Pub Date : 2018-07-03DOI: 10.1080/19442890.2018.1510614
Natalia Égüez, C. Makarewicz
ABSTRACT Livestock fecal remains provide an important source of information on past animal husbandry systems and dung use. A combined micromorphological and biomolecular investigation of dung deposits brings new perspectives into past landscape land use and animal husbandry strategies by providing seasonal-scale information on livestock dietary intake as well as intensity of dung deposition in penning spaces. We conducted microstratigraphic analyses and compound-specific carbon stable isotope analysis of plant n-alkanes of dung deposits associated with pastoral nomadic winter campsites in Mongolia, in order to explore the floral origin of graze ingested by livestock and evaluate its potential biomolecular signatures. Preliminary results show that δ13C values of plant n-alkanes were unusually depleted when compared to carbon isotope values of plant n-alkanes in soil control samples recovered from landscapes with minimal anthropic activity. We highlight the importance of multi-proxy ethnoarcheological studies in identifying biomarkers that convey information on pastoralist animal exploitation practices.
{"title":"Carbon Isotope Ratios of Plant n-Alkanes and Microstratigraphy Analyses of Dung Accumulations in a Pastoral Nomadic Winter Campsite (Eastern Mongolia)","authors":"Natalia Égüez, C. Makarewicz","doi":"10.1080/19442890.2018.1510614","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19442890.2018.1510614","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Livestock fecal remains provide an important source of information on past animal husbandry systems and dung use. A combined micromorphological and biomolecular investigation of dung deposits brings new perspectives into past landscape land use and animal husbandry strategies by providing seasonal-scale information on livestock dietary intake as well as intensity of dung deposition in penning spaces. We conducted microstratigraphic analyses and compound-specific carbon stable isotope analysis of plant n-alkanes of dung deposits associated with pastoral nomadic winter campsites in Mongolia, in order to explore the floral origin of graze ingested by livestock and evaluate its potential biomolecular signatures. Preliminary results show that δ13C values of plant n-alkanes were unusually depleted when compared to carbon isotope values of plant n-alkanes in soil control samples recovered from landscapes with minimal anthropic activity. We highlight the importance of multi-proxy ethnoarcheological studies in identifying biomarkers that convey information on pastoralist animal exploitation practices.","PeriodicalId":42668,"journal":{"name":"Ethnoarchaeology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/19442890.2018.1510614","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72373546","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-07-03DOI: 10.1080/19442890.2018.1510601
A. Henry, Evgenya Zavadskaya, C. Alix, E. Kurovskaya, S. Beyries
ABSTRACT Prehistoric fuel management and hearth functions are key research issues that have benefitted from the development of experimental and ethnoarchaeogical approaches aimed at providing interpretative models for archaeological fire and fuel studies. In this paper, we present a selection of ethnographic, ethnoarchaeological and ethnohistorical data mostly collected among Evenks and Athabascans of East Siberia and North America. Our aim is to question and discuss the relationship between fuel and hearth functions from an ethnoarchaeobotanical perspective: what are the criteria for selecting plant fuels? How archaeologically visible can these diverse fuel types be and what do they tell us about past fire-related activities? Our data shows that the contents of combustion structures result from multiple people-environment interactions at different levels, few of which are accessible to the archaeologist. Nevertheless, ethnoarchaeology, by fostering a reflection on taphonomy issues in the broad sense, actively contributes to methodological developments leading to a better understanding of complex technical fire-related processes.
{"title":"Ethnoarchaeology of Fuel Use in Northern Forests: Towards a Better Characterization of Prehistoric Fire-Related Activities","authors":"A. Henry, Evgenya Zavadskaya, C. Alix, E. Kurovskaya, S. Beyries","doi":"10.1080/19442890.2018.1510601","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19442890.2018.1510601","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Prehistoric fuel management and hearth functions are key research issues that have benefitted from the development of experimental and ethnoarchaeogical approaches aimed at providing interpretative models for archaeological fire and fuel studies. In this paper, we present a selection of ethnographic, ethnoarchaeological and ethnohistorical data mostly collected among Evenks and Athabascans of East Siberia and North America. Our aim is to question and discuss the relationship between fuel and hearth functions from an ethnoarchaeobotanical perspective: what are the criteria for selecting plant fuels? How archaeologically visible can these diverse fuel types be and what do they tell us about past fire-related activities? Our data shows that the contents of combustion structures result from multiple people-environment interactions at different levels, few of which are accessible to the archaeologist. Nevertheless, ethnoarchaeology, by fostering a reflection on taphonomy issues in the broad sense, actively contributes to methodological developments leading to a better understanding of complex technical fire-related processes.","PeriodicalId":42668,"journal":{"name":"Ethnoarchaeology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85640273","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-07-03DOI: 10.1080/19442890.2018.1510640
Andrew P. Roddick
similarly organized, making cross-cultural comparisons relatively easy, limited only by the quality of the original data (for which these authors are not to be faulted). Some of the most significant insights from these cases include examples where yarn quality estimates derived from spindle whorl weight do not match well with suggested tensions estimated from preserved loom weights, thus supporting conclusions that loom alternatives to the warp weighted loom existed, for example the horizontal ground or two-beam upright loom for which we have no preserved archaeological examples; and instances where estimates of thread types based on excavated loom weights supports the existence of multiple looms. The final chapter summarizes the volume and offers some concluding remarks about broader areas to which an understanding of textile tools can speak: for example, labor hours, workshops, gender, labor mobility and seasonality. Editorially, this is a nicely formatted volume with a map of the sites included in the database and a chronological table by region for the eastern Mediterranean Bronze Age that also incorporates formal and descriptive terms, both of which are used in the case studies, and additional reference markers such as “advent of sailing” and “Thera eruption,” which assist in recognizing a few pivotal historical moments in textile technology. Two appendices contain records of textile remains in the Eastern Mediterranean, organized both regionally and chronologically. My only critique is that all the remains are discussed as a single site record, so it is not always clear as to which fragment the data describes. Finally, many of the authors call for publication standards for textile tool descriptions, preserved textile remains and reporting guidelines for textile experimental archaeology, the need for which is clearly seen in the case studies presented here and something that the TTTC database and this volume should go a long way towards rectifying.
{"title":"Rituals of the Past: Prehispanic and Colonial Case Studies in Andean Archaeology","authors":"Andrew P. Roddick","doi":"10.1080/19442890.2018.1510640","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19442890.2018.1510640","url":null,"abstract":"similarly organized, making cross-cultural comparisons relatively easy, limited only by the quality of the original data (for which these authors are not to be faulted). Some of the most significant insights from these cases include examples where yarn quality estimates derived from spindle whorl weight do not match well with suggested tensions estimated from preserved loom weights, thus supporting conclusions that loom alternatives to the warp weighted loom existed, for example the horizontal ground or two-beam upright loom for which we have no preserved archaeological examples; and instances where estimates of thread types based on excavated loom weights supports the existence of multiple looms. The final chapter summarizes the volume and offers some concluding remarks about broader areas to which an understanding of textile tools can speak: for example, labor hours, workshops, gender, labor mobility and seasonality. Editorially, this is a nicely formatted volume with a map of the sites included in the database and a chronological table by region for the eastern Mediterranean Bronze Age that also incorporates formal and descriptive terms, both of which are used in the case studies, and additional reference markers such as “advent of sailing” and “Thera eruption,” which assist in recognizing a few pivotal historical moments in textile technology. Two appendices contain records of textile remains in the Eastern Mediterranean, organized both regionally and chronologically. My only critique is that all the remains are discussed as a single site record, so it is not always clear as to which fragment the data describes. Finally, many of the authors call for publication standards for textile tool descriptions, preserved textile remains and reporting guidelines for textile experimental archaeology, the need for which is clearly seen in the case studies presented here and something that the TTTC database and this volume should go a long way towards rectifying.","PeriodicalId":42668,"journal":{"name":"Ethnoarchaeology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84312786","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-07-03DOI: 10.1080/19442890.2018.1510609
Albert García-Piquer, Joan-Miquel Lozano, R. March, Jordi Estévez-Escalera
ABSTRACT This paper presents a synthetic overview of the results of a multidisciplinary approach –archaeological, experimental and ethnographic – that provides new insights into the fire-related management strategies (from firewood procurement to fire use and cleaning activities) adopted by Yamana groups. We bring to the fore the significance of recent results from a chemical, GC-MS and GC-C-IRMS analysis of combustion residues recovered from Túnel VII and Lanashuaia I, two shell-midden excavated in the framework of several Spanish-Argentinean, Experimental Ethnoarchaeology projects developed in Tierra del Fuego Island (Argentina). The molecular and fatty acids isotopic composition allow characterizing the different combustion structures from the perspective of intensity or food processing, informing also about post-depositional factors. Results allow for a critical evaluation of ethnographic sources and thus of direct observation.
{"title":"An experimental ethnoarchaeology and analytical approach to fire-related management strategies in a hunter–fisher–gatherer society from the southern tip of Tierra del Fuego (Argentina)","authors":"Albert García-Piquer, Joan-Miquel Lozano, R. March, Jordi Estévez-Escalera","doi":"10.1080/19442890.2018.1510609","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19442890.2018.1510609","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This paper presents a synthetic overview of the results of a multidisciplinary approach –archaeological, experimental and ethnographic – that provides new insights into the fire-related management strategies (from firewood procurement to fire use and cleaning activities) adopted by Yamana groups. We bring to the fore the significance of recent results from a chemical, GC-MS and GC-C-IRMS analysis of combustion residues recovered from Túnel VII and Lanashuaia I, two shell-midden excavated in the framework of several Spanish-Argentinean, Experimental Ethnoarchaeology projects developed in Tierra del Fuego Island (Argentina). The molecular and fatty acids isotopic composition allow characterizing the different combustion structures from the perspective of intensity or food processing, informing also about post-depositional factors. Results allow for a critical evaluation of ethnographic sources and thus of direct observation.","PeriodicalId":42668,"journal":{"name":"Ethnoarchaeology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90725386","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-07-03DOI: 10.1080/19442890.2018.1510637
Andrew D. Somerville
{"title":"The Archaeology, Ethnohistory, and Environment of the Marismas Nacionales: The Prehistoric Pacific Littoral of Sinaloa and Nayarit, Mexico","authors":"Andrew D. Somerville","doi":"10.1080/19442890.2018.1510637","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19442890.2018.1510637","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":42668,"journal":{"name":"Ethnoarchaeology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78021797","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-07-03DOI: 10.1080/19442890.2018.1510125
A. Thoms, Laura Short, M. Kamiya, Andrew R. Laurence
ABSTRACT This article addresses aspects of earth-oven baking, as reported in ethnohistoric and ethnographic accounts from western North America and via a series of actualistic experiments. Ethnographic and ethnohistoric accounts attest to far more variability in oven morphologies, baking times, and food types than has been identified archaeologically. Toward mitigation of this data-discrepancy, we present methods and results of building and using nine earth ovens representative of those known ethnographically and expected to be represented in archaeological records. Our experiments demonstrate that earth-oven baking in a morphological variety of facilities is readily replicated by drawing from the ethnographic and ethnohistoric literature. Successful strategies are quickly learned through trial and error. With that comes an adequate understanding of how heat energy flows in various facilities along with recognition of critical roles of temperature, moisture availability, and cooking time, thereby providing a basis for better understanding the nature of related archaeological records.
{"title":"Ethnographies and Actualistic Cooking Experiments: Ethnoarchaeological Pathways toward Understanding Earth-Oven Variability in Archaeological Records","authors":"A. Thoms, Laura Short, M. Kamiya, Andrew R. Laurence","doi":"10.1080/19442890.2018.1510125","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19442890.2018.1510125","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This article addresses aspects of earth-oven baking, as reported in ethnohistoric and ethnographic accounts from western North America and via a series of actualistic experiments. Ethnographic and ethnohistoric accounts attest to far more variability in oven morphologies, baking times, and food types than has been identified archaeologically. Toward mitigation of this data-discrepancy, we present methods and results of building and using nine earth ovens representative of those known ethnographically and expected to be represented in archaeological records. Our experiments demonstrate that earth-oven baking in a morphological variety of facilities is readily replicated by drawing from the ethnographic and ethnohistoric literature. Successful strategies are quickly learned through trial and error. With that comes an adequate understanding of how heat energy flows in various facilities along with recognition of critical roles of temperature, moisture availability, and cooking time, thereby providing a basis for better understanding the nature of related archaeological records.","PeriodicalId":42668,"journal":{"name":"Ethnoarchaeology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80195051","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-07-03DOI: 10.1080/19442890.2018.1510641
G. McCall
{"title":"Relating to Rock Art in the Contemporary World: Navigating Symbolism, Meaning, and Significance","authors":"G. McCall","doi":"10.1080/19442890.2018.1510641","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19442890.2018.1510641","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":42668,"journal":{"name":"Ethnoarchaeology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76350115","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-07-03DOI: 10.1080/19442890.2018.1510639
Laura B. Mazow
our knowledge of the nature of the Aztatlán system. Each of the contributing authors to this volume is either retired or emeritus. As such, the book represents the work of mature scholars carefully and thoughtfully presenting their results to support the legacy of the Marismas Nacionales project and to facilitate future studies in the region. In this sense, the volume is an unambiguous success and will serve as an example for archaeological reports of this scope and magnitude. The chapters presented in the volume are an excellent resource for future generations of archaeologists studying in West Mexico, and an indispensable point of reference for scholars of the Aztatlán tradition.
{"title":"Tools, Textiles and Contexts: Investigating Textile Production in the Aegean and Eastern Mediterranean Bronze Age","authors":"Laura B. Mazow","doi":"10.1080/19442890.2018.1510639","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19442890.2018.1510639","url":null,"abstract":"our knowledge of the nature of the Aztatlán system. Each of the contributing authors to this volume is either retired or emeritus. As such, the book represents the work of mature scholars carefully and thoughtfully presenting their results to support the legacy of the Marismas Nacionales project and to facilitate future studies in the region. In this sense, the volume is an unambiguous success and will serve as an example for archaeological reports of this scope and magnitude. The chapters presented in the volume are an excellent resource for future generations of archaeologists studying in West Mexico, and an indispensable point of reference for scholars of the Aztatlán tradition.","PeriodicalId":42668,"journal":{"name":"Ethnoarchaeology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79398881","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-07-03DOI: 10.1080/19442890.2018.1510616
David E. Friesem
ABSTRACT Geoarchaeology focusing on microscopic and chemical remains has contributed greatly to the study of archaeological fire. One of the methodological approaches geoarchaeologists have adopted in the last two decades is the use of ethnoarchaeology to collect reference materials and construct models for how fire residues are formed and preserve or deteriorate in the archaeological record. Geo-ethnoarchaeology uses contemporary contexts to investigate both living and recently abandoned sites in order to directly link human behavior with the formation of microscopic and chemical markers and to follow the post-depositional processes, which affect the formation of the archaeological record. This article reviews the contribution of geo-ethnoarchaeology to the study of archaeological formation processes associated with fire residues through the examination of several key case studies and their archaeological implications.
{"title":"Geo-ethnoarchaeology of Fire: Geoarchaeological Investigation of Fire Residues in Contemporary Context and its Archaeological Implications","authors":"David E. Friesem","doi":"10.1080/19442890.2018.1510616","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19442890.2018.1510616","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Geoarchaeology focusing on microscopic and chemical remains has contributed greatly to the study of archaeological fire. One of the methodological approaches geoarchaeologists have adopted in the last two decades is the use of ethnoarchaeology to collect reference materials and construct models for how fire residues are formed and preserve or deteriorate in the archaeological record. Geo-ethnoarchaeology uses contemporary contexts to investigate both living and recently abandoned sites in order to directly link human behavior with the formation of microscopic and chemical markers and to follow the post-depositional processes, which affect the formation of the archaeological record. This article reviews the contribution of geo-ethnoarchaeology to the study of archaeological formation processes associated with fire residues through the examination of several key case studies and their archaeological implications.","PeriodicalId":42668,"journal":{"name":"Ethnoarchaeology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82687991","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-02DOI: 10.1080/19442890.2017.1364513
H. Daniel, Alemseged Beldados
ABSTRACT Ethnoarchaeological research was conducted on traditional agriculture and use of noog (Guizotia abyssinica (L.) Cass.) as well as its wild progenitor, mech (Guizotia scabra (Vis.) Chiov) in present day Ethiopia. The study revealed technological and social aspects of this oil crop. Various traditional processing methods (field and household), division of labor, and economical and cultural values are outlined and described. The study shows the probability of charred remains occurring as a result of field processing noog and household processing of noog and mech. It is, however, difficult to differentiate, based on residue composition, the various field processing activities because of similarity of components and absence of weed seeds associated with the noog crop. The tools used in the processing do not leave evidence in the archaeological record indicative of the presence of noog and mech.
{"title":"Ethnoarchaeological Study of Noog (Guizotia abyssinica (L. f.) Cass., Compositae) in Ethiopia","authors":"H. Daniel, Alemseged Beldados","doi":"10.1080/19442890.2017.1364513","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19442890.2017.1364513","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Ethnoarchaeological research was conducted on traditional agriculture and use of noog (Guizotia abyssinica (L.) Cass.) as well as its wild progenitor, mech (Guizotia scabra (Vis.) Chiov) in present day Ethiopia. The study revealed technological and social aspects of this oil crop. Various traditional processing methods (field and household), division of labor, and economical and cultural values are outlined and described. The study shows the probability of charred remains occurring as a result of field processing noog and household processing of noog and mech. It is, however, difficult to differentiate, based on residue composition, the various field processing activities because of similarity of components and absence of weed seeds associated with the noog crop. The tools used in the processing do not leave evidence in the archaeological record indicative of the presence of noog and mech.","PeriodicalId":42668,"journal":{"name":"Ethnoarchaeology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84227125","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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