{"title":"Viktor Pál Technology and the Environment in State-Socialist Hungary. An Economic History.","authors":"A. Varga","doi":"10.3197/ge.2021.140207","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3197/ge.2021.140207","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":42763,"journal":{"name":"Global Environment","volume":"76 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2021-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89760657","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Africa is experiencing phenomenal urban growth and myriad environmental challenges associated with urban sprawl. Zimbabwe, situated in the heart of the southern African region, is no exception to this rule. Urban population has continued to spike, with more than half the world's population residing in urban areas. Although Africa has less than forty per cent (33 per cent for Zimbabwe) of its population living in urban habitats, urban development has been on the rise as a result of the dynamic processes of industrialisation. In order to thrive, these human habitats required sustainable water sources. Private Land Developer Com-panies (PLDCs) in Ruwa Town, Zimbabwe, were placed at the core of water and other infrastructure expansion. Since the developers were thought to be endowed with financial resources, there were high expectations that the town was going to lead in public infrastructure development. However, this article shows that Ruwa failed to live up to the expected standards in the development of water facilities and other infrastructure to facilitate urban growth and development.
{"title":"Water Sources and Urban Expansion in Ruwa Town in Post-Colonial Zimbabwe, 1986–2020","authors":"T. Muzorewa, Mark Nyandoro","doi":"10.3197/ge.2021.140202","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3197/ge.2021.140202","url":null,"abstract":"Africa is experiencing phenomenal urban growth and myriad environmental challenges associated with urban sprawl. Zimbabwe, situated in the heart of the southern African region, is no exception to this rule. Urban population has continued to spike, with more than half the world's population\u0000 residing in urban areas. Although Africa has less than forty per cent (33 per cent for Zimbabwe) of its population living in urban habitats, urban development has been on the rise as a result of the dynamic processes of industrialisation. In order to thrive, these human habitats required sustainable\u0000 water sources. Private Land Developer Com-panies (PLDCs) in Ruwa Town, Zimbabwe, were placed at the core of water and other infrastructure expansion. Since the developers were thought to be endowed with financial resources, there were high expectations that the town was going to lead in public\u0000 infrastructure development. However, this article shows that Ruwa failed to live up to the expected standards in the development of water facilities and other infrastructure to facilitate urban growth and development.","PeriodicalId":42763,"journal":{"name":"Global Environment","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2021-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87788242","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The article depicts a broader discourse on 'Hunting' or Shikar in the areas designated as 'Jungle Mahal' and the critical impacts of related activities on the socio-economic conditions of the local inhabitants living in and around the forests. During the early nineteenth century, this region was covered with thick forests and was home to various species of wild animals. The tribal population living in and around this jungle terrain had been thriving, from time immemorial, on shifting cultivation, cattle grazing and hunting. Their lives revolved around the attributes and ethos of the forests around them. The article focuses on Shikar or hunting practices of the tribal people as well as the organised hunting expeditions conducted by the then British administrators, European hunters and native kings over a period of more than one hundred years, starting from the early nineteenth century. Hunting expeditions and the commercial trading of precious wood set in motion the process of random destruction of wild animals and the forests of Jungle Mahal.
{"title":"The Shikar and Hunting: Eradication of Wildlife in Colonial Jungle Mahal","authors":"Sekhar Mahapatra","doi":"10.3197/ge.2021.140205","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3197/ge.2021.140205","url":null,"abstract":"The article depicts a broader discourse on 'Hunting' or Shikar in the areas designated as 'Jungle Mahal' and the critical impacts of related activities on the socio-economic conditions of the local inhabitants living in and around the forests. During the early nineteenth century, this\u0000 region was covered with thick forests and was home to various species of wild animals. The tribal population living in and around this jungle terrain had been thriving, from time immemorial, on shifting cultivation, cattle grazing and hunting. Their lives revolved around the attributes and\u0000 ethos of the forests around them. The article focuses on Shikar or hunting practices of the tribal people as well as the organised hunting expeditions conducted by the then British administrators, European hunters and native kings over a period of more than one hundred years, starting from\u0000 the early nineteenth century. Hunting expeditions and the commercial trading of precious wood set in motion the process of random destruction of wild animals and the forests of Jungle Mahal.","PeriodicalId":42763,"journal":{"name":"Global Environment","volume":"34 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2021-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87446410","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article explores the relationship and correlation between climate and conflict in the contemporary Peruvian Andes before, during, and in the aftermath of the most recent civil conflict (1980-2000). Based on the combination of climatological data related to the 1982-1983 El Nin?o, personal testimonies, and other source documents, the following pages unpack the ecological meaning of the campesino condition as a foundational element preceding the conflict, as the pivotal object and subject of escalating social violence, and as the chief outcome of insurrectionary and counter-insurrectionary terror.
{"title":"The Enduring Climate of Conflict: Drought, Impoverishment and the Long Aftermath of Civil War in Peru","authors":"Javier Puente","doi":"10.3197/GE.2021.140106","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3197/GE.2021.140106","url":null,"abstract":"This article explores the relationship and correlation between climate and conflict in the contemporary Peruvian Andes before, during, and in the aftermath of the most recent civil conflict (1980-2000). Based on the combination of climatological data related to the 1982-1983 El Nin?o,\u0000 personal testimonies, and other source documents, the following pages unpack the ecological meaning of the campesino condition as a foundational element preceding the conflict, as the pivotal object and subject of escalating social violence, and as the chief outcome of insurrectionary and\u0000 counter-insurrectionary terror.","PeriodicalId":42763,"journal":{"name":"Global Environment","volume":"73 2","pages":"146-179"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2021-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72454247","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
At the peak of Guatemala?s 36-year civil war (1960?1996), fought between a right- wing authoritarian regime and leftist guerrillas, the army massacred tens of thousands of Maya peasants in a genocidal counterinsurgency. The scorched earth campaign halted the insurgency?s momentum, but the army was unable to secure political or military control in the large area of northern lowlands called El Pete?n. This essay examines how, at this critical juncture, the insurgents and the army embraced distinct environmentalist platforms and land-use policies in order to gain a strategic advantage. It argues that the army won a discursive battle, with assistance from big international conservation NGOs, to claim itself as the only legitimate ?defender of the forests?. This enabled the military to consolidate its position against the insurgents in the northern lowlands, contributing to its de facto victory in the war, as well as fuelling ongoing violence in the postwar.
{"title":"Green Guerrillas and Counterinsurgent Environmentalists in the Petén, Guatemala","authors":"Anthony W. Andersson","doi":"10.3197/GE.2021.140102","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3197/GE.2021.140102","url":null,"abstract":"At the peak of Guatemala?s 36-year civil war (1960?1996), fought between a right- wing authoritarian regime and leftist guerrillas, the army massacred tens of thousands of Maya peasants in a genocidal counterinsurgency. The scorched earth campaign halted the insurgency?s momentum, but\u0000 the army was unable to secure political or military control in the large area of northern lowlands called El Pete?n. This essay examines how, at this critical juncture, the insurgents and the army embraced distinct environmentalist platforms and land-use policies in order to gain a strategic\u0000 advantage. It argues that the army won a discursive battle, with assistance from big international conservation NGOs, to claim itself as the only legitimate ?defender of the forests?. This enabled the military to consolidate its position against the insurgents in the northern lowlands, contributing\u0000 to its de facto victory in the war, as well as fuelling ongoing violence in the postwar.","PeriodicalId":42763,"journal":{"name":"Global Environment","volume":"144 1","pages":"15-57"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2021-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90092607","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article provides an environmental history of indigenous resistance during the Caste War, a major Indian revolt that took place in the Yucata?n peninsula between 1847 and 1901. It argues that the evolution of the war was bound to the material conditions of the vast Maya rainforest and the expanding built environment at this area?s commodity frontiers. In this regard, the article advances two main theses. First, that the Maya rainforest was an ideal battleground for the insurgents? guerrilla warfare but extremely challenging for regular military columns. Second, that indigenous subversion and survival rested on both commodity extraction and everyday agricultural practices carried out in the forest. In short, indigenous resistance was built on the ecology and geography of the rainforest at the contested interstices of empires and nations.
{"title":"The Maya Forest and Indigenous Resistance during the Caste War","authors":"D. Pretel","doi":"10.3197/GE.2021.140105","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3197/GE.2021.140105","url":null,"abstract":"This article provides an environmental history of indigenous resistance during the Caste War, a major Indian revolt that took place in the Yucata?n peninsula between 1847 and 1901. It argues that the evolution of the war was bound to the material conditions of the vast Maya rainforest\u0000 and the expanding built environment at this area?s commodity frontiers. In this regard, the article advances two main theses. First, that the Maya rainforest was an ideal battleground for the insurgents? guerrilla warfare but extremely challenging for regular military columns. Second, that\u0000 indigenous subversion and survival rested on both commodity extraction and everyday agricultural practices carried out in the forest. In short, indigenous resistance was built on the ecology and geography of the rainforest at the contested interstices of empires and nations.","PeriodicalId":42763,"journal":{"name":"Global Environment","volume":"38 1","pages":"120-145"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2021-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90275927","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
On 29 January 1986, Yoweri Kaguta Museveni was sworn in as President of the Republic of Uganda and his National Resistance Movement (NRM) and National Resistance Army (NRA) became the first guerrilla force to successfully overthrow a government in postcolonial Africa. Some thirty years after the NRM?s bush war was won, the Ugandan military, with President Museveni still at the helm, began officially waging what it calls a guerrilla war against its own citizens. The goal of Museveni?s second guerrilla war was not to bring forth yet another anti-imperial democratic revolution. It was instead designed to sustainably develop fisheries production in Lake Victoria, a task Museveni claims exclusive abilities to successfully steward for the benefit the Ugandan nation as a whole. Transformations in Lake Victoria?s fisheries ecology that predated the NRM?s rise to power, and indeed, predated the formal independence of the Ugandan state were shaped by and shape managerial logics that continue to justify violence against fishworkers in order to enact conventional conceptions of sustainability. Memories of tragedy and success bound up in national narratives of the 1981?1986 war for anti-imperial democratic revolution work to maintain managerial logics and regulatory regimes imposed by the former British colonial state.
{"title":"Guerrillas and Fish in Uganda","authors":"J. Johnson","doi":"10.3197/GE.2021.140104","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3197/GE.2021.140104","url":null,"abstract":"On 29 January 1986, Yoweri Kaguta Museveni was sworn in as President of the Republic of Uganda and his National Resistance Movement (NRM) and National Resistance Army (NRA) became the first guerrilla force to successfully overthrow a government in postcolonial Africa. Some thirty years\u0000 after the NRM?s bush war was won, the Ugandan military, with President Museveni still at the helm, began officially waging what it calls a guerrilla war against its own citizens. The goal of Museveni?s second guerrilla war was not to bring forth yet another anti-imperial democratic revolution.\u0000 It was instead designed to sustainably develop fisheries production in Lake Victoria, a task Museveni claims exclusive abilities to successfully steward for the benefit the Ugandan nation as a whole. Transformations in Lake Victoria?s fisheries ecology that predated the NRM?s rise to power,\u0000 and indeed, predated the formal independence of the Ugandan state were shaped by and shape managerial logics that continue to justify violence against fishworkers in order to enact conventional conceptions of sustainability. Memories of tragedy and success bound up in national narratives of\u0000 the 1981?1986 war for anti-imperial democratic revolution work to maintain managerial logics and regulatory regimes imposed by the former British colonial state.","PeriodicalId":42763,"journal":{"name":"Global Environment","volume":"42 1","pages":"86-119"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2021-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84933460","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The aim of this article is to retrace a guerrilla episode that occurred in the Amazon region of Araguaia during the military dictatorship in Brazil (1972?1975), opposing a group of militants from the Communist Party of Brazil (PCdoB) and the National Brazilian Army. Taking advantage of the geographical characteristics of the region, a small group of guerrilla fighters was able to confront a large military contingent for almost three years. As this article demonstrates, appealing to the powerful symbolic potential of the Amazon jungle, the guerrilla created a solid environmental narrative of force and shrewdness supported by the local population. However, as military forces began to better explore the region and to resort to irregular warfare strategies, they managed to curb the guerrilla, exterminating almost every member involved in the fight. Finally, this article looks at the marked socio-environmental scars that the conflict left in the region, and how these influenced social, political and ecological equilibriums during the following decades.
{"title":"Fire and Power on the River Basin: Irregular Warfare and Socio-Environmental Consequences of the Guerrilla in Araguaia, Brazil","authors":"Claudio de Majo","doi":"10.3197/GE.2021.140103","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3197/GE.2021.140103","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this article is to retrace a guerrilla episode that occurred in the Amazon region of Araguaia during the military dictatorship in Brazil (1972?1975), opposing a group of militants from the Communist Party of Brazil (PCdoB) and the National Brazilian Army. Taking advantage\u0000 of the geographical characteristics of the region, a small group of guerrilla fighters was able to confront a large military contingent for almost three years. As this article demonstrates, appealing to the powerful symbolic potential of the Amazon jungle, the guerrilla created a solid environmental\u0000 narrative of force and shrewdness supported by the local population. However, as military forces began to better explore the region and to resort to irregular warfare strategies, they managed to curb the guerrilla, exterminating almost every member involved in the fight. Finally, this article\u0000 looks at the marked socio-environmental scars that the conflict left in the region, and how these influenced social, political and ecological equilibriums during the following decades.","PeriodicalId":42763,"journal":{"name":"Global Environment","volume":"124 1","pages":"58-85"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2021-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81445149","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Irregular Conflicts, Disrupted Ecologies: The Environmental Impacts of Unconventional Warfare in the Global South","authors":"Javier Puente","doi":"10.3197/ge.2021.140101","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3197/ge.2021.140101","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":42763,"journal":{"name":"Global Environment","volume":"115 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2021-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90668745","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：