H. Luik, J. Peets, J. Ljungkvist, L. Maldre, R. Maldre, Raili Allmäe, M. Muñoz-Rodríguez, K. McGrath, C. Speller, S. Ashby
In 2008 and 2010, two partly destroyed ship burials were discovered near Salme on the island of Saaremaa. During the archaeological excavations, at least 41 wholly or partially preserved skeletons were discovered, and a large number of artefacts were found, including a dozen singlesided antler combs. On the basis of the finds, as well as radiocarbon dating, the ship burials were dated to the PreViking Period, while both the isotopic and archaeological evidence point towards central Sweden as the most probable origin of the buried individuals. The combs from Salme have features that are generally consistent with the 8th century, with the closest parallels coming from the Mälar region of central Sweden. According to ZooMS and aDNA analyses, they are made of elk (Alces alces) and reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) antler. Elk inhabited the Mälar region, but reindeer antler had its origin in more northern regions. Most combs were clearly manufactured with great skill, and finished with care, though some details indicate differences in the skills of comb makers.
{"title":"ANTLER COMBS FROM THE SALME SHIP BURIALS: FIND CONTEXT, ORIGIN, DATING AND MANUFACTURE","authors":"H. Luik, J. Peets, J. Ljungkvist, L. Maldre, R. Maldre, Raili Allmäe, M. Muñoz-Rodríguez, K. McGrath, C. Speller, S. Ashby","doi":"10.3176/arch.2020.1.01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3176/arch.2020.1.01","url":null,"abstract":"In 2008 and 2010, two partly destroyed ship burials were discovered near Salme on the island of Saaremaa. During the archaeological excavations, at least 41 wholly or partially preserved skeletons were discovered, and a large number of artefacts were found, including a dozen singlesided antler combs. On the basis of the finds, as well as radiocarbon dating, the ship burials were dated to the PreViking Period, while both the isotopic and archaeological evidence point towards central Sweden as the most probable origin of the buried individuals. The combs from Salme have features that are generally consistent with the 8th century, with the closest parallels coming from the Mälar region of central Sweden. According to ZooMS and aDNA analyses, they are made of elk (Alces alces) and reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) antler. Elk inhabited the Mälar region, but reindeer antler had its origin in more northern regions. Most combs were clearly manufactured with great skill, and finished with care, though some details indicate differences in the skills of comb makers.","PeriodicalId":42767,"journal":{"name":"Estonian Journal of Archaeology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77245850","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"BRICKS FOR THE COUNTRY OF WOOD: BRICKMAKING PRACTICES IN MEDIAEVAL NOVGOROD (11TH–13TH CENTURIES)","authors":"D. Jolshin","doi":"10.3176/arch.2020.1.03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3176/arch.2020.1.03","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":42767,"journal":{"name":"Estonian Journal of Archaeology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84402213","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Late Iron Age and medieval trade in northern Fennoscandia has arguably often thought to have been primarily fur trade. However, recent discoveries of Late Iron Age and early medieval sites in the north together with the reexamination of previous evidence reveals a more nuanced picture and indicates that trade in bulk goods – namely inland stockfish and reindeer products – may have played a significant role in the northern trade. This article examines both archaeological and zooarchaeological evidence from several sites in northern Fennoscandia from the perspective of trade economy, and it is suggested that the northern trade began to flourish at the beginning of the Viking Age in the early 9th century and may have been driven by the demand of fish by the European markets. It is also suggested that at the beginning of the 13th century at the latest, the trade economic importance of reindeer became prominent and would increasingly remain so up until the historical period. The authors therefore suggest that although the role of furs in the northern trade was significant, reindeer hunting and inland fishing should also be considered to have been of major trade economic importance.
{"title":"HUNTERS, FISHERS, TRADERS – AN ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND ZOOARCHAEOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE LATE IRON AGE AND MEDIEVAL NORTHERN FENNOSCANDIAN TRADE NETWORK","authors":"T. Äikäs, Jari-Matti Kuusela, Anna-Kaisa Salmi","doi":"10.3176/arch.2020.2.02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3176/arch.2020.2.02","url":null,"abstract":"Late Iron Age and medieval trade in northern Fennoscandia has arguably often thought to have been primarily fur trade. However, recent discoveries of Late Iron Age and early medieval sites in the north together with the reexamination of previous evidence reveals a more nuanced picture and indicates that trade in bulk goods – namely inland stockfish and reindeer products – may have played a significant role in the northern trade. This article examines both archaeological and zooarchaeological evidence from several sites in northern Fennoscandia from the perspective of trade economy, and it is suggested that the northern trade began to flourish at the beginning of the Viking Age in the early 9th century and may have been driven by the demand of fish by the European markets. It is also suggested that at the beginning of the 13th century at the latest, the trade economic importance of reindeer became prominent and would increasingly remain so up until the historical period. The authors therefore suggest that although the role of furs in the northern trade was significant, reindeer hunting and inland fishing should also be considered to have been of major trade economic importance.","PeriodicalId":42767,"journal":{"name":"Estonian Journal of Archaeology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84774263","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
K. Sikk, A. Kriiska, Kristiina Johanson, K. Sander, Andres Vindi
{"title":"ENVIRONMENT AND SETTLEMENT LOCATION CHOICE IN STONE AGE ESTONIA","authors":"K. Sikk, A. Kriiska, Kristiina Johanson, K. Sander, Andres Vindi","doi":"10.3176/arch.2020.2.01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3176/arch.2020.2.01","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":42767,"journal":{"name":"Estonian Journal of Archaeology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89896733","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mathias Bjørnevad, T. Jonuks, Peter Bye-Jensen, Mikael A. Manninen, E. Oras, S. Vahur, F. Riede
All too often archaeological objects are found as stray finds. As such, they have little or no contextual information, which often makes them difficult to handle analytically and in terms of their exhibition appeal. As a consequence, they often languish un-researched in museum storerooms and there is the critical risk that such objects fall victim to the ongoing curation crisis and are deaccessioned due to a perceived lack of value. Therefore, in this paper we aim to illustrate the applicability of an extended biographical approach to such legacy material by studying the changing character of the Ulbi dagger, an Early Mesolithic flint-edged bone dagger, in its both archaeological and modern contexts. By using both a combination of traditional archaeological methods, coupled with a critical analysis of past illustrations, the dagger went from an isolated, undated, and unique object to a tool with a complex life history extending more than 9000 years. Our analysis reveals multiple stages of manufacturing and ornamentation including the presence of possible anthropomorphic figures. Use-wear analysis also allows us to address the object’s likely primary function. Finally, we speculate about its deposition and discuss previously overlooked post-recovery episodes of damage and repair.
{"title":"THE LIFE AND TIMES OF AN ESTONIAN MESOLITHIC SLOTTED BONE ‘DAGGER’. EXTENDED OBJECT BIOGRAPHIES FOR LEGACY OBJECTS","authors":"Mathias Bjørnevad, T. Jonuks, Peter Bye-Jensen, Mikael A. Manninen, E. Oras, S. Vahur, F. Riede","doi":"10.3176/arch.2019.2.02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3176/arch.2019.2.02","url":null,"abstract":"All too often archaeological objects are found as stray finds. As such, they have little or no contextual information, which often makes them difficult to handle analytically and in terms of their exhibition appeal. As a consequence, they often languish un-researched in museum storerooms and there is the critical risk that such objects fall victim to the ongoing curation crisis and are deaccessioned due to a perceived lack of value. Therefore, in this paper we aim to illustrate the applicability of an extended biographical approach to such legacy material by studying the changing character of the Ulbi dagger, an Early Mesolithic flint-edged bone dagger, in its both archaeological and modern contexts. By using both a combination of traditional archaeological methods, coupled with a critical analysis of past illustrations, the dagger went from an isolated, undated, and unique object to a tool with a complex life history extending more than 9000 years. Our analysis reveals multiple stages of manufacturing and ornamentation including the presence of possible anthropomorphic figures. Use-wear analysis also allows us to address the object’s likely primary function. Finally, we speculate about its deposition and discuss previously overlooked post-recovery episodes of damage and repair.","PeriodicalId":42767,"journal":{"name":"Estonian Journal of Archaeology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77106070","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Grzesiak-Nowak, B. Miazga, P. Milejski, A. Rafalska-Łasocha, S. Rodak
{"title":"MICROSCOPIC AND SPECTROSCOPIC STUDIES OF POTTERY FOUND IN THE PRAGUE GROSCHEN HOARD FROM THE AREA OF WAŁBRZYCH – CONFIRMING COMPATIBILITY BETWEEN THE CERAMIC VESSELS AND THE COINS; pp. 56–72","authors":"M. Grzesiak-Nowak, B. Miazga, P. Milejski, A. Rafalska-Łasocha, S. Rodak","doi":"10.3176/arch.2019.1.04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3176/arch.2019.1.04","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":42767,"journal":{"name":"Estonian Journal of Archaeology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80611581","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"THREE BRONZE AXES WITH WOODEN HAFT RE-MAINS FROM ESTONIA; pp. 3–19","authors":"A. Kriiska, A. Kulkov, V. Lang, K. Paavel","doi":"10.3176/arch.2019.1.01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3176/arch.2019.1.01","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":42767,"journal":{"name":"Estonian Journal of Archaeology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91266727","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The article presents the results of an analysis of the burials with blacksmith tools in western Siberia from the sixth to the tenth centuries AD and identifies the chronological and typological characteristics of the blacksmith tools. Virtually all the burials in question contain an abundance of weapons, belts, jewellery, crockery, and horse harnesses. Thus, we believe that those buried with blacksmith tools may not have necessarily been blacksmiths themselves and may have enjoyed a high social status. The blacksmith tools in the burials may have acted as symbols of belonging to the elite and as ‘attributes of power’.
{"title":"EARLY MEDIEVAL (5TH–10TH CENTURIES) BURIALS WITH BLACKSMITH TOOLS IN WESTERN SIBERIA; pp. 20–38","authors":"E. V. Vodyasov, O. Zaitceva","doi":"10.3176/arch.2019.1.02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3176/arch.2019.1.02","url":null,"abstract":"The article presents the results of an analysis of the burials with blacksmith tools in western Siberia from the sixth to the tenth centuries AD and identifies the chronological and typological characteristics of the blacksmith tools. Virtually all the burials in question contain an abundance of weapons, belts, jewellery, crockery, and horse harnesses. Thus, we believe that those buried with blacksmith tools may not have necessarily been blacksmiths themselves and may have enjoyed a high social status. The blacksmith tools in the burials may have acted as symbols of belonging to the elite and as ‘attributes of power’.","PeriodicalId":42767,"journal":{"name":"Estonian Journal of Archaeology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81435110","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Local ornaments of the 3rd and 4th century AD in south-east Estonia and north Latvia are inherent to the region and mostly found from there. In this paper, intraregional interaction, the main routes of communication, and whether different sub-regions were present is studied on the basis of the distribution of local ornaments. Methods from network science are adopted to achieve this. Based on the results of chi-squared similarity metric and degree centrality measure, sub-regions where different types of local ornaments were preferred stand out. This preference could suggest the expressions of some regional ideas. Items in local style could have, more or less intentionally, marked the similarities within the region, setting it apart from other regions. Central areas could have been the ones with higher degree centrality values, whereas these areas could be interpreted to form the main axis of communication which maintained similarities between those sites. The main interaction routes were water ways which connected distant areas and maintained unity within sub-regions. Being situated near bigger water routes is what determined the importance of areas. This study shows the patterns of interaction between, and the formation and expression of, culturally uniform sub-groups based on local ornaments of the 3rd and 4th centuries found from south-east Estonian and north Latvian stone cemeteries.
{"title":"REGIONS AND COMMUNICATION IN SOUTH-EAST ESTONIA AND NORTH LATVIA IN THE 3RD AND 4TH CENTURIES BASED ON LOCAL ORNAMENTS","authors":"M. Olli","doi":"10.3176/arch.2019.2.01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3176/arch.2019.2.01","url":null,"abstract":"Local ornaments of the 3rd and 4th century AD in south-east Estonia and north Latvia are inherent to the region and mostly found from there. In this paper, intraregional interaction, the main routes of communication, and whether different sub-regions were present is studied on the basis of the distribution of local ornaments. Methods from network science are adopted to achieve this. Based on the results of chi-squared similarity metric and degree centrality measure, sub-regions where different types of local ornaments were preferred stand out. This preference could suggest the expressions of some regional ideas. Items in local style could have, more or less intentionally, marked the similarities within the region, setting it apart from other regions. Central areas could have been the ones with higher degree centrality values, whereas these areas could be interpreted to form the main axis of communication which maintained similarities between those sites. The main interaction routes were water ways which connected distant areas and maintained unity within sub-regions. Being situated near bigger water routes is what determined the importance of areas. This study shows the patterns of interaction between, and the formation and expression of, culturally uniform sub-groups based on local ornaments of the 3rd and 4th centuries found from south-east Estonian and north Latvian stone cemeteries.","PeriodicalId":42767,"journal":{"name":"Estonian Journal of Archaeology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80081816","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The paper is devoted to the history of the construction of masonry buildings on the territory of the residence of the Novgorodian archbishop. For centuries, the archbishop remained the real head of the Novgorod republic. His residence, the Archbishop’s Court, located inside Novgorod’s citadel, the Detinets, served as a center not only for religious, but also for social activities of the city. In this context, the information of secular masonry constructions at the Archbishop’s Court is of particular interest. The main purpose of the paper is to reconstruct the key features of the Novgorodian Archbishop’s Court complex by the early 1430s, before the large-scale masonry construction initiated by Archbishop Evfimij II. The survey is based on the chronicles’ evidences and the results of the architectural archaeological investigations held by the author on the territory of the Novgorodian Archbishop’s Court. An important aim of the paper is to introduce the data collected by the excavation. Before the reconstruction of the complex during the 1430–1450s, the Archbishop’s Court was, for the most part, wooden; also there were a few small masonry buildings from different time periods. Only two of them can be classified as secular – the palace of Archbishop Vasilij built in 1350 (residential and state structure) and the stone bakery built in 1409 (service structure).
{"title":"FIRST SECULAR MASONRY BUILDINGS OF THE NOVGORODIAN ARCHBISHOP’S COURT: WRITTEN SOURCES AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL DATA","authors":"I. Antipov","doi":"10.3176/arch.2019.2.03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3176/arch.2019.2.03","url":null,"abstract":"The paper is devoted to the history of the construction of masonry buildings on the territory of the residence of the Novgorodian archbishop. For centuries, the archbishop remained the real head of the Novgorod republic. His residence, the Archbishop’s Court, located inside Novgorod’s citadel, the Detinets, served as a center not only for religious, but also for social activities of the city. In this context, the information of secular masonry constructions at the Archbishop’s Court is of particular interest. The main purpose of the paper is to reconstruct the key features of the Novgorodian Archbishop’s Court complex by the early 1430s, before the large-scale masonry construction initiated by Archbishop Evfimij II. The survey is based on the chronicles’ evidences and the results of the architectural archaeological investigations held by the author on the territory of the Novgorodian Archbishop’s Court. An important aim of the paper is to introduce the data collected by the excavation. Before the reconstruction of the complex during the 1430–1450s, the Archbishop’s Court was, for the most part, wooden; also there were a few small masonry buildings from different time periods. Only two of them can be classified as secular – the palace of Archbishop Vasilij built in 1350 (residential and state structure) and the stone bakery built in 1409 (service structure).","PeriodicalId":42767,"journal":{"name":"Estonian Journal of Archaeology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82322830","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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