{"title":"NEW DATA ON FUNERAL CUSTOMS AND BURIALS OF THE BRONZE AGE REZNES CEMETERY IN LATVIA","authors":"D. Legzdiņa, E. Plankājs, A. Vasks, G. Zariņa","doi":"10.3176/ARCH.2021.1.01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3176/ARCH.2021.1.01","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":42767,"journal":{"name":"Estonian Journal of Archaeology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88631831","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
F. Ehrlich, M. Laneman, V. Lang, L. Lōugas, E. Oras, E. Rannamäe, M. Tõrv
It has been hypothesised that the chicken ( Gallus gallus domesticus ) was introduced to the area of what is now modernday Estonia around the PreRoman or Roman Iron Age. However, none of the earliest chicken bones found in the area had been radiocarbon dated and due to a complex contextual background, the question of its first appearance has been left open. With the aim of finding the earliest evidence for the chicken in Estonia, we looked into the zooarchaeological material from twelve archaeological sites, including burial grounds, settlement sites, and hillforts. The earliest evidence had been reported at four of these sites, but during the taxonomic reassessment, no chicken bones were identified. From the remaining eight sites, nine chicken bones were radiocarbon dated by AMS. The sample from a stonecist grave at Rebala (northern Estonia) was dated to 200 calBCE – 5 calCE, which means that this individual is the earliest confirmed chicken in Estonia. The other dates range from the PreViking Age to the Modern Period, with some of them illustrating the complicated nature of faunal remains in archaeological contexts. Although this study elucidates the first appearance of the chicken in Estonia and in the Baltic region in general, its origin, ways of exploitation, and the extent of its spreading remain to be studied.
{"title":"In search of Estonia’s earliest chicken","authors":"F. Ehrlich, M. Laneman, V. Lang, L. Lōugas, E. Oras, E. Rannamäe, M. Tõrv","doi":"10.3176/arch.2021.2.04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3176/arch.2021.2.04","url":null,"abstract":"It has been hypothesised that the chicken ( Gallus gallus domesticus ) was introduced to the area of what is now modernday Estonia around the PreRoman or Roman Iron Age. However, none of the earliest chicken bones found in the area had been radiocarbon dated and due to a complex contextual background, the question of its first appearance has been left open. With the aim of finding the earliest evidence for the chicken in Estonia, we looked into the zooarchaeological material from twelve archaeological sites, including burial grounds, settlement sites, and hillforts. The earliest evidence had been reported at four of these sites, but during the taxonomic reassessment, no chicken bones were identified. From the remaining eight sites, nine chicken bones were radiocarbon dated by AMS. The sample from a stonecist grave at Rebala (northern Estonia) was dated to 200 calBCE – 5 calCE, which means that this individual is the earliest confirmed chicken in Estonia. The other dates range from the PreViking Age to the Modern Period, with some of them illustrating the complicated nature of faunal remains in archaeological contexts. Although this study elucidates the first appearance of the chicken in Estonia and in the Baltic region in general, its origin, ways of exploitation, and the extent of its spreading remain to be studied.","PeriodicalId":42767,"journal":{"name":"Estonian Journal of Archaeology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88768452","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"THE DATE OF THE STONE-CIST CEMETERY AT JÕELÄHTME RECONSIDERED","authors":"M. Laneman","doi":"10.3176/ARCH.2021.1.03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3176/ARCH.2021.1.03","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":42767,"journal":{"name":"Estonian Journal of Archaeology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81501023","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
G. Danilov, D. Gerasimov, A. Kriiska, E. Mikhaylova, I. Shirobokov, K. Shmelev
{"title":"BURIED IN THE DUNES: CREMATION OF THE MIGRATION PERIOD ROSSON 11 IN THE NARVA–LUGA KLINT BAY AREA","authors":"G. Danilov, D. Gerasimov, A. Kriiska, E. Mikhaylova, I. Shirobokov, K. Shmelev","doi":"10.3176/ARCH.2021.1.02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3176/ARCH.2021.1.02","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":42767,"journal":{"name":"Estonian Journal of Archaeology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72673495","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Twenty-two radiocarbon dates of human bone were obtained to clarify the chronology of five stone-cist graves at Rebala, northern Estonia. The calibrated dates of the cist burials mostly span the Hallstatt plateau of the calibration curve, i.e. 800–400 BC. The cemetery was probably present around 600 BC at the latest, but there is no firm evidence to further constrict the date of the cist burials. The results do not overlap with the previously obtained radiocarbon dates of the charcoal from beneath the graves, which indicate the 13th–9th centuries BC. A few radiocarbon-dated burials outside the cists show that the cemetery was still in use after 400 BC, but it remains unclear whether the use was continuous from the Bronze into the Pre-Roman Iron Age or consisted of temporally separate episodes. Whether the latest interments in the Pre-Roman Iron Age coincided with the establishment or use of the block-shaped fields around the graves remains also undecided. The case exemplifies the difficulties in pinpointing the end of the stone-cist burial tradition in Estonia. In addition to the prehistoric burials, grave II contained at least nine infant skeletons, most likely from the 15th century AD, and thus served as an example of the well-known cultural phenomenon of secluded infant burial.
{"title":"CHRONOLOGY OF A GROUP OF STONE-CIST GRAVES IN NORTHERN ESTONIA: RADIOCARBON DATES FROM LASTEKANGRUD AT REBALA","authors":"M. Laneman","doi":"10.3176/arch.2021.2.02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3176/arch.2021.2.02","url":null,"abstract":"Twenty-two radiocarbon dates of human bone were obtained to clarify the chronology of five stone-cist graves at Rebala, northern Estonia. The calibrated dates of the cist burials mostly span the Hallstatt plateau of the calibration curve, i.e. 800–400 BC. The cemetery was probably present around 600 BC at the latest, but there is no firm evidence to further constrict the date of the cist burials. The results do not overlap with the previously obtained radiocarbon dates of the charcoal from beneath the graves, which indicate the 13th–9th centuries BC. A few radiocarbon-dated burials outside the cists show that the cemetery was still in use after 400 BC, but it remains unclear whether the use was continuous from the Bronze into the Pre-Roman Iron Age or consisted of temporally separate episodes. Whether the latest interments in the Pre-Roman Iron Age coincided with the establishment or use of the block-shaped fields around the graves remains also undecided. The case exemplifies the difficulties in pinpointing the end of the stone-cist burial tradition in Estonia. In addition to the prehistoric burials, grave II contained at least nine infant skeletons, most likely from the 15th century AD, and thus served as an example of the well-known cultural phenomenon of secluded infant burial.","PeriodicalId":42767,"journal":{"name":"Estonian Journal of Archaeology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91131264","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper presents a new qualitative method for the use of pXRF in archaeological research. A bulk, multi-elemental approach applies a non-destructive survey technique to the copper-alloy objects recovered in a Roman period tarand cemetery, in north-east Estonia. The aim is to explore the chronological development of the cemetery by comparing the objects and their find locations against historically known changes in alloy composition. Then a more focused destructive analysis is undertaken from a selected group of bracelets commonly found in these northerly cemeteries, but also in greater numbers in the Roman provinces. The results revealed strong correlations between alloy classification and find location. Furthermore, the quantitative (destructive) analysis of a single bracelet has added to the debate about the nature of long-distance contact between the people of north-eastern Estonia, the southern Baltic and the distant Roman frontier. It also raises the possibility that these people were placing Roman produced items into their cemeteries in the decades before the traditionally accepted start of the Roman Iron Age. This suggests that a new assessment for its beginning is called for, one that aligns the earliest imported Roman items to the first half of the 1st century AD.
{"title":"Time Machines; An exploration of Roman period copper-alloy objects in an Estonian tarand cemetery, using pXRF","authors":"M. Roxburgh","doi":"10.3176/arch.2021.2.05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3176/arch.2021.2.05","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a new qualitative method for the use of pXRF in archaeological research. A bulk, multi-elemental approach applies a non-destructive survey technique to the copper-alloy objects recovered in a Roman period tarand cemetery, in north-east Estonia. The aim is to explore the chronological development of the cemetery by comparing the objects and their find locations against historically known changes in alloy composition. Then a more focused destructive analysis is undertaken from a selected group of bracelets commonly found in these northerly cemeteries, but also in greater numbers in the Roman provinces. The results revealed strong correlations between alloy classification and find location. Furthermore, the quantitative (destructive) analysis of a single bracelet has added to the debate about the nature of long-distance contact between the people of north-eastern Estonia, the southern Baltic and the distant Roman frontier. It also raises the possibility that these people were placing Roman produced items into their cemeteries in the decades before the traditionally accepted start of the Roman Iron Age. This suggests that a new assessment for its beginning is called for, one that aligns the earliest imported Roman items to the first half of the 1st century AD.","PeriodicalId":42767,"journal":{"name":"Estonian Journal of Archaeology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85786129","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
2018–2019 at least 35 000 finds were revealed on the plot at Jahu 6 in the medieval and early modern Kalamaja suburb of Tallinn, which had been brought to the disposal area together with waste and garbage from the city surrounded by the city wall. In addition, 249 coins from the 14th–15th century were found. The latter are mostly Livonian coins, first and foremost from Tallinn, less from Tartu and Riga because foreign coins constituted only 2.4 per cent. The most common denomination is pfennig. The composition of the coin assemblage confirms, with regard to its origin and nominal distribution, the previous knowledge of coin circulation in the 15th-century Livonia based on the comparative analysis of coin hoards and written sources. The fact that the temporal distribution of coins in the upper and deeper layers is rather even suggests that most of the garbage had been deposed over a rather short period of time in 1470– 1480. It seems that garbage disposal may have ended some time before 1490. The garbage layer also revealed three counterfeit coins from an alloy of tin and lead, which imitate 15th-century Tallinn small change. Other interesting finds from the garbage layer include two tokens from an alloy of tin and lead – one of them granted the right to grind grain and the other probably malt in the mills owned by the City of Tallinn.
{"title":"Coins and tokens from a 15th-century landfill in the Kalamaja suburb of Tallinn","authors":"I. Leimus, A. Tvauri","doi":"10.3176/arch.2021.2.03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3176/arch.2021.2.03","url":null,"abstract":"2018–2019 at least 35 000 finds were revealed on the plot at Jahu 6 in the medieval and early modern Kalamaja suburb of Tallinn, which had been brought to the disposal area together with waste and garbage from the city surrounded by the city wall. In addition, 249 coins from the 14th–15th century were found. The latter are mostly Livonian coins, first and foremost from Tallinn, less from Tartu and Riga because foreign coins constituted only 2.4 per cent. The most common denomination is pfennig. The composition of the coin assemblage confirms, with regard to its origin and nominal distribution, the previous knowledge of coin circulation in the 15th-century Livonia based on the comparative analysis of coin hoards and written sources. The fact that the temporal distribution of coins in the upper and deeper layers is rather even suggests that most of the garbage had been deposed over a rather short period of time in 1470– 1480. It seems that garbage disposal may have ended some time before 1490. The garbage layer also revealed three counterfeit coins from an alloy of tin and lead, which imitate 15th-century Tallinn small change. Other interesting finds from the garbage layer include two tokens from an alloy of tin and lead – one of them granted the right to grind grain and the other probably malt in the mills owned by the City of Tallinn.","PeriodicalId":42767,"journal":{"name":"Estonian Journal of Archaeology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75031448","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Since the late 16th – early 17th century, tobacco smoking habit in Europe spread widely, which led to a new business branch – the production and sale of pipes. Due to the lack of historical data about when the habit of smoking tobacco emerged in eastern Baltic, it is imperative to pay attention to clay pipes that are considered to be a particularly suitable group of findings to specify the chronological limits. The article analyses in detail the chronologically earliest clay pipes found during archaeological research in Vilnius. Based on the typology of findings and known analogues, the author singles out the oldest pipes, names the possible places of their production, provides an interpretation of the appearance of pipes in the city. The article provides an overview of the development of smoking in Vilnius in the first half of the 17th century, as the text focuses not only on the analysis of findings, but also briefly introduces the historical, social and cultural contexts that led to the smoking of one or another type of tobacco pipe in Vilnius.
{"title":"THE OLDEST CLAY TOBACCO PIPES FROM VILNIUS, LITHUANIA: THE INTERPRETATION OF ORIGIN, CHRONOLOGY AND SOCIAL CONTEXT","authors":"A. Žvirblys","doi":"10.3176/arch.2021.2.01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3176/arch.2021.2.01","url":null,"abstract":"Since the late 16th – early 17th century, tobacco smoking habit in Europe spread widely, which led to a new business branch – the production and sale of pipes. Due to the lack of historical data about when the habit of smoking tobacco emerged in eastern Baltic, it is imperative to pay attention to clay pipes that are considered to be a particularly suitable group of findings to specify the chronological limits. The article analyses in detail the chronologically earliest clay pipes found during archaeological research in Vilnius. Based on the typology of findings and known analogues, the author singles out the oldest pipes, names the possible places of their production, provides an interpretation of the appearance of pipes in the city. The article provides an overview of the development of smoking in Vilnius in the first half of the 17th century, as the text focuses not only on the analysis of findings, but also briefly introduces the historical, social and cultural contexts that led to the smoking of one or another type of tobacco pipe in Vilnius.","PeriodicalId":42767,"journal":{"name":"Estonian Journal of Archaeology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75032448","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
It is generally accepted that the mortality of young children (0–5 years) in past societies was approximately 40%, but archaeological material yields considerably lower nonadult percentages over and over again. The purpose of this study is to analyse subadult representation in Latvian Iron Age cemeteries (5th–13th c. AD) by critically approaching and discussing various taphonomic and cultural aspects that could affect the preservation of burials. The proportion of children aged between zero and five years comprises less than 6% of all studied burials, and there are only two confirmed infant burials from the Iron Age. In order to analyse the underrepresentation of nonadult burials, two hypotheses were tested: 1) nonadults are missing because of intrinsic and extrinsic taphonomic factors; 2) infants and small children were buried elsewhere/differently. It was concluded that skeletal material has been considerably affected by taphonomic processes and that better preservation of skeletal material could increase the quantity of nonadult burials. Although the shallowness of nonadult burials is frequently mentioned as one of the reasons that significantly affect preservation, it was concluded that there is no correlation between the depth of a burial and the age of an individual. In the course of research it was hypothesized that there could have been different burial traditions for infants and that the majority of infants may have been buried elsewhere or in a different manner.
{"title":"THE CHILDREN ARE MISSING! SOME THOUGHTS ON THE UNDERREPRESENTATION OF NON-ADULT BURIALS IN LATVIAN IRON AGE CEMETERIES","authors":"A. Ērkšķe","doi":"10.3176/arch.2020.2.03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3176/arch.2020.2.03","url":null,"abstract":"It is generally accepted that the mortality of young children (0–5 years) in past societies was approximately 40%, but archaeological material yields considerably lower nonadult percentages over and over again. The purpose of this study is to analyse subadult representation in Latvian Iron Age cemeteries (5th–13th c. AD) by critically approaching and discussing various taphonomic and cultural aspects that could affect the preservation of burials. The proportion of children aged between zero and five years comprises less than 6% of all studied burials, and there are only two confirmed infant burials from the Iron Age. In order to analyse the underrepresentation of nonadult burials, two hypotheses were tested: 1) nonadults are missing because of intrinsic and extrinsic taphonomic factors; 2) infants and small children were buried elsewhere/differently. It was concluded that skeletal material has been considerably affected by taphonomic processes and that better preservation of skeletal material could increase the quantity of nonadult burials. Although the shallowness of nonadult burials is frequently mentioned as one of the reasons that significantly affect preservation, it was concluded that there is no correlation between the depth of a burial and the age of an individual. In the course of research it was hypothesized that there could have been different burial traditions for infants and that the majority of infants may have been buried elsewhere or in a different manner.","PeriodicalId":42767,"journal":{"name":"Estonian Journal of Archaeology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87177633","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Gunnarssone, E. Oras, H. Talbot, K. Ilves, D. Legzdiņa
{"title":"COOKING FOR THE LIVING AND THE DEAD: LIPID ANALYSES OF RAUŠI SETTLEMENT AND CEMETERY POTTERY FROM THE 11TH–13TH CENTURY","authors":"A. Gunnarssone, E. Oras, H. Talbot, K. Ilves, D. Legzdiņa","doi":"10.3176/arch.2020.1.02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3176/arch.2020.1.02","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":42767,"journal":{"name":"Estonian Journal of Archaeology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74668056","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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