A number of historians have drawn attention to the incomplete or highly selective visibility of oceanic activity to land-dwellers. Some have gone so far as to refer to 'sea blindness'. However, particularly for scholars with an interest in coastal areas, 'sea blindness' does not capture the intense visibility of beaches and coastal cities in the twentieth century. It also does not engage with changes in science and technology which have permitted the creation and dissemination of vivid images from deep underwater. A critical interrogation of sea visibility, then, is urgently needed. A new term, the 'anxious coastal gaze,' is proposed. This short article discusses two examples of sea visibility in the context of the anxious coastal gaze: oil spills and illegal waterborne migrants. It concludes with a discussion of the future of the anxious coastal gaze in an era of climate crisis and sea level rise.
{"title":"Sea Visibility and the Anxious Coastal Gaze","authors":"Isaac Land","doi":"10.3197/ge.2021.140308","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3197/ge.2021.140308","url":null,"abstract":"A number of historians have drawn attention to the incomplete or highly selective visibility of oceanic activity to land-dwellers. Some have gone so far as to refer to 'sea blindness'. However, particularly for scholars with an interest in coastal areas, 'sea blindness' does not capture\u0000 the intense visibility of beaches and coastal cities in the twentieth century. It also does not engage with changes in science and technology which have permitted the creation and dissemination of vivid images from deep underwater. A critical interrogation of sea visibility, then, is urgently\u0000 needed. A new term, the 'anxious coastal gaze,' is proposed. This short article discusses two examples of sea visibility in the context of the anxious coastal gaze: oil spills and illegal waterborne migrants. It concludes with a discussion of the future of the anxious coastal gaze in an era\u0000 of climate crisis and sea level rise.","PeriodicalId":42763,"journal":{"name":"Global Environment","volume":"2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2021-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82907127","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Humans design infrastructure for human needs, with limited regard for the needs of nonhumans such as animals and plants. Humans also often fail to recognise nonhuman lifeforms such as trees as fellow engineers designers, or architects, even though the contribution of trees to ecosystem services is well established and their right to justice ought to be recognised. Studies have shown that flood-control infrastructure near the Mississippi River inadvertently left Southern Louisiana more vulnerable to coastal threats. We examine this characteristic outcome and identify infrastructural injustices in multispecies communities. Based on theories in philosophy and design supported by historical analyses, we defend the proposals to extend 1) the understanding of resilience to include more-than-human communities; and 2) the notion of justice to include non-human stakeholders. The reframing in more-than-human terms is already under way in a variety of disciplines. However, these efforts rarely extend into considerations of practical design and have attracted criticism for insufficient engagement with historical processes and the accumulations of power and responsibility. To illustrate these injustices, we trace the history of bald cypress trees (Taxodium distichum) in the Mississippi River Delta and show how infrastructure impacted the trees. This analysis demonstrates that designs that do not consider the needs of vulnerable stakeholders can cause harm in multispecies communities. In response, we propose that humans can work to improve infrastructural resilience by including humans and nonhumans as collaborators.
{"title":"More-than-human Infrastructure for Just Resilience: Learning from, Working with, and Designing for Bald Cypress Trees (Taxodium distichum) in the Mississippi River Delta","authors":"Bonnie J. Gordon, S. Roudavski","doi":"10.3197/ge.2021.140302","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3197/ge.2021.140302","url":null,"abstract":"Humans design infrastructure for human needs, with limited regard for the needs of nonhumans such as animals and plants. Humans also often fail to recognise nonhuman lifeforms such as trees as fellow engineers designers, or architects, even though the contribution of trees to ecosystem\u0000 services is well established and their right to justice ought to be recognised. Studies have shown that flood-control infrastructure near the Mississippi River inadvertently left Southern Louisiana more vulnerable to coastal threats. We examine this characteristic outcome and identify infrastructural\u0000 injustices in multispecies communities. Based on theories in philosophy and design supported by historical analyses, we defend the proposals to extend 1) the understanding of resilience to include more-than-human communities; and 2) the notion of justice to include non-human stakeholders.\u0000 The reframing in more-than-human terms is already under way in a variety of disciplines. However, these efforts rarely extend into considerations of practical design and have attracted criticism for insufficient engagement with historical processes and the accumulations of power and responsibility.\u0000 To illustrate these injustices, we trace the history of bald cypress trees (Taxodium distichum) in the Mississippi River Delta and show how infrastructure impacted the trees. This analysis demonstrates that designs that do not consider the needs of vulnerable stakeholders can cause harm in\u0000 multispecies communities. In response, we propose that humans can work to improve infrastructural resilience by including humans and nonhumans as collaborators.","PeriodicalId":42763,"journal":{"name":"Global Environment","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2021-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84257278","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A Perfect Storm in The Amazon Wilderness. Success and failure in the fight to save an ecosystem of critical importance to the planet","authors":"T. Killeen","doi":"10.3197/ge.2021.140210","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3197/ge.2021.140210","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":42763,"journal":{"name":"Global Environment","volume":"30 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2021-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75770354","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Luigi Piccioni The Beloved Face of the Country: The First Movement for Nature Protection in Italy, 1880–1936.","authors":"Marcus Hall","doi":"10.3197/ge.2021.140208","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3197/ge.2021.140208","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":42763,"journal":{"name":"Global Environment","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2021-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74014080","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article examines the colonial impact on wildlife in the region of Bengal in the late eighteenth century. Taking the English East India Company's engagement with the Indian elephant as a point of entry into colonial environmental practices, the article focuses on the kheda or elephant-catching operations in the three districts of Sylhet, Chittagong and Tipperah. Unlike the tiger, which was classified as dangerous and decimated during the colonial era, the elephant was less liable to be killed on account of its military utility, but was caught and domesticated in large numbers. The article argues that the EIC, following pre-colonial traditions and Mughal practices, attempted to control the channels of supply of the animal in the three above-mentioned areas, but in doing so they were perennially dependent on local agency and native expertise. Depending on the native tracksmen, elephant-keepers and traders, the EIC officials acquired their knowledge on the elephant and the Indian environment largely through indigenous collaboration and initiated global transfers of knowledge between the coloniser and colonised environments.
{"title":"Khedas in South-Eastern Bengal: Colonialism and Wildlife 1765–1810","authors":"Baijayanti Chatterjee","doi":"10.3197/ge.2021.140201","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3197/ge.2021.140201","url":null,"abstract":"This article examines the colonial impact on wildlife in the region of Bengal in the late eighteenth century. Taking the English East India Company's engagement with the Indian elephant as a point of entry into colonial environmental practices, the article focuses on the kheda or elephant-catching\u0000 operations in the three districts of Sylhet, Chittagong and Tipperah. Unlike the tiger, which was classified as dangerous and decimated during the colonial era, the elephant was less liable to be killed on account of its military utility, but was caught and domesticated in large numbers. The\u0000 article argues that the EIC, following pre-colonial traditions and Mughal practices, attempted to control the channels of supply of the animal in the three above-mentioned areas, but in doing so they were perennially dependent on local agency and native expertise. Depending on the native tracksmen,\u0000 elephant-keepers and traders, the EIC officials acquired their knowledge on the elephant and the Indian environment largely through indigenous collaboration and initiated global transfers of knowledge between the coloniser and colonised environments.","PeriodicalId":42763,"journal":{"name":"Global Environment","volume":"35 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2021-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83139959","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Olaf Kaltmeier National Parks from North to South: An Entangled History of Conservation and Colonization in Argentina.","authors":"Eduardo Relly","doi":"10.3197/ge.2021.140206","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3197/ge.2021.140206","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":42763,"journal":{"name":"Global Environment","volume":"15 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2021-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72453270","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Central Asia, a landlocked region characterised by a generally arid or semi-arid climate and a relatively low rainfall, is traversed by two major river systems. Together, the Syr Darya and the Amu Darya sustain millions of lives and a wide variety of ecosystems. Over three decades in the mid to late twentieth century, a series of increasingly large dams was built on the Syr Darya, radically transforming the river's appearance, behaviour and habitat. In this article, a historian and an anthropologist join forces to explore the impact of these ambitious hydropower projects on the human lives most directly impacted: the dam labour force, many of whom were recruited from across the Soviet Union, but ended up settling in the new towns adjacent to the power plants. How did the dam workers themselves experience the projects to which they contributed their labour? How did they relate to the river that they were called upon to transform?
{"title":"Memories of Social Mobility and Environmental Change: Dam Builders of the Naryn–Syr Darya","authors":"Gulzat Baialieva, Flora Roberts","doi":"10.3197/ge.2021.140203","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3197/ge.2021.140203","url":null,"abstract":"Central Asia, a landlocked region characterised by a generally arid or semi-arid climate and a relatively low rainfall, is traversed by two major river systems. Together, the Syr Darya and the Amu Darya sustain millions of lives and a wide variety of ecosystems. Over three decades in\u0000 the mid to late twentieth century, a series of increasingly large dams was built on the Syr Darya, radically transforming the river's appearance, behaviour and habitat. In this article, a historian and an anthropologist join forces to explore the impact of these ambitious hydropower projects\u0000 on the human lives most directly impacted: the dam labour force, many of whom were recruited from across the Soviet Union, but ended up settling in the new towns adjacent to the power plants. How did the dam workers themselves experience the projects to which they contributed their labour?\u0000 How did they relate to the river that they were called upon to transform?","PeriodicalId":42763,"journal":{"name":"Global Environment","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2021-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74015217","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Nature in the Midst of Crisis and Development in Latin America: an interview with Guilliermo Herrera Castro","authors":"S. D. E. Silva, Claudio de Majo","doi":"10.3197/ge.2021.140211","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3197/ge.2021.140211","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":42763,"journal":{"name":"Global Environment","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2021-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81348272","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Perrin Selcer The Postwar Origins of the Global Environment: How the United Nations Built Spaceship Earth.","authors":"S. Schleper","doi":"10.3197/ge.2021.140209","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3197/ge.2021.140209","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":42763,"journal":{"name":"Global Environment","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2021-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81603339","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Authoritarian regimes are often seen to be hostile toward the environment, albeit there is a growing body of literature suggesting a more nuanced image when it comes to authoritarian governments and the environment. However, several aspects of human-nature relationship need further clarification in non-democratic systems, both on the political left and right. In this article we aim to address that challenge by analysing Cold War economic and environmental goals and responses of the right-wing military junta in Chile under Pinochet and the Hungarian state-socialist, USSR-satellite regime under Kádár. By analysing two radically different political and economic approaches to economic catchup, while mitigating environmental costs on the way, this study aims to understand better the ecological motivations in authoritarian regimes operating diverse political and economic agendas.
{"title":"Environmental Protection under Authoritarian Regimes in Cold War Chile and Hungary","authors":"Viktor Pál, L. V. Pérez","doi":"10.3197/ge.2021.140204","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3197/ge.2021.140204","url":null,"abstract":"Authoritarian regimes are often seen to be hostile toward the environment, albeit there is a growing body of literature suggesting a more nuanced image when it comes to authoritarian governments and the environment. However, several aspects of human-nature relationship need further\u0000 clarification in non-democratic systems, both on the political left and right. In this article we aim to address that challenge by analysing Cold War economic and environmental goals and responses of the right-wing military junta in Chile under Pinochet and the Hungarian state-socialist, USSR-satellite\u0000 regime under Kádár. By analysing two radically different political and economic approaches to economic catchup, while mitigating environmental costs on the way, this study aims to understand better the ecological motivations in authoritarian regimes operating diverse political\u0000 and economic agendas.","PeriodicalId":42763,"journal":{"name":"Global Environment","volume":"45 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2021-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74158426","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：