Introduction The appearance of tiled stoves in Europe marks a decisive point in the development of heating systems. As a result of this innovation, living conditions changed not only in castles, monasteries and estates but also within the houses of townspeople. It was not without good reason that tile stoves began to be depicted on frescoes or calendar miniatures throughout the 13th and 14th centuries (Henkel 1999, Plate 1: A1-A4). Stove tiles, which were integrated into a clay cupola and reminiscent of the vessels used in daily life, allowed heat to be more effectively accumulated and radiated through living spaces. It was the effectiveness of tiled stoves and the simple method of production used for the stove tiles themselves that determined the popularity of this heating device. A basic knowledge of pottery-making was sufficient for the production of vessel stove tiles. It should therefore come as no surprise that the first tiled stoves, which were first built in the Alpine region in the 12th century (Hallenkamp-Lumpe 2006, 4), soon after spread into other regions. Klaipeda, whose history began in 1252 when the Teutonic Order founded a castle on the shore of the Baltic Sea close to Curonian Lagoon, was no exception. It is not easy, however, to answer the question of what form of heating system the first settlers of Klaipeda chose to install. The reconstruction of the castle and fortification changed the topographical face of the town more than once. As a result, nearly all of the oldest cultural layers of the town were destroyed, while archaeological finds have lost their initial chronological context. The vortex of these events also affected the medieval vessel tiles of Klaipeda to which this article is dedicated. Vessel stove tiles have so far been little researched, with previous investigators having acknowledged that the specific nature of these tiles requires a separate study (Genys 1984, 43). Although an evolutionary scheme which accounts for their development has been composed (Zulkus 2002, fig. 96), it has, however, remained undiscussed within the archaeological texts (Zulkus & Genys 1984; Genys 1989). Furthermore, the technological and morphological changes that the tiles experienced over the passage of time are yet to be detailed. This article aims to establish when the first tiled stoves were built in Klaipeda and to identify what features reveal their development not only during the late Middle Ages but also during the early modern period. To achieve this aim, an analysis and comparison of the morphological and technological features is carried out. In order to ascertain the prevalence of the oldest vessel tiles, their find sites and archaeological context are discussed. Moreover, the article attempts to update the topographical changes experienced by the town and historical events which may have determined the renewal of household devices, including tiled stoves, in the houses of the townspeople. This analysis is based on artefact
{"title":"The Late Medieval Vessel Stove Tiles in the Topographical Context of Klaipeda/Hiliskeskaegsed Ahjupotid Klaipeda Topograafilises Kontekstis","authors":"Raimonda Nabazaite","doi":"10.3176/ARCH.2014.2.03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3176/ARCH.2014.2.03","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction The appearance of tiled stoves in Europe marks a decisive point in the development of heating systems. As a result of this innovation, living conditions changed not only in castles, monasteries and estates but also within the houses of townspeople. It was not without good reason that tile stoves began to be depicted on frescoes or calendar miniatures throughout the 13th and 14th centuries (Henkel 1999, Plate 1: A1-A4). Stove tiles, which were integrated into a clay cupola and reminiscent of the vessels used in daily life, allowed heat to be more effectively accumulated and radiated through living spaces. It was the effectiveness of tiled stoves and the simple method of production used for the stove tiles themselves that determined the popularity of this heating device. A basic knowledge of pottery-making was sufficient for the production of vessel stove tiles. It should therefore come as no surprise that the first tiled stoves, which were first built in the Alpine region in the 12th century (Hallenkamp-Lumpe 2006, 4), soon after spread into other regions. Klaipeda, whose history began in 1252 when the Teutonic Order founded a castle on the shore of the Baltic Sea close to Curonian Lagoon, was no exception. It is not easy, however, to answer the question of what form of heating system the first settlers of Klaipeda chose to install. The reconstruction of the castle and fortification changed the topographical face of the town more than once. As a result, nearly all of the oldest cultural layers of the town were destroyed, while archaeological finds have lost their initial chronological context. The vortex of these events also affected the medieval vessel tiles of Klaipeda to which this article is dedicated. Vessel stove tiles have so far been little researched, with previous investigators having acknowledged that the specific nature of these tiles requires a separate study (Genys 1984, 43). Although an evolutionary scheme which accounts for their development has been composed (Zulkus 2002, fig. 96), it has, however, remained undiscussed within the archaeological texts (Zulkus & Genys 1984; Genys 1989). Furthermore, the technological and morphological changes that the tiles experienced over the passage of time are yet to be detailed. This article aims to establish when the first tiled stoves were built in Klaipeda and to identify what features reveal their development not only during the late Middle Ages but also during the early modern period. To achieve this aim, an analysis and comparison of the morphological and technological features is carried out. In order to ascertain the prevalence of the oldest vessel tiles, their find sites and archaeological context are discussed. Moreover, the article attempts to update the topographical changes experienced by the town and historical events which may have determined the renewal of household devices, including tiled stoves, in the houses of the townspeople. This analysis is based on artefact","PeriodicalId":42767,"journal":{"name":"Estonian Journal of Archaeology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2014-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89551284","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The medieval village site of Gubbacka is situated in the today’s Vantaa, Finland. Archaeological investigations were conducted at the site in 2002–2003 and 2008–2010. The aim of this paper is to explore the social and trade contacts and networks the rural inhabitants of Gubbacka had within the Baltic Sea region. In order to examine how these relationships are reflected in the ceramic materials from the site, redware sherds were sampled for micro-structural and compositional characterization by a scanning electron microscope with an energy dispersive spectrometer (SEM-EDS) to study their provenance and technological properties. In addition, redwares from a nearby site Mankby and Tallinn were included in this study as regional and inter-regional parallels to examine possible shared origins of the pots and technological applications in redware manufacture. Redware is a very common archaeological find material in late medieval contexts, but rather difficult to investigate: the products of the different north European manufacturing centres are practically impossible to distinguish with the naked eye, and even the dating of redware finds is problematic. Hence, this study aims to offer new perspectives for the study of redwares, their technologies and distribution networks in northern Europe.
{"title":"Redwares from Gubbacka's Medieval Village: Regional and Inter-Regional Views on Ceramic Networks and Technology (SEM-EDS)/Punased Savinoud Keskaegsest Gubbackast: Hinnanguid Kohalikule Ja Mittekohalikule Keraamikavorgustikule Ning Tehnoloogiale (SEM-EDS-Analuusi Pohjal)","authors":"Elisabeth Holmqvist, R. Vaisanen, A. Koivisto","doi":"10.3176/ARCH.2014.2.02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3176/ARCH.2014.2.02","url":null,"abstract":"The medieval village site of Gubbacka is situated in the today’s Vantaa, Finland. Archaeological investigations were conducted at the site in 2002–2003 and 2008–2010. The aim of this paper is to explore the social and trade contacts and networks the rural inhabitants of Gubbacka had within the Baltic Sea region. In order to examine how these relationships are reflected in the ceramic materials from the site, redware sherds were sampled for micro-structural and compositional characterization by a scanning electron microscope with an energy dispersive spectrometer (SEM-EDS) to study their provenance and technological properties. In addition, redwares from a nearby site Mankby and Tallinn were included in this study as regional and inter-regional parallels to examine possible shared origins of the pots and technological applications in redware manufacture. Redware is a very common archaeological find material in late medieval contexts, but rather difficult to investigate: the products of the different north European manufacturing centres are practically impossible to distinguish with the naked eye, and even the dating of redware finds is problematic. Hence, this study aims to offer new perspectives for the study of redwares, their technologies and distribution networks in northern Europe.","PeriodicalId":42767,"journal":{"name":"Estonian Journal of Archaeology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2014-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80024952","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Research of the Corded Ware phenomenon in the areas north of the Gulf of Finland has been scanty during the last several decades, and consequently outdated views, distribution maps, and numbers of finds still prevail. This paper aims to update data on the distribution of Corded Ware in Finland and Karelia (Russia), and to discuss the results in the context of the old research tradition, and to highlight some aspects of the northern Corded Ware. The current data shows that there are ca 360 Corded Ware settlement sites, 30 burial sites and over 1300 stray find locations of battle axes in the research area. Contrary to much of Europe the areas north of the Gulf of Finland accommodate a large amount of settlement sites but only a few burials. No singular reason for this can be pointed out but the most likely explanations include modest later land use at the locations, factors related to archaeological visibility and research methods, and also to local Corded Ware cultural practices. Despite certain shortcomings the northern Corded Ware material is exceptional and holds a great potential for further studies of the phenomenon, especially its domestic sphere and everyday practices.
{"title":"DISTRIBUTION OF CORDED WARE IN THE AREAS NORTH OF THE GULF OF FINLAND - AN UPDATE","authors":"K. Nordqvist, Piritta Häkälä","doi":"10.3176/ARCH.2014.1.01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3176/ARCH.2014.1.01","url":null,"abstract":"Research of the Corded Ware phenomenon in the areas north of the Gulf of Finland has been scanty during the last several decades, and consequently outdated views, distribution maps, and numbers of finds still prevail. This paper aims to update data on the distribution of Corded Ware in Finland and Karelia (Russia), and to discuss the results in the context of the old research tradition, and to highlight some aspects of the northern Corded Ware. The current data shows that there are ca 360 Corded Ware settlement sites, 30 burial sites and over 1300 stray find locations of battle axes in the research area. Contrary to much of Europe the areas north of the Gulf of Finland accommodate a large amount of settlement sites but only a few burials. No singular reason for this can be pointed out but the most likely explanations include modest later land use at the locations, factors related to archaeological visibility and research methods, and also to local Corded Ware cultural practices. Despite certain shortcomings the northern Corded Ware material is exceptional and holds a great potential for further studies of the phenomenon, especially its domestic sphere and everyday practices.","PeriodicalId":42767,"journal":{"name":"Estonian Journal of Archaeology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2014-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85079422","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"VORWORT: ASPEKTE DES WANDELS IN DER BRONZEZEIT IM OSTBALTIKUM. DIE SIEDLUNGEN DER ASVA-GRUPPE IN ESTLAND","authors":"U. Sperling","doi":"10.3176/ARCH.2014.2S.01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3176/ARCH.2014.2S.01","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":42767,"journal":{"name":"Estonian Journal of Archaeology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72669059","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"7. METALLVERARBEITUNG IN DEN SIEDLUNGEN DER ASVA-GRUPPE","authors":"U. Sperling","doi":"10.3176/ARCH.2014.2S.08","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3176/ARCH.2014.2S.08","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":42767,"journal":{"name":"Estonian Journal of Archaeology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79422957","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"5. DIE SIEDLUNGSPLÄTZE UND GRABUNGEN","authors":"U. Sperling","doi":"10.3176/ARCH.2014.2S.06","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3176/ARCH.2014.2S.06","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":42767,"journal":{"name":"Estonian Journal of Archaeology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77007229","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"12. DIE WIRTSCHAFTLICHEN GRUNDLAGEN DER SIEDLUNGEN DER ASVA-GRUPPE","authors":"U. Sperling","doi":"10.3176/ARCH.2014.2S.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3176/ARCH.2014.2S.13","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":42767,"journal":{"name":"Estonian Journal of Archaeology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80634780","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"9. CHRONOLOGIE: ENTSTEHUNGSZEIT UND LEBENSDAUER DER SIEDLUNGSPLÄTZE","authors":"U. Sperling","doi":"10.3176/ARCH.2014.2S.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3176/ARCH.2014.2S.10","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":42767,"journal":{"name":"Estonian Journal of Archaeology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74235837","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"ASPECTS OF CHANGE IN THE BRONZE AGE EASTERN BALTIC. THE SETTLEMENTS OF THE ASVA GROUP IN ESTONIA","authors":"U. Sperling","doi":"10.3176/ARCH.2014.2S.16","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3176/ARCH.2014.2S.16","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":42767,"journal":{"name":"Estonian Journal of Archaeology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89626285","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"3. EINFÜHRUNG IN DIE PROBLEMATIK","authors":"U. Sperling","doi":"10.3176/ARCH.2014.2S.04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3176/ARCH.2014.2S.04","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":42767,"journal":{"name":"Estonian Journal of Archaeology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79743784","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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