”,每个主题有三个不同的选项供他们选择。这些声明也有包含或不包含马来人或西方文化因素的。结果表明,三种不同主题下的决策模式不同。然而,尽管过去的研究表明,收入群体、语言熟练程度和研究中使用的语言在决策中发挥了作用,但这些因素对当前研究的受访者所做的决策都没有显著影响。目前的研究结果表明,可能还有其他因素影响了今天马来西亚大学生的决策模式。
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引用次数: 0
Budget Deliberation as Communicative Practice: The Case of a Rural Municipality in the Philippines 作为沟通实践的预算审议:以菲律宾一个农村自治市为例
IF 0.3 Q2 SOCIAL SCIENCES, INTERDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2021-07-30 DOI: 10.21315/ijaps2021.17.2.11
Louise S. Villanueva
This study explores how municipal council members communicate with each other during budget deliberations, and suggests ways in how they ought to communicate more effectively with each other. Guided by Grounded Practical Theory, the researcher has analysed the transcribed talks of the budget deliberations of a rural municipality in the Philippines from 2013 to 2016. Specifically, the researcher delves into three levels of budget deliberation as a communicative practice: (1) problem level or the dilemma that the municipal council members are presented within the conduct of the budget deliberations, (2) technical level or the “discourse moves” or strategies employed by the municipal council members to manage the dilemma and (3) philosophical level, which starts with “situated ideals” or the municipal council members’ belief as to how they “ought” to act in the communicative practice. Through the analysis of transcribed talks and semi-structured interviews, the researcher has identified three problems that municipal council members encounter during budget deliberations: (1) technicalities of the budget process and documents, (2) lack of information and (3) politics. To address these problems, municipal council members employ communicative strategies that could facilitate comprehension and/or consensus, stall, or fast-track the budget deliberation, namely: (1) code switch, (2) referral and deferral, (3) establishment of openness, assertion of competence, and making a plea, (4) clarification and suggestion, (5) repetition, (6) show of empathy for constituents, (7) sarcasm, (8) redirection and restriction, (9) silence and (10) termination. Except for sarcasmand silence, these communicative strategies are also used to achieve the situated ideal of duty-centered budget deliberation that places importance on respect and continuous dialogue. The reconstruction of budget deliberation as a communicative practice shows that despite communicative problems, the municipal council members employ communicative strategies to help them accomplish their duties. The results also allow for the reflection on improvements to the budget deliberations and its implications on governance.
本研究探讨了市议会成员在预算审议期间如何相互沟通,并提出了他们应该如何更有效地相互沟通的方法。在扎根实践理论的指导下,研究人员分析了菲律宾农村自治市2013年至2016年预算审议的转录谈话。具体而言,研究人员将预算审议作为一种交际实践,深入研究了三个层面:(1)问题层面或市议会议员在预算审议过程中面临的困境;(2)技术层面或市议会议员管理困境所采用的“话语动作”或策略;(3)哲学层面,从“情境理想”开始,或市议会议员对他们在交际实践中“应该”如何行动的信念。通过对谈话记录和半结构化访谈的分析,研究者确定了市议会成员在预算审议中遇到的三个问题:(1)预算程序和文件的技术性;(2)信息缺乏;(3)政治。为了解决这些问题,市议会成员采用沟通策略,以促进理解和/或达成共识,拖延或快速进行预算审议,即:(1)代码转换,(2)转递和推迟,(3)建立开放性,主张能力,并提出请求,(4)澄清和建议,(5)重复,(6)对选民表示同情,(7)讽刺,(8)重新定向和限制,(9)沉默和(10)终止。除了讽刺和沉默之外,这些沟通策略还用于实现以责任为中心的预算审议的情境理想,即重视尊重和持续对话。预算审议作为一种交际实践的重构表明,尽管存在交际问题,市议员仍采用交际策略来帮助他们完成职责。这些结果还允许对预算审议的改进及其对治理的影响进行反思。
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引用次数: 1
The Indigenous Australian knowledge traditions: New ways for old ceremonies – A case study of Aboriginal final mortuary ceremonial practices in the Northern Territory 澳大利亚土著知识传统:旧仪式的新方法-北领地土著最后殡葬仪式实践的案例研究
IF 0.3 Q2 SOCIAL SCIENCES, INTERDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2020-07-15 DOI: 10.21315/ijaps2020.16.2.2
L. Ford
– A case study of Aboriginal final ABSTRACT Readers are alerted that the paper refers to Indigenous people who have passed away. The paper presents a detailed case study of ceremonial knowledge frameworks using an Indigenous research methodology based on Mirrwana and Wurrkama philosophy. This approach to case study research ensures the preservation, interpretation and dissemination of ceremonial performances recorded in the Wagait and Daly regions of the Northern Territory of Australia. The research focused on the corpus of Rak Mak Mak Marranunggu ceremonial metadata and was centred on the final mortuary cultural and ceremonial practices of Wali and Wangga ceremonies; the Wangga ceremony is often accompanied by the Lirrga and Djanba ceremonies of the neighbouring regions. The final mortuary ceremonial practices and performances were recorded by a research team from Charles Darwin University in 2007 and 2009. Included in the corpus of metadata were written records made by early anthropologists and missionaries in the Wagait and Daly regions. The results of this approach to Indigenous research are now shared. The Indigenous knowledge about these ceremonies is kept stored safely in several readily accessible repositories whereby it is preserved, thereby extending the power of this knowledge for the benefit of Indigenous peoples and non-Indigenous peoples in Australia both now and into the future.
摘要读者注意到这篇文章提到的是已经去世的土著居民。本文采用基于米尔瓦纳和沃尔卡马哲学的土著研究方法,对仪式知识框架进行了详细的案例研究。这种案例研究方法确保了澳大利亚北领地瓦盖特和戴利地区记录的仪式表演的保存、解释和传播。研究的重点是拉麦麦麦马拉朗古仪式元数据的语料库,并集中在瓦里和旺加仪式的最后的太平间文化和仪式实践;Wangga仪式通常伴随着邻近地区的Lirrga和Djanba仪式。2007年和2009年,查尔斯达尔文大学的一个研究小组记录了最后的太平间仪式实践和表演。元数据语料库中包括早期人类学家和传教士在瓦盖特和戴利地区所做的书面记录。这种土著研究方法的结果现在得到了分享。关于这些仪式的土著知识被安全地保存在几个易于访问的资料库中,从而扩大了这些知识的力量,使澳大利亚的土著人民和非土著人民无论是现在还是将来都能从中受益。
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引用次数: 0
Marriage and ritual among the Ata Baolangu of Lembata, Eastern Indonesia: Meanings, practices and contexts 印度尼西亚东部Lembata的Ata Baolangu的婚姻和仪式:意义,实践和背景
IF 0.3 Q2 SOCIAL SCIENCES, INTERDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2020-07-15 DOI: 10.21315/ijaps2020.16.2.3
Justin L. Wejak
This paper explores the meanings, practices and contexts of marriage and ritual among the Ata Baolangu of Lembata, Eastern Indonesia. Using the methodology of qualitative field research conducted by interviewing local stakeholders and by both participation in, and observation of, local community life, the paper proposes that all of the marriage rituals are necessary to ensure a legitimate relationship between the two parties involved and that procreation is necessary to maintain and transform social relations between and within clans, and to create harmony between the two worlds – of the living and the dead. This proposition is explained throughout the paper by first examining the concepts of marriage and ritual, followed by analysis of the stages of the rites and their meanings. By including some further reflection beyond ethnological boundaries, the paper hopes to contribute to a broader understanding of, and discourse on, the theme of traditions and philosophies in Asia. An endeavour to preserve traditions of marriage and ritual are philosophically necessary for the future prosperity of family and society, social structure and relations, as well as to give a sense of meaning, belonging and identity.
本文探讨了印度尼西亚东部Lembata的Ata Baolangu的婚姻和仪式的意义,实践和背景。通过采访当地利益相关者,参与和观察当地社区生活,采用定性实地研究的方法,本文提出,所有的婚姻仪式都是必要的,以确保双方当事人之间的合法关系,生育是必要的,以维持和改变氏族之间和氏族内部的社会关系,并在生与死两个世界之间创造和谐。这一命题的解释贯穿全文,首先考察了婚姻和仪式的概念,然后分析了仪式的阶段及其意义。通过包括一些超越民族学界限的进一步思考,本文希望有助于更广泛地理解和讨论亚洲的传统和哲学主题。维护婚姻和仪式传统的努力在哲学上对于家庭和社会、社会结构和关系的未来繁荣以及给予意义、归属感和身份感都是必要的。
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引用次数: 1
Li and Filipino behavioural propriety 李和菲律宾人的行为礼仪
IF 0.3 Q2 SOCIAL SCIENCES, INTERDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2020-07-15 DOI: 10.21315/ijaps2020.16.2.5
Ranie B. Villaver
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引用次数: 0
期刊
International Journal of Asia Pacific Studies
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